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Bisirri EA, Wright TA, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Tuning Polymer Composition Leads to Activity-Stability Tradeoff in Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4033-4041. [PMID: 37610792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugation provides an opportune means to adjust the local environment of proteins and enhance protein stability, performance, and solubility. Although much attention has been focused on tuning protein-polymer interactions, the properties of polymer-modified proteins may also be altered by polymer-polymer interactions. Herein, we sought to better understand the influence of polymer-polymer interactions on Candida rugosa lipase, which was modified with random co-polymers composed of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA). Our findings suggest that there is an apparent activity-stability tradeoff as a function of polymer composition. Specifically, as the ratio of SBMA to PEGMA increased, lipase stability was enhanced, whereas activity decreased. By tuning the monomer ratio, we showed that lipase productivity could be optimized. These findings are discussed in the context of complex enzyme-polymer and polymer-polymer interactions and ultimately may enable more informed conjugate designs and improved enzyme productivity in industrial biotransformations under harsh or extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bisirri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Heredero M, Beloqui A. Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates for Tuning, Enhancing, and Expanding Biocatalytic Activity. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200611. [PMID: 36507915 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combining polymers with functional proteins is an approach that has brought several successful stories in the field of biomedicine with PEGylated therapeutic proteins. The latest advances in polymer chemistry have facilitated the expansion of protein-polymer hybrids to other research areas such as biocatalysis. Polymers can impart stability and novel functionalities to the enzyme of interest, thereby improving the catalytic performance of a given reaction. In this review, we have revisited the main methodologies currently used for the synthesis of enzyme-polymer hybrids, unveiling the interplay between the configuration and the composition of the assembled structure and the eventual traits of the hybrid. Finally, the latest advances, such as the assembly of polymer-based chemoenzymatic nanoreactors and the use of deep learning methodologies to achieve the most suitable polymer compositions for catalysis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Heredero
- POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Zhang W, Day GJ, Zampetakis I, Carrabba M, Zhang Z, Carter BM, Govan N, Jackson C, Chen M, Perriman AW. Three-Dimensional Printable Enzymatically Active Plastics. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:6070-6077. [PMID: 35983011 PMCID: PMC9376927 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a facile route to the synthesis of enzymatically active highly fabricable plastics, where the enzyme is an intrinsic component of the material. This is facilitated by the formation of an electrostatically stabilized enzyme-polymer surfactant nanoconstruct, which, after lyophilization and melting, affords stable macromolecular dispersions in a wide range of organic solvents. A selection of plastics can then be co-dissolved in the dispersions, which provides a route to bespoke 3D enzyme plastic nanocomposite structures using a wide range of fabrication techniques, including melt electrowriting, casting, and piston-driven 3D printing. The resulting constructs comprising active phosphotriesterase (arPTE) readily detoxify organophosphates with persistent activity over repeated cycles and for long time periods. Moreover, we show that the protein guest molecules, such as arPTE or sfGFP, increase the compressive Young's modulus of the plastics and that the identity of the biomolecule influences the nanomorphology and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. Overall, we demonstrate that these biologically active nanocomposite plastics are compatible with state-of-the-art 3D fabrication techniques and that the methodology could be readily applied to produce robust and on-demand smart nanomaterial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
H. Zhang
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Day
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Zampetakis
- Bristol
Composites Institute (ACCIS), University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Carrabba
- Bristol
Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ben M. Carter
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Govan
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Jackson
- Australian
National University, Research School of
Chemistry, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Menglin Chen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Burridge KM, Parnell RF, Kearns MM, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Two-distinct polymer ubiquitin conjugates by photochemical grafting-from. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021; 222:2100091. [PMID: 34421281 PMCID: PMC8376180 DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-polymer bioconjugates present a way to make enzymes more efficient and robust for industrial and medicinal applications. While much work has focused on mono-functional conjugates, i.e. conjugates with one type of polymer attached such as poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), there is a practical interest in gaining additional functionality by synthesizing well-defined bifunctional conjugates in a hetero-arm star copolymer architecture with protein as the core. Using ubiquitin as a model protein, a synthetic scheme was developed to attach two different polymers (OEOMA and DMAm) directly to the protein surface, using orthogonal conjugation chemistries and grafting-from by photochemical living radical polymerization techniques. The additional complexity arising from attempts to selectively modify multiple sites led to decreased polymerization performance and indicates that ICAR-ATRP and RAFT are not well-suited to bifunctional bioconjugates applications. Nonetheless, the polymerization conditions preserve the native fold of the ubiquitin and enable production of a hetero-arm star protein-polymer bioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Burridge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Ryan F. Parnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Madison M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Richard C. Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Kasza G, Stumphauser T, Bisztrán M, Szarka G, Hegedüs I, Nagy E, Iván B. Thermoresponsive Poly( N, N-diethylacrylamide- co-glycidyl methacrylate) Copolymers and Its Catalytically Active α-Chymotrypsin Bioconjugate with Enhanced Enzyme Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:987. [PMID: 33806995 PMCID: PMC8004754 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Responsive (smart, intelligent, adaptive) polymers have been widely explored for a variety of advanced applications in recent years. The thermoresponsive poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm), which has a better biocompatibility than the widely investigated poly(N,N-isopropylacrylamide), has gained increased interest in recent years. In this paper, the successful synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of a novel thermoresponsive copolymer, poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(DEAAm-co-GMA)), obtained by free radical copolymerization with various comonomer contents and monomer/initiator ratios are reported. It was found that all the investigated copolymers possess LCST-type thermoresponsive behavior with small extent of hysteresis, and the critical solution temperatures (CST), i.e., the cloud and clearing points, decrease linearly with increasing GMA content of these copolymers. The P(DEAAm-co-GMA) copolymer with pendant epoxy groups was found to conjugate efficiently with α-chymotrypsin in a direct, one-step reaction, leading to enzyme-polymer nanoparticle (EPNP) with average size of 56.9 nm. This EPNP also shows reversible thermoresponsive behavior with somewhat higher critical solution temperature than that of the unreacted P(DEAAm-co-GMA). Although the catalytic activity of the enzyme-polymer nanoconjugate is lower than that of the native enzyme, the results of the enzyme activity investigations prove that the pH and thermal stability of the enzyme is significantly enhanced by conjugation the with P(DEAAm-co-GMA) copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Kasza
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.S.); (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Tímea Stumphauser
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.S.); (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Márk Bisztrán
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.S.); (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Györgyi Szarka
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.S.); (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Imre Hegedüs
- Chemical and Biochemical Procedures Laboratory, Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (I.H.); (E.N.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37–47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Endre Nagy
- Chemical and Biochemical Procedures Laboratory, Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (I.H.); (E.N.)
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.S.); (M.B.); (G.S.)
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Zou S, Hua D, Jiang Z, Han X, Xue Y, Zheng Y. A integrated process for nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis and easy biocatalyst recycling by introducing biocompatible biphasic system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124392. [PMID: 33246240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The whole-cell nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of nitriles is a green and efficient preparation approach for chiral carboxylic acids, but often suffers from toxicity and cell lysis from organic substrates. In this work, a novel integrated process for whole-cell nitrilase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis was developed for the first time by introducing a biocompatible ionic liquid (IL)-based biphasic system. The whole-cell nitrilases displayed an outstanding stability and recyclability in the biphasic system and still retained > 85% activity even after 7 cycles reaction. A preparative-scale fed-batch hydrolysis of o-chloromandelonitrile to (R)-o-chloromandelic acid (R-CMA) was performed using the integrated process. The results revealed a yield of 91.3% and a space-time yield of 746.4 g·L-1·d-1, which are currently the highest reported values for R-CMA biosynthesis. The proposed integrated process avoids substrate inhibition, facilitates the reusability of whole-cell nitrilases, and thus shows great potential for the sustainable production of chiral carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dengen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhentao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xin Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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8
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Fu YH, Perales C, Eliason T, Bergbreiter DE. 110th Anniversary: Reversible Solubilization of Polar Polymers and Polymeric Catalysts in Nonpolar Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Camila Perales
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Todd Eliason
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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Weltz JS, Kienle DF, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Dramatic Increase in Catalytic Performance of Immobilized Lipases by Their Stabilization on Polymer Brush Supports. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Weltz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel F. Kienle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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