1
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Ellenbroek BD, Kahler JP, Evers SR, Pomplun SJ. Synthetic Peptides: Promising Modalities for the Targeting of Disease-Related Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401704. [PMID: 38456368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
DNA and RNA play pivotal roles in life processes by storing and transferring genetic information, modulating gene expression, and contributing to essential cellular machinery such as ribosomes. Dysregulation and mutations in nucleic acid-related processes are implicated in numerous diseases. Despite the critical impact on health of nucleic acid mutations or dysregulation, therapeutic compounds addressing these biomolecules remain limited. Peptides have emerged as a promising class of molecules for biomedical research, offering potential solutions for challenging drug targets. This review focuses on the use of synthetic peptides to target disease-related nucleic acids. We discuss examples of peptides targeting double-stranded DNA, including the clinical candidate Omomyc, and compounds designed for regulatory G-quadruplexes. Further, we provide insights into both library-based screenings and the rational design of peptides to target regulatory human RNA scaffolds and viral RNAs, emphasizing the potential of peptides in addressing nucleic acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie R Evers
- Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Charalampidou A, Nehls T, Meyners C, Gandhesiri S, Pomplun S, Pentelute BL, Lermyte F, Hausch F. Automated Flow Peptide Synthesis Enables Engineering of Proteins with Stabilized Transient Binding Pockets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:649-657. [PMID: 38559286 PMCID: PMC10979424 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Engineering at the amino acid level is key to enhancing the properties of existing proteins in a desired manner. So far, protein engineering has been dominated by genetic approaches, which have been extremely powerful but only allow for minimal variations beyond the canonical amino acids. Chemical peptide synthesis allows the unrestricted incorporation of a vast set of unnatural amino acids with much broader functionalities, including the incorporation of post-translational modifications or labels. Here we demonstrate the potential of chemical synthesis to generate proteins in a specific conformation, which would have been unattainable by recombinant protein expression. We use recently established rapid automated flow peptide synthesis combined with solid-phase late-stage modifications to rapidly generate a set of FK506-binding protein 51 constructs bearing defined intramolecular lactam bridges. This trapped an otherwise rarely populated transient pocket-as confirmed by crystal structures-which led to an up to 39-fold improved binding affinity for conformation-selective ligands and represents a unique system for the development of ligands for this rare conformation. Overall, our results show how rapid automated flow peptide synthesis can be applied to precision protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Charalampidou
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Nehls
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Satish Gandhesiri
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sebastian Pomplun
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department
of Synthetic Biology, Technical University
of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department
of Synthetic Biology, Technical University
of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Nithun RV, Yao YM, Lin X, Habiballah S, Afek A, Jbara M. Deciphering the Role of the Ser-Phosphorylation Pattern on the DNA-Binding Activity of Max Transcription Factor Using Chemical Protein Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310913. [PMID: 37642402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of site-specifically modified transcription factors (TFs) is a powerful method to investigate how post-translational modifications (PTMs) influence TF-DNA interactions and impact gene expression. Among these TFs, Max plays a pivotal role in controlling the expression of 15 % of the genome. The activity of Max is regulated by PTMs; Ser-phosphorylation at the N-terminus is considered one of the key regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we developed a practical synthetic strategy to prepare homogeneous full-length Max for the first time, to explore the impact of Max phosphorylation. We prepared a focused library of eight Max variants, with distinct modification patterns, including mono-phosphorylated, and doubly phosphorylated analogues at Ser2/Ser11 as well as fluorescently labeled variants through native chemical ligation. Through comprehensive DNA binding analyses, we discovered that the phosphorylation position plays a crucial role in the DNA-binding activity of Max. Furthermore, in vitro high-throughput analysis using DNA microarrays revealed that the N-terminus phosphorylation pattern does not interfere with the DNA sequence specificity of Max. Our work provides insights into the regulatory role of Max's phosphorylation on the DNA interactions and sequence specificity, shedding light on how PTMs influence TF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj V Nithun
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yumi Minyi Yao
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Shaimaa Habiballah
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ariel Afek
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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4
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DeYong AE, Trinidad JC, Pohl NLB. An identification method to distinguish monomeric sugar isomers on glycopeptides. Analyst 2023; 148:4438-4446. [PMID: 37555458 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A one-step protocol for the automated flow synthesis of protected glycosylated amino acids is described using pumps with open-source controls in overall yields of 21-50%. The resulting glycosylated amino acids could be used directly in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocols to quickly produce glycopeptide standards. Access to a variety of stereoisomers of the sugar enabled the development of an LC-MS/MS protocol that can distinguish between peptides modified with carbohydrates having the same exact mass. This method could definitively identify fucose in an O-glycosylation site on the transmembrane protein, Notch1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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5
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Lin X, Nithun RV, Samanta R, Harel O, Jbara M. Enabling Peptide Ligation at Aromatic Junction Mimics via Native Chemical Ligation and Palladium-Mediated S-Arylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:4715-4719. [PMID: 37318270 PMCID: PMC10324392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to assemble peptide fragments are in high demand to access homogeneous proteins for various applications. Here, we combined native chemical ligation (NCL) and Pd-mediated Cys arylation to enable practical peptide ligation at aromatic junctions. The utility of one-pot NCL and S-arylation at the Phe and Tyr junctions was demonstrated and employed for the rapid chemical synthesis of the DNA-binding domains of the transcription factors Myc and Max. Organometallic palladium reagents coupled with NCL enabled a practical strategy to assemble peptides at aromatic junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raj V. Nithun
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raju Samanta
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Omer Harel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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6
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Sato K, Farquhar CE, Rodriguez J, Pentelute BL. Automated Fast-Flow Synthesis of Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 Dipeptide Repeat Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294668 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of the hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat sequence in chromosome 9 open frame 72 (c9orf72) is the most common genetic mutation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The mutation leads to the production of toxic dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) that induce neurodegeneration. However, the fundamental physicochemical properties of DPRs remain largely unknown due to their limited availability. Here, we synthesized the c9orf72 DPRs poly-glycine-arginine (poly-GR), poly-proline-arginine (poly-PR), poly-glycine-proline (poly-GP), poly-proline-alanine (poly-PA), and poly-glycine-alanine (poly-GA) using automated fast-flow peptide synthesis (AFPS) and achieved single-domain chemical synthesis of proteins with up to 200 amino acids. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the synthetic DPRs revealed that proline-containing poly-PR, poly-GP, and poly-PA could adopt polyproline II-like helical secondary structures. In addition, structural analysis by size-exclusion chromatography indicated that longer poly-GP and poly-PA might aggregate. Furthermore, cell viability assays showed that human neuroblastoma cells cultured with poly-GR and poly-PR with longer repeat lengths resulted in reduced cell viability, while poly-GP and poly-PA did not, thereby reproducing the cytotoxic property of endogenous DPRs. This research demonstrates the potential of AFPS to synthesize low-complexity peptides and proteins necessary for studying their pathogenic mechanisms and constructing disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charlotte E Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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7
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Ye X, Zhang P, Wang JCK, Smith CL, Sousa S, Loas A, Eaton DL, Preciado López M, Pentelute BL. Branched Multimeric Peptides as Affinity Reagents for the Detection of α-Klotho Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300289. [PMID: 36894520 PMCID: PMC10460140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Klotho, an aging-related protein found in the kidney, parathyroid gland, and choroid plexus, acts as an essential co-receptor with the fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor complex to regulate serum phosphate and vitamin D levels. Decreased levels of α-Klotho are a hallmark of age-associated diseases. Detecting or labeling α-Klotho in biological milieu has long been a challenge, however, hampering the understanding of its role. Here, we developed branched peptides by single-shot parallel automated fast-flow synthesis that recognize α-Klotho with improved affinity relative to their monomeric versions. These peptides were further shown to selectively label Klotho for live imaging in kidney cells. Our results demonstrate that automated flow technology enables rapid synthesis of complex peptide architectures, showing promise for future detection of α-Klotho in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corey L Smith
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Silvino Sousa
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, 02142, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Harel O, Jbara M. Chemical Synthesis of Bioactive Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217716. [PMID: 36661212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nature has developed a plethora of protein machinery to operate and maintain nearly every task of cellular life. These processes are tightly regulated via post-expression modifications-transformations that modulate intracellular protein synthesis, folding, and activation. Methods to prepare homogeneously and precisely modified proteins are essential to probe their function and design new bioactive modalities. Synthetic chemistry has contributed remarkably to protein science by allowing the preparation of novel biomacromolecules that are often challenging or impractical to prepare via common biological means. The ability to chemically build and precisely modify proteins has enabled the production of new molecules with novel physicochemical properties and programmed activity for biomedical research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. This minireview summarizes recent developments in chemical protein synthesis to produce bioactive proteins, with emphasis on novel analogs with promising in vitro and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Harel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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9
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Diamanti E, Méndez M, Ross T, Kuttruff CA, Lefranc J, Klingler FM, von Nussbaum F, Jung M, Gehringer M. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry 2022 Goes Virtual. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200419. [PMID: 36198574 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry (FiMC) meeting, which represents the largest international medicinal chemistry conference in Germany, took place from March 14th to 16th 2022 in a fully virtual format. Organized by the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of the German Chemical Society (GDCh) together with the Division of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry of the German Pharmaceutical Society (DPhG) and a "local" organization committee from the University of Freiburg headed by Manfred Jung, the meeting brought together 271 participants from around 20 countries. The program included 33 lectures by leading scientists from industry and academia as well as early career investigators. 67 posters were presented in two poster sessions and with over 20.000 poster abstract downloads. The general organization and the time-shift function were very much appreciated as demonstrated by almost 600 on-demand contents retrieved. The online format fitted perfectly to bring together medicinal chemists from academia and industry across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Diamanti
- HIPS - Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Blg. G838, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tatjana Ross
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian A Kuttruff
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julien Lefranc
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Franz von Nussbaum
- NUVISAN Innovation Campus Berlin, NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Department, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Taylor RJ, Geeson MB, Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Chemical and Enzymatic Methods for Post-Translational Protein-Protein Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14404-14419. [PMID: 35912579 PMCID: PMC9389620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins play an essential role in the biosciences but suffer from several key limitations, including the requirement for N-to-C terminal ligation, incompatibility of constituent domains, incorrect folding, and loss of biological activity. This perspective focuses on chemical and enzymatic approaches for the post-translational generation of well-defined protein-protein conjugates, which overcome some of the limitations faced by traditional fusion techniques. Methods discussed range from chemical modification of nucleophilic canonical amino acid residues to incorporation of unnatural amino acid residues and a range of enzymatic methods, including sortase-mediated ligation. Through summarizing the progress in this rapidly growing field, the key successes and challenges associated with using chemical and enzymatic approaches are highlighted and areas requiring further development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Michael B Geeson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Posttranslational Chemical Mutagenesis Methods to Insert Posttranslational Modifications into Recombinant Proteins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144389. [PMID: 35889261 PMCID: PMC9316245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) dramatically expand the functional diversity of the proteome. The precise addition and removal of PTMs appears to modulate protein structure and function and control key regulatory processes in living systems. Deciphering how particular PTMs affect protein activity is a current frontier in biology and medicine. The large number of PTMs which can appear in several distinct positions, states, and combinations makes preparing such complex analogs using conventional biological and chemical tools challenging. Strategies to access homogeneous and precisely modified proteins with desired PTMs at selected sites and in feasible quantities are critical to interpreting their molecular code. Here, we summarize recent advances in posttranslational chemical mutagenesis and late-stage functionalization chemistry to transfer novel PTM mimicry into recombinant proteins with emphasis on novel transformations.
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12
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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