Concerted Differential Changes of Helical Dynamics and Packing upon Ligand Occupancy in a Bacterial Chemoreceptor

The structural logic of dynamic signaling in the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor

The experimental challenges posed by integral membrane proteins hinder molecular understanding of transmembrane signaling mechanisms. Here, we exploited protein crosslinking assays in living cells to follow conformational and dynamic stimulus signals in Tsr, the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor. Tsr mediates serine chemotaxis by integrating transmembrane serine-binding inputs with adaptational modifications of a methylation helix bundle to regulate a signaling kinase at the cytoplasmic tip of the receptor molecule. We created cysteine replacements at Tsr residues adjacent to hydrophobic packing faces of the bundle helices and crosslinked them with a cell-permeable, bifunctional thiol-reagent. We identified an extensively crosslinked dynamic junction midway through the methylation helix bundle that seemed uniquely poised to respond to serine signals. We explored its role in mediating signaling shifts between different packing arrangements of the bundle helices by measuring crosslinking in receptor molecules with apposed pairs of cysteine reporters in each subunit and assessing their signaling behaviors with an in vivo kinase assay. In the absence of serine, the bundle helices evinced compact kinase-ON packing arrangements; in the presence of serine, the dynamic junction destabilized adjacent bundle segments and shifted the bundle to an expanded, less stable kinase-OFF helix-packing arrangement. AlphaFold models of kinase-active Tsr showed a prominent bulge and kink at the dynamic junction that might antagonize stable structure at the receptor tip. Serine stimuli might inhibit kinase activity by shifting the bundle to a less stably-packed conformation that relaxes structural strain at the receptor tip, thereby allowing it to stabilize and freeze kinase activity.

Nanodiscs for the study of membrane proteins

Nanodiscs represent a versatile tool for studies of membrane proteins and protein-membrane interactions under native-like conditions. Multiple variations of the Nanodisc platform, as well as new experimental methods, have been recently developed to understand various aspects of structure, dynamics and functional properties of systems involved in signaling, transport, blood coagulation and many other critically important processes. In this mini-review, we focus on some of these exciting recent developments that utilize the Nanodisc platform.

The Structural Logic of Dynamic Signaling in the Escherichia coli Serine Chemoreceptor

The experimental challenges posed by integral membrane proteins hinder molecular understanding of transmembrane signaling mechanisms. Here, we exploited protein crosslinking assays in living cells to follow conformational and dynamic stimulus signals in Tsr, the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor. Tsr mediates serine chemotaxis by integrating transmembrane serine-binding inputs with adaptational modifications of a methylation helix bundle to regulate a signaling kinase at the cytoplasmic tip of the receptor molecule. We created a series of cysteine replacements at Tsr residues adjacent to hydrophobic packing faces of the bundle helices and crosslinked them with a cell-permeable, bifunctional thiol-reagent. We identified an extensively crosslinked dynamic junction midway through the methylation helix bundle that seemed uniquely poised to respond to serine signals. We explored its role in mediating signaling shifts between different packing arrangements of the bundle helices by measuring crosslinking in receptor molecules with apposed pairs of cysteine reporters in each subunit and assessing their signaling behaviors with an in vivo kinase assay. In the absence of serine, the bundle helices evinced compact kinase-ON packing arrangements; in the presence of serine, the dynamic junction destabilized adjacent bundle segments and shifted the bundle to an expanded, less stable kinase-OFF helix-packing arrangement. An AlphaFold 3 model of kinase-active Tsr showed a prominent bulge and kink at the dynamic junction that might antagonize stable structure at the receptor tip. Serine stimuli probably inhibit kinase activity by shifting the bundle to a less stably-packed conformation that relaxes structural strain at the receptor tip, thereby freezing kinase activity.

A nonequilibrium allosteric model for receptor-kinase complexes: The role of energy dissipation in chemotaxis signaling

The Escherichia coli chemotaxis signaling pathway has served as a model system for the adaptive sensing of environmental signals by large protein complexes. The chemoreceptors control the kinase activity of CheA in response to the extracellular ligand concentration and adapt across a wide concentration range by undergoing methylation and demethylation. Methylation shifts the kinase response curve by orders of magnitude in ligand concentration while incurring a much smaller change in the ligand binding curve. Here, we show that the disproportionate shift in binding and kinase response is inconsistent with equilibrium allosteric models. To resolve this inconsistency, we present a nonequilibrium allosteric model that explicitly includes the dissipative reaction cycles driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. The model successfully explains all existing joint measurements of ligand binding, receptor conformation, and kinase activity for both aspartate and serine receptors. Our results suggest that the receptor complex acts as an enzyme: Receptor methylation modulates the ON-state kinetics of the kinase (e.g., phosphorylation rate), while ligand binding controls the equilibrium balance between kinase ON/OFF states. Furthermore, sufficient energy dissipation is responsible for maintaining and enhancing the sensitivity range and amplitude of the kinase response. We demonstrate that the nonequilibrium allosteric model is broadly applicable to other sensor-kinase systems by successfully fitting previously unexplained data from the DosP bacterial oxygen-sensing system. Overall, this work provides a nonequilibrium physics perspective on cooperative sensing by large protein complexes and opens up research directions for understanding their microscopic mechanisms through simultaneous measurements and modeling of ligand binding and downstream responses.

Structural signatures of Escherichia coli chemoreceptor signaling states revealed by cellular crosslinking

The chemotaxis machinery of Escherichia coli has served as a model for exploring the molecular signaling mechanisms of transmembrane chemoreceptors known as methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs). Yet, fundamental questions about signal transmission through MCP molecules remain unanswered. Our work with the E. coli serine chemoreceptor Tsr has developed in vivo reporters that distinguish kinase-OFF and kinase-ON structures in the cytoplasmic methylation helix (MH) cap, which receives stimulus signals from an adjoining, membrane-proximal histidine kinase, adenylyl cyclases, MCPs, and phosphatases (HAMP) domain. The cytoplasmic helices of the Tsr homodimer interact mainly through packing interactions of hydrophobic residues at a and d heptad positions. We investigated the in vivo crosslinking properties of Tsr molecules bearing cysteine replacements at functionally tolerant g heptad positions in the N-terminal and C-terminal cap helices. Upon treatment of cells with bismaleimidoethane (BMOE), a bifunctional thiol-reagent, Tsr-G273C/Q504C readily formed a doubly crosslinked product in the presence of serine but not in its absence. Moreover, a serine stimulus combined with BMOE treatment during in vivo Förster resonance energy transfer-based kinase assays locked Tsr-G273C/Q504C in kinase-OFF output. An OFF-shifting lesion in MH1 (D269P) promoted the formation of the doubly crosslinked species in the absence of serine, whereas an ON-shifting lesion (G268P) suppressed the formation of the doubly crosslinked species. Tsr-G273C/Q504C also showed output-dependent crosslinking patterns in combination with ON-shifting and OFF-shifting adaptational modifications. Our results are consistent with a helix breathing-axial rotation-bundle repacking signaling mechanism and imply that in vivo crosslinking tools could serve to probe helix-packing transitions and their output consequences in other regions of the receptor molecule.