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Han TW, Portz B, Young RA, Boija A, Klein IA. RNA and condensates: Disease implications and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1593-1609. [PMID: 39303698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are dynamic membraneless organelles that compartmentalize proteins and RNA molecules to regulate key cellular processes. Diverse RNA species exert their effects on the cell by their roles in condensate formation and function. RNA abnormalities such as overexpression, modification, and mislocalization can lead to pathological condensate behaviors that drive various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and infections. Here, we review RNA's role in condensate biology, describe the mechanisms of RNA-induced condensate dysregulation, note the implications for disease pathogenesis, and discuss novel therapeutic strategies. Emerging approaches to targeting RNA within condensates, including small molecules and RNA-based therapies that leverage the unique properties of condensates, may revolutionize treatment for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann Boija
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Shino A, Otsu M, Imai K, Fukuzawa K, Morishita EC. Probing RNA-Small Molecule Interactions Using Biophysical and Computational Approaches. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2368-2376. [PMID: 37856793 PMCID: PMC10662358 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Interest in small molecules that target RNA is flourishing, and the expectation set on them to treat diseases with unmet medical needs is high. However, several challenges remain, including difficulties in selecting suitable tools and establishing workflows for their discovery. In this context, we optimized experimental and computational approaches that were previously employed for the protein targets. Here, we demonstrate that a fluorescence-based assay can be effectively used to screen small molecule libraries for their ability to bind and stabilize an RNA stem-loop. Our screen identified several fluoroquinolones that bind to the target stem-loop. We further probed their interactions with the target using biolayer interferometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results of these biophysical assays suggest that the fluoroquinolones bind the target in a similar manner. Armed with this knowledge, we built models for the complexes of the fluoroquinolones and the RNA target. Then, we performed fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations to dissect the interactions between the fluoroquinolones and the RNA. We found that the binding free energies obtained from the ITC experiments correlated strongly with the interaction energies calculated by FMO. Finally, we designed fluoroquinolone analogues and performed FMO calculations to predict their binding free energies. Taken together, the results of this study support the importance of conducting orthogonal assays in binding confirmation and compound selection and demonstrate the usefulness of FMO calculations in the rational design of RNA-targeted small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiu Shino
- Basic
Research Division, Veritas In Silico Inc., Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Maina Otsu
- Basic
Research Division, Veritas In Silico Inc., Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Koji Imai
- Basic
Research Division, Veritas In Silico Inc., Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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3
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Morishita EC. Discovery of RNA-targeted small molecules through the merging of experimental and computational technologies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:207-226. [PMID: 36322542 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of RNA-targeted small molecules is rapidly evolving, owing to the advances in experimental and computational technologies. With the identification of several bioactive small molecules that target RNA, including the FDA-approved risdiplam, the biopharmaceutical industry is gaining confidence in the field. This review, based on the literature obtained from PubMed, aims to disseminate information about the various technologies developed for targeting RNA with small molecules and propose areas for improvement to develop drugs more efficiently, particularly those linked to diseases with unmet medical needs. AREAS COVERED The technologies for the identification of RNA targets, screening of chemical libraries against RNA, assessing the bioactivity and target engagement of the hit compounds, structure determination, and hit-to-lead optimization are reviewed. Along with the description of the technologies, their strengths, limitations, and examples of how they can impact drug discovery are provided. EXPERT OPINION Many existing technologies employed for protein targets have been repurposed for use in the discovery of RNA-targeted small molecules. In addition, technologies tailored for RNA targets have been developed. Nevertheless, more improvements are necessary, such as artificial intelligence to dissect important RNA structures and RNA-small-molecule interactions and more powerful chemical probing and structure prediction techniques.
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4
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Seyednejad SA, Sartor GC. Noncoding RNA therapeutics for substance use disorder. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2022; 2:10807. [PMID: 36601439 PMCID: PMC9808746 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2022.10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to regulate maladaptive neuroadaptations that drive compulsive drug use, ncRNA-targeting therapeutics for substance use disorder (SUD) have yet to be clinically tested. Recent advances in RNA-based drugs have improved many therapeutic issues related to immune response, specificity, and delivery, leading to multiple successful clinical trials for other diseases. As the need for safe and effective treatments for SUD continues to grow, novel nucleic acid-based therapeutics represent an appealing approach to target ncRNA mechanisms in SUD. Here, we review ncRNA processes implicated in SUD, discuss recent therapeutic approaches for targeting ncRNAs, and highlight potential opportunities and challenges of ncRNA-targeting therapeutics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Afshin Seyednejad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences (CT IBACS), Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Gregory C. Sartor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences (CT IBACS), Storrs, CT, United States
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5
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Boivin M, Charlet-Berguerand N. Trinucleotide CGG Repeat Diseases: An Expanding Field of Polyglycine Proteins? Front Genet 2022; 13:843014. [PMID: 35295941 PMCID: PMC8918734 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.843014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites are repeated DNA sequences of 3–6 nucleotides highly variable in length and sequence and that have important roles in genomes regulation and evolution. However, expansion of a subset of these microsatellites over a threshold size is responsible of more than 50 human genetic diseases. Interestingly, some of these disorders are caused by expansions of similar sequences, sizes and localizations and present striking similarities in clinical manifestations and histopathological features, which suggest a common mechanism of disease. Notably, five identical CGG repeat expansions, but located in different genes, are the causes of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID), oculopharyngodistal myopathy type 1 to 3 (OPDM1-3) and oculopharyngeal myopathy with leukoencephalopathy (OPML), which are neuromuscular and neurodegenerative syndromes with overlapping symptoms and similar histopathological features, notably the presence of characteristic eosinophilic ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions. In this review we summarize recent finding in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease and FXTAS, where the causing CGG expansions were found to be embedded within small upstream ORFs (uORFs), resulting in their translation into novel proteins containing a stretch of polyglycine (polyG). Importantly, expression of these polyG proteins is toxic in animal models and is sufficient to reproduce the formation of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions. These data suggest the existence of a novel class of human genetic pathology, the polyG diseases, and question whether a similar mechanism may exist in other diseases, notably in OPDM and OPML.
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6
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Small Molecule Screening Discovers Compounds that Reduce FMRpolyG Protein Aggregates and Splicing Defect Toxicity in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1992-2007. [PMID: 35040038 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of CGG trinucleotide repeats in 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene is the causative mutation of neurological diseases such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), and ovarian disorder such as fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). CGG repeats containing FMR1 transcripts form the toxic ribonuclear aggregates, abrupt pre-mRNA splicing, and cause repeat-associated non-AUG translation, leading to the disease symptoms. Here, we utilized a small molecule library of ~ 250,000 members obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and implemented a shape-based screening approach to identify the candidate small molecules that mitigate toxic CGG RNA-mediated pathogenesis. The compounds obtained from screening were further assessed for their affinity and selectivity towards toxic CGG repeat RNA by employing fluorescence-binding experiment and isothermal calorimetry titration assay. Three candidate molecules B1, B4, and B11 showed high affinity and selectivity for expanded CGG repeats RNA. Further, NMR spectroscopy, gel mobility shift assay, CD spectroscopy, UV-thermal denaturation assay, and molecular docking affirmed their high affinity and selectivity for toxic CGG RNAs. Next, these lead compounds selectively improved the pre-mRNA alternative splicing defects with no perturbation in global splicing efficacy and simultaneously reduced the FMR1polyG protein aggregate formation without affecting the downstream expression of the gene. Taken together these findings, we addressed compound B1, B4, and B11 as potential lead molecules for developing promising therapeutics against FXTAS. Herein, this study, we have utilized shape similarity approach to screen the NCI library and found out the potential candidate which improves the pre-mRNA splicing defects and reduces FMR1polyG aggregations.
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7
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Licata NV, Cristofani R, Salomonsson S, Wilson KM, Kempthorne L, Vaizoglu D, D’Agostino VG, Pollini D, Loffredo R, Pancher M, Adami V, Bellosta P, Ratti A, Viero G, Quattrone A, Isaacs AM, Poletti A, Provenzani A. C9orf72 ALS/FTD dipeptide repeat protein levels are reduced by small molecules that inhibit PKA or enhance protein degradation. EMBO J 2022; 41:e105026. [PMID: 34791698 PMCID: PMC8724771 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intronic GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion within the human C9orf72 gene represents the most common cause of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (C9ALS/FTD). Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of repeat-containing C9orf72 RNA results in the production of neurotoxic dipeptide-repeat proteins (DPRs). Here, we developed a high-throughput drug screen for the identification of positive and negative modulators of DPR levels. We found that HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin and aldosterone antagonist spironolactone reduced DPR levels by promoting protein degradation via the proteasome and autophagy pathways respectively. Surprisingly, cAMP-elevating compounds boosting protein kinase A (PKA) activity increased DPR levels. Inhibition of PKA activity, by both pharmacological and genetic approaches, reduced DPR levels in cells and rescued pathological phenotypes in a Drosophila model of C9ALS/FTD. Moreover, knockdown of PKA-catalytic subunits correlated with reduced translation efficiency of DPRs, while the PKA inhibitor H89 reduced endogenous DPR levels in C9ALS/FTD patient-derived iPSC motor neurons. Together, our results suggest new and druggable pathways modulating DPR levels in C9ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa V Licata
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Sally Salomonsson
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Katherine M Wilson
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Liam Kempthorne
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Deniz Vaizoglu
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Vito G D’Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Daniele Pollini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Rosa Loffredo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Michael Pancher
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Valentina Adami
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Paola Bellosta
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Department of MedicineNYU at Grossman School of MedicineNYUSA
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of NeurologyStroke Unit and Laboratory of NeuroscienceIstituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCSMilanItaly
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | | | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative BiologyUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
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8
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Bush JA, Aikawa H, Fuerst R, Li Y, Ursu A, Meyer SM, Benhamou RI, Chen JL, Khan T, Wagner-Griffin S, Van Meter MJ, Tong Y, Olafson H, McKee KK, Childs-Disney JL, Gendron TF, Zhang Y, Coyne AN, Wang ET, Yildirim I, Wang KW, Petrucelli L, Rothstein JD, Disney MD. Ribonuclease recruitment using a small molecule reduced c9ALS/FTD r(G 4C 2) repeat expansion in vitro and in vivo ALS models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd5991. [PMID: 34705518 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haruo Aikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rita Fuerst
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Samantha M Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Raphael I Benhamou
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jonathan L Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tanya Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sarah Wagner-Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Montina J Van Meter
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yuquan Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hailey Olafson
- Center for NeuroGenetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kendra K McKee
- Center for NeuroGenetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alyssa N Coyne
- Robert Packard Center for ALS Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Center for NeuroGenetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ilyas Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kye Won Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Robert Packard Center for ALS Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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9
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Konieczny P, Mukherjee S, Stepniak-Konieczna E, Taylor K, Niewiadomska D, Piasecka A, Walczak A, Baud A, Dohno C, Nakatani K, Sobczak K. Cyclic mismatch binding ligands interact with disease-associated CGG trinucleotide repeats in RNA and suppress their translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9479-9495. [PMID: 34358321 PMCID: PMC8450082 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by a limited expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Degeneration of neurons in FXTAS cell models can be triggered by accumulation of polyglycine protein (FMRpolyG), a by-product of translation initiated upstream to the repeats. Specific aims of our work included testing if naphthyridine-based molecules could (i) block FMRpolyG synthesis by binding to CGG repeats in RNA, (ii) reverse pathological alterations in affected cells and (iii) preserve the content of FMRP, translated from the same FMR1 mRNA. We demonstrate that cyclic mismatch binding ligand CMBL4c binds to RNA structure formed by CGG repeats and attenuates translation of FMRpolyG and formation of nuclear inclusions in cells transfected with vectors expressing RNA with expanded CGG repeats. Moreover, our results indicate that CMBL4c delivery can reduce FMRpolyG-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Importantly, its therapeutic potential is also observed once the inclusions are already formed. We also show that CMBL4c-driven FMRpolyG loss is accompanied by partial FMRP reduction. As complete loss of FMRP induces FXS in children, future experiments should aim at evaluation of CMBL4c therapeutic intervention in differentiated tissues, in which FMRpolyG translation inhibition might outweigh adverse effects related to FMRP depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Konieczny
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sanjukta Mukherjee
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan.,National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ewa Stepniak-Konieczna
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taylor
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daria Niewiadomska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piasecka
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Walczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Baud
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Chikara Dohno
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakatani
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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10
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Haify SN, Buijsen RAM, Verwegen L, Severijnen LAWFM, de Boer H, Boumeester V, Monshouwer R, Yang WY, Cameron MD, Willemsen R, Disney MD, Hukema RK. Small molecule 1a reduces FMRpolyG-mediated toxicity in in vitro and in vivo models for FMR1 premutation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1632-1648. [PMID: 34077515 PMCID: PMC8369842 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, ataxia and neuropsychological problems. This disease is quite common in the general population with approximately 20 million carriers worldwide. The risk of developing FXTAS increases dramatically with age, with about 45% of male carriers over the age of 50 being affected. FXTAS is caused by a CGG-repeat expansion (CGGexp) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. CGGexp RNA is translated into the FMRpolyG protein by a mechanism called RAN translation. Although both gene and pathogenic trigger are known, no therapeutic interventions are available at this moment. Here, we present, for the first time, primary hippocampal neurons derived from the ubiquitous inducible mouse model which is used as a screening tool for targeted interventions. A promising candidate is the repeat binding, RAN translation blocking, small molecule 1a. Small molecule 1a shields the disease-causing CGGexp from being translated into the toxic FMRpolyG protein. Primary hippocampal neurons formed FMRpolyG-positive inclusions, and upon treatment with 1a, the numbers of FMRpolyG-positive inclusions are reduced. We also describe for the first time the formation of FMRpolyG-positive inclusions in the liver of this mouse model. Treatment with 1a reduced the insoluble FMRpolyG protein fraction in the liver but not the number of inclusions. Moreover, 1a treatment had a reducing effect on the number of Rad23b-positive inclusions and insoluble Rad23b protein levels. These data suggest that targeted small molecule therapy is effective in an FXTAS mouse model and has the potential to treat CGGexp-mediated diseases, including FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif N Haify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas Verwegen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Helen de Boer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roos Monshouwer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wong Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Florida, the United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Florida, the United States
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Florida, the United States
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Health Care Studies, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Xu K, Li Y, Allen EG, Jin P. Therapeutic Development for CGG Repeat Expansion-Associated Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:655568. [PMID: 34054431 PMCID: PMC8149615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.655568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding repeat expansions, such as CGG, GGC, CUG, CCUG, and GGGGCC, have been shown to be involved in many human diseases, particularly neurological disorders. Of the diverse pathogenic mechanisms proposed in these neurodegenerative diseases, dysregulated RNA metabolism has emerged as an important contributor. Expanded repeat RNAs that form particular structures aggregate to form RNA foci, sequestering various RNA binding proteins and consequently altering RNA splicing, transport, and other downstream biological processes. One of these repeat expansion-associated diseases, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), is caused by a CGG repeat expansion in the 5'UTR region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Moreover, recent studies have revealed abnormal GGC repeat expansion within the 5'UTR region of the NOTCH2NLC gene in both essential tremor (ET) and neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). These CGG repeat expansion-associated diseases share genetic, pathological, and clinical features. Identification of the similarities at the molecular level could lead to a better understanding of the disease mechanisms as well as developing novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we highlight our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CGG repeat expansion-associated diseases and discuss potential therapeutic interventions for these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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12
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Derbis M, Kul E, Niewiadomska D, Sekrecki M, Piasecka A, Taylor K, Hukema RK, Stork O, Sobczak K. Short antisense oligonucleotides alleviate the pleiotropic toxicity of RNA harboring expanded CGG repeats. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1265. [PMID: 33627639 PMCID: PMC7904788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 5'UTR. The RNA containing expanded CGG repeats (rCGGexp) causes cell damage by interaction with complementary DNA, forming R-loop structures, sequestration of nuclear proteins involved in RNA metabolism and initiation of translation of polyglycine-containing protein (FMRpolyG), which forms nuclear insoluble inclusions. Here we show the therapeutic potential of short antisense oligonucleotide steric blockers (ASOs) targeting directly the rCGGexp. In nuclei of FXTAS cells ASOs affect R-loop formation and correct miRNA biogenesis and alternative splicing, indicating that nuclear proteins are released from toxic sequestration. In cytoplasm, ASOs significantly decrease the biosynthesis and accumulation of FMRpolyG. Delivery of ASO into a brain of FXTAS mouse model reduces formation of inclusions, improves motor behavior and corrects gene expression profile with marginal signs of toxicity after a few weeks from a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Derbis
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emre Kul
- grid.5807.a0000 0001 1018 4307Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daria Niewiadomska
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Sekrecki
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piasecka
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taylor
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
| | - Renate K. Hukema
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.450253.50000 0001 0688 0318Present Address: Department of Health Care Studies, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, HR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stork
- grid.5807.a0000 0001 1018 4307Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Shibata T, Nagano K, Ueyama M, Ninomiya K, Hirose T, Nagai Y, Ishikawa K, Kawai G, Nakatani K. Small molecule targeting r(UGGAA) n disrupts RNA foci and alleviates disease phenotype in Drosophila model. Nat Commun 2021; 12:236. [PMID: 33431896 PMCID: PMC7801683 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic small molecules modulating RNA structure and function have therapeutic potential for RNA diseases. Here we report our discovery that naphthyridine carbamate dimer (NCD) targets disease-causing r(UGGAA)n repeat RNAs in spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31). Structural analysis of the NCD-UGGAA/UGGAA complex by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clarifies the mode of binding that recognizes four guanines in the UGGAA/UGGAA pentad by hydrogen bonding with four naphthyridine moieties of two NCD molecules. Biological studies show that NCD disrupts naturally occurring RNA foci built on r(UGGAA)n repeat RNA known as nuclear stress bodies (nSBs) by interfering with RNA–protein interactions resulting in the suppression of nSB-mediated splicing events. Feeding NCD to larvae of the Drosophila model of SCA31 alleviates the disease phenotype induced by toxic r(UGGAA)n repeat RNA. These studies demonstrate that small molecules targeting toxic repeat RNAs are a promising chemical tool for studies on repeat expansion diseases. Synthetic small molecules modulating RNA structure and function have therapeutic potential for RNA diseases. Here the authors show the mechanism by which a small molecule targets the disease-causing r(UGGAA)n repeat RNAs in spinocerebellar ataxia type 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Shibata
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Konami Nagano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Morio Ueyama
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Center for Personalized Medicine for Healthy Aging, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gota Kawai
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakatani
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan.
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14
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Meyer SM, Williams CC, Akahori Y, Tanaka T, Aikawa H, Tong Y, Childs-Disney JL, Disney MD. Small molecule recognition of disease-relevant RNA structures. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7167-7199. [PMID: 32975549 PMCID: PMC7717589 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting RNAs with small molecules represents a new frontier in drug discovery and development. The rich structural diversity of folded RNAs offers a nearly unlimited reservoir of targets for small molecules to bind, similar to small molecule occupancy of protein binding pockets, thus creating the potential to modulate human biology. Although the bacterial ribosome has historically been the most well exploited RNA target, advances in RNA sequencing technologies and a growing understanding of RNA structure have led to an explosion of interest in the direct targeting of human pathological RNAs. This review highlights recent advances in this area, with a focus on the design of small molecule probes that selectively engage structures within disease-causing RNAs, with micromolar to nanomolar affinity. Additionally, we explore emerging RNA-target strategies, such as bleomycin A5 conjugates and ribonuclease targeting chimeras (RIBOTACs), that allow for the targeted degradation of RNAs with impressive potency and selectivity. The compounds discussed in this review have proven efficacious in human cell lines, patient-derived cells, and pre-clinical animal models, with one compound currently undergoing a Phase II clinical trial and another that recently garnerd FDA-approval, indicating a bright future for targeted small molecule therapeutics that affect RNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Christopher C Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Akahori
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Haruo Aikawa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Yuquan Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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15
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Haniff HS, Knerr L, Chen JL, Disney MD, Lightfoot HL. Target-Directed Approaches for Screening Small Molecules against RNA Targets. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2020; 25:869-894. [PMID: 32419578 PMCID: PMC7442623 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220922802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA molecules have a variety of cellular functions that can drive disease pathologies. They are without a doubt one of the most intriguing yet controversial small-molecule drug targets. The ability to widely target RNA with small molecules could be revolutionary, once the right tools, assays, and targets are selected, thereby defining which biomolecules are targetable and what constitutes drug-like small molecules. Indeed, approaches developed over the past 5-10 years have changed the face of small molecule-RNA targeting by addressing historic concerns regarding affinity, selectivity, and structural dynamics. Presently, selective RNA-protein complex stabilizing drugs such as branaplam and risdiplam are in clinical trials for the modulation of SMN2 splicing, compounds identified from phenotypic screens with serendipitous outcomes. Fully developing RNA as a druggable target will require a target engagement-driven approach, and evolving chemical collections will be important for the industrial development of this class of target. In this review we discuss target-directed approaches that can be used to identify RNA-binding compounds and the chemical knowledge we have today of small-molecule RNA binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafeez S. Haniff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laurent Knerr
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Matthew D. Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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16
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Angelbello AJ, Chen JL, Disney MD. Small molecule targeting of RNA structures in neurological disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:57-71. [PMID: 30964958 PMCID: PMC6785366 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant RNA structure and function operate in neurological disease progression and severity. As RNA contributes to disease pathology in a complex fashion, that is, via various mechanisms, it has become an attractive therapeutic target for small molecules and oligonucleotides. In this review, we discuss the identification of RNA structures that cause or contribute to neurological diseases as well as recent progress toward the development of small molecules that target them, including small molecule modulators of pre-mRNA splicing and RNA repeat expansions that cause microsatellite disorders such as Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The use of oligonucleotide-based modalities is also discussed. There are key differences between small molecule and oligonucleotide targeting of RNA. The former targets RNA structure, while the latter prefers unstructured regions. Thus, some targets will be preferentially targeted by oligonucleotides and others by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan L Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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17
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Padroni G, Patwardhan NN, Schapira M, Hargrove AE. Systematic analysis of the interactions driving small molecule-RNA recognition. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:802-813. [PMID: 33479676 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA molecules are becoming an important target class in drug discovery. However, the principles for designing RNA-binding small molecules are yet to be fully uncovered. In this study, we examined the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to highlight privileged interactions underlying small molecule-RNA recognition. By comparing this analysis with previously determined small molecule-protein interactions, we find that RNA recognition is driven mostly by stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions, while protein recognition is instead driven by hydrophobic effects. Furthermore, we analyze patterns of interactions to highlight potential strategies to tune RNA recognition, such as stacking and cation-π interactions that favor purine and guanine recognition, and note an unexpected paucity of backbone interactions, even for cationic ligands. Collectively, this work provides further understanding of RNA-small molecule interactions that may inform the design of small molecules targeting RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Padroni
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA .
| | - N N Patwardhan
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA .
| | - M Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - A E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , USA .
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18
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Verma AK, Khan E, Mishra SK, Mishra A, Charlet-Berguerand N, Kumar A. Curcumin Regulates the r(CGG) exp RNA Hairpin Structure and Ameliorate Defects in Fragile X-Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:295. [PMID: 32317919 PMCID: PMC7155420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome is an untreatable neurological and neuromuscular disorder caused by unstable expansion of 55–200 CGG nucleotide repeats in 5′ UTR of Fragile X intellectual disability 1 (FMR1) gene. The expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 mRNA elicits neuronal cell toxicity through two main pathogenic mechanisms. First, mRNA with CGG expanded repeats sequester specific RNA regulatory proteins resulting in splicing alterations and formation of ribonuclear inclusions. Second, repeat-associated non-canonical translation (RANT) of the CGG expansion produces a toxic homopolymeric protein, FMRpolyG. Very few small molecules are known to modulate these pathogenic events, limiting the therapeutic possibilities for FXTAS. Here, we found that a naturally available biologically active small molecule, Curcumin, selectively binds to CGG RNA repeats. Interestingly, Curcumin improves FXTAS associated alternative splicing defects and decreases the production and accumulation of FMRpolyG protein inclusion. Furthermore, Curcumin decreases cell cytotoxicity promptly by expression of CGG RNA in FXTAS cell models. In conclusion, our data suggest that small molecules like Curcumin and its derivatives may be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy against the debilitating repeats associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Verma
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Eshan Khan
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Mishra
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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19
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Rodriguez CM, Wright SE, Kearse MG, Haenfler JM, Flores BN, Liu Y, Ifrim MF, Glineburg MR, Krans A, Jafar-Nejad P, Sutton MA, Bassell GJ, Parent JM, Rigo F, Barmada SJ, Todd PK. A native function for RAN translation and CGG repeats in regulating fragile X protein synthesis. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:386-397. [PMID: 32066985 PMCID: PMC7668390 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated translation of expanded CGG repeats (CGG RAN) from the FMR1 5'-leader produces toxic proteins that contribute to neurodegeneration in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Here we describe how unexpanded CGG repeats and their translation play conserved roles in regulating fragile X protein (FMRP) synthesis. In neurons, CGG RAN acts as an inhibitory upstream open reading frame to suppress basal FMRP production. Activation of mGluR5 receptors enhances FMRP synthesis. This enhancement requires both the CGG repeat and CGG RAN initiation sites. Using non-cleaving antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), we selectively blocked CGG RAN. This ASO blockade enhanced endogenous FMRP expression in human neurons. In human and rodent neurons, CGG RAN-blocking ASOs suppressed repeat toxicity and prolonged survival. These findings delineate a native function for CGG repeats and RAN translation in regulating basal and activity-dependent FMRP synthesis, and they demonstrate the therapeutic potential of modulating CGG RAN translation in fragile X-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon E Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael G Kearse
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jill M Haenfler
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brittany N Flores
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marius F Ifrim
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Glineburg
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Krans
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael A Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Translation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein is inhibited by a small molecule targeting its structured mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1457-1467. [PMID: 31900363 PMCID: PMC6983430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905057117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins are refractory to targeting because they lack small-molecule binding pockets. An alternative to drugging these proteins directly is to target the messenger (m)RNA that encodes them, thereby reducing protein levels. We describe such an approach for the difficult-to-target protein α-synuclein encoded by the SNCA gene. Multiplication of the SNCA gene locus causes dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and α-synuclein protein aggregates in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in sporadic PD. Thus, reducing the expression of α-synuclein protein is expected to have therapeutic value. Fortuitously, the SNCA mRNA has a structured iron-responsive element (IRE) in its 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) that controls its translation. Using sequence-based design, we discovered small molecules that target the IRE structure and inhibit SNCA translation in cells, the most potent of which is named Synucleozid. Both in vitro and cellular profiling studies showed Synucleozid directly targets the α-synuclein mRNA 5' UTR at the designed site. Mechanistic studies revealed that Synucleozid reduces α-synuclein protein levels by decreasing the amount of SNCA mRNA loaded into polysomes, mechanistically providing a cytoprotective effect in cells. Proteome- and transcriptome-wide studies showed that the compound's selectivity makes Synucleozid suitable for further development. Importantly, transcriptome-wide analysis of mRNAs that encode intrinsically disordered proteins revealed that each has structured regions that could be targeted with small molecules. These findings demonstrate the potential for targeting undruggable proteins at the level of their coding mRNAs. This approach, as applied to SNCA, is a promising disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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21
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Verma AK, Khan E, Mishra SK, Jain N, Kumar A. Piperine Modulates Protein Mediated Toxicity in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome through Interacting Expanded CGG Repeat (r(CGG) exp) RNA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3778-3788. [PMID: 31264835 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An expansion of CGG tandem repeats in the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene causes fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The transcripts of these expanded repeats r(CGG)exp either form RNA foci or undergo the repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation that produces toxic homopolymeric proteins in neuronal cells. The discovery of small molecule modulators that possess a strong binding affinity and high selectivity to these toxic expanded repeats RNA could be a promising therapeutic approach to cure the expanded repeat-associated neurological diseases. Therefore, here we sought to test the therapeutic potential of a natural alkaloid, piperine, by assessing its ability to bind and neutralize the toxicity of r(CGG)exp RNA motif. To accomplish this first, we have determined the affinity of piperine to r(CGG)exp RNA using fluorescence-based binding assay and isothermal titration calorimetry assay. These assays showed that piperine forms a thermodynamically favorable interaction with r(CGG)exp RNA with high selectivity to the G-rich RNA motif. Interaction of piperine with r(CGG)exp motif was further validated using several biophysical techniques such as CD, CD melting, NMR spectroscopy, and gel retardation assay. Moreover, piperine was also found to be effective for improving the r(CGG)exp associated splicing defects and RAN translation in a FXTAS cell model system. Our results effectively provided the evidence that piperine strongly interacts with r(CGG)exp RNA and could be used as a suitable candidate for therapeutic development against FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Verma
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Eshan Khan
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Mishra
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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22
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Verma AK, Khan E, Bhagwat SR, Kumar A. Exploring the Potential of Small Molecule-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Targeting Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:566-584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Di Giorgio A, Duca M. Synthetic small-molecule RNA ligands: future prospects as therapeutic agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1242-1255. [PMID: 31534649 PMCID: PMC6748380 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00195f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA is one of the most intriguing and promising biological targets for the discovery of innovative drugs in many pathologies and various biologically relevant RNAs that could serve as drug targets have already been identified. Among the most important ones, one can mention prokaryotic ribosomal RNA which is the target of several marketed antibiotics, viral RNAs or oncogenic microRNAs that are tightly involved in the development and progression of various cancers. Oligonucleotides are efficient and specific RNA targeting agents but suffer from poor pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. For this reason, a number of synthetic small-molecule ligands have been identified and studied upon screening of chemical libraries or focused design of RNA binders. In this review, we report the most relevant examples of synthetic compounds bearing sufficient selectivity to envisage clinical studies and future therapeutic applications with a particular attention for the main strategies that can be undertaken toward the improvement of selectivity and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Giorgio
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN) , Nice , France .
| | - M Duca
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN) , Nice , France .
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24
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Morgan BS, Forte JE, Hargrove AE. Insights into the development of chemical probes for RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8025-8037. [PMID: 30102391 PMCID: PMC6144806 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the RNA revolution has revealed thousands of non-coding RNAs that are essential for cellular regulation and are misregulated in disease. While the development of methods and tools to study these RNAs has been challenging, the power and promise of small molecule chemical probes is increasingly recognized. To harness existing knowledge, we compiled a list of 116 ligands with reported activity against RNA targets in biological systems (R-BIND). In this survey, we examine the RNA targets, design and discovery strategies, and chemical probe characterization techniques of these ligands. We discuss the applicability of current tools to identify and evaluate RNA-targeted chemical probes, suggest criteria to assess the quality of RNA chemical probes and targets, and propose areas where new tools are particularly needed. We anticipate that this knowledge will expedite the discovery of RNA-targeted ligands and the next phase of the RNA revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan E Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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Umuhire Juru A, Patwardhan NN, Hargrove AE. Understanding the Contributions of Conformational Changes, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics of RNA-Small Molecule Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:824-838. [PMID: 31042354 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The implication of RNA in multiple cellular processes beyond protein coding has revitalized interest in the development of small molecules for therapeutically targeting RNA and for further probing its cellular biology. However, the process of rationally designing such small molecule probes is hampered by the paucity of information about fundamental molecular recognition principles of RNA. In this Review, we summarize two important and often underappreciated aspects of RNA-small molecule recognition: RNA conformational dynamics and the biophysical properties of interactions of small molecules with RNA, specifically thermodynamics and kinetics. While conformational flexibility is often said to impede RNA ligand development, the ability of small molecules to influence the RNA conformational landscape can have a significant effect on the cellular functions of RNA. An analysis of the conformational landscape of RNA and the interactions of individual conformations with ligands can thus guide the development of new small molecule probes, which needs to be investigated further. Additionally, while it is common practice to quantify the binding affinities ( Ka or Kd) of small molecules for biomacromolecules as a measure of their activity, further biophysical characterization of their interaction can provide a deeper understanding. Studies that focus on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for interaction between RNA and ligands are next discussed. Finally, this Review provides the reader with a perspective on how such in-depth analysis of biophysical characteristics of the interaction of RNA and small molecules can impact our understanding of these interactions and how they will benefit the future design of small molecule probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Umuhire Juru
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Neeraj N. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Amanda E. Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Disney MD, Velagapudi SP, Li Y, Costales MG, Childs-Disney JL. Identifying and validating small molecules interacting with RNA (SMIRNAs). Methods Enzymol 2019; 623:45-66. [PMID: 31239057 PMCID: PMC6628145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High throughput sequencing has revolutionized our ability to identify aberrant RNA expression and mutations that cause or contribute to disease. These data can be used directly to design oligonucleotide-based modalities using Watson-Crick pairing to target unstructured regions in an RNA. A complementary, although more difficult, strategy to deactivate a malfunctioning RNA is to target highly structured regions with small molecules. Indeed, RNA structures are directly causative of disease. Herein, we discuss emerging strategies to design high affinity, selective, bioactive ligands targeting RNA, or small molecules interacting with RNA (SMIRNAs), and target validation and profiling methods. An experimental foundation is required for a lead identification strategy for RNA structures, constructed from a library-vs.-library screen that probes vast libraries of small molecules for binding RNA three dimensional folds. Dubbed 2-dimensional combinatorial screening (2DCS), the resulting data can be mined against transcriptomes or the composite of RNAs that are produced in an organism to define folded RNA structures that can be targeted. By applying SMIRNAs to cells and using target validation tools such as Chemical Cross-Linking and Isolation by Pull-down (Chem-CLIP) and Small Molecule Nucleic Acid Profiling by Cleavage Applied to RNA (RiboSNAP), all targets engaged in cells can be defined, along with rules for molecular recognition to affect RNA biology. This chapter will describe lessons learned in applying these approaches in vitro, in cells, and in pre-clinical animal models of disease, enabling SMIRNAs to capture opportunities in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States.
| | | | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Matthew G Costales
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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27
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Wang ZF, Ursu A, Childs-Disney JL, Guertler R, Yang WY, Bernat V, Rzuczek SG, Fuerst R, Zhang YJ, Gendron TF, Yildirim I, Dwyer BG, Rice JE, Petrucelli L, Disney MD. The Hairpin Form of r(G 4C 2) exp in c9ALS/FTD Is Repeat-Associated Non-ATG Translated and a Target for Bioactive Small Molecules. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 26:179-190.e12. [PMID: 30503283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an expanded G4C2 repeat [(G4C2)exp] in C9ORF72. ALS/FTD-associated toxicity has been traced to the RNA transcribed from the repeat expansion [r(G4C2)exp], which sequesters RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation to generate toxic dipeptide repeats. Using in vitro and cell-based assays, we identified a small molecule (4) that selectively bound r(G4C2)exp, prevented sequestration of an RBP, and inhibited RAN translation. Indeed, biophysical characterization showed that 4 selectively bound the hairpin form of r(G4C2)exp, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies and molecular dynamics simulations defined this molecular recognition event. Cellular imaging revealed that 4 localized to r(G4C2)exp cytoplasmic foci, the putative sites of RAN translation. Collectively, these studies highlight that the hairpin structure of r(G4C2)exp is a therapeutically relevant target and small molecules that bind it can ameliorate c9ALS/FTD-associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Fu Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rea Guertler
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Wang-Yong Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Viachaslau Bernat
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Suzanne G Rzuczek
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rita Fuerst
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ilyas Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Brendan G Dwyer
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Joseph E Rice
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Abstract
Microsatellite expansions cause more than 40 neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and C9ORF72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). These repeat expansion mutations can produce repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) proteins in all three reading frames, which accumulate in disease-relevant tissues. There has been considerable interest in RAN protein products and their downstream consequences, particularly for the dipeptide proteins found in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD. Understanding how RAN translation occurs, what cellular factors contribute to RAN protein accumulation, and how these proteins contribute to disease should lead to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of gene expression and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Douglas Cleary
- From the Center for NeuroGenetics
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and
- Genetics Institute, and
| | - Amrutha Pattamatta
- From the Center for NeuroGenetics
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and
- Genetics Institute, and
| | - Laura P W Ranum
- From the Center for NeuroGenetics,
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and
- Genetics Institute, and
- Neurology, College of Medicine
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Glineburg MR, Todd PK, Charlet-Berguerand N, Sellier C. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation and other molecular mechanisms in Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome. Brain Res 2018; 1693:43-54. [PMID: 29453961 PMCID: PMC6010627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia and dementia associated with mild brain atrophy. The cause of FXTAS is a premutation expansion, of 55 to 200 CGG repeats localized within the 5'UTR of FMR1. These repeats are transcribed in the sense and antisense directions into mutants RNAs, which have increased expression in FXTAS. Furthermore, CGG sense and CCG antisense expanded repeats are translated into novel proteins despite their localization in putatively non-coding regions of the transcript. Here we focus on two proposed disease mechanisms for FXTAS: 1) RNA gain-of-function, whereby the mutant RNAs bind specific proteins and preclude their normal functions, and 2) repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation, whereby translation through the CGG or CCG repeats leads to the production of toxic homopolypeptides, which in turn interfere with a variety of cellular functions. Here, we analyze the data generated to date on both of these potential molecular mechanisms and lay out a path forward for determining which factors drive FXTAS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Chantal Sellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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30
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Donlic A, Hargrove AE. Targeting RNA in mammalian systems with small molecules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:e1477. [PMID: 29726113 PMCID: PMC6002909 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of RNA functions beyond canonical protein synthesis has challenged the central dogma of molecular biology. Indeed, RNA is now known to directly regulate many important cellular processes, including transcription, splicing, translation, and epigenetic modifications. The misregulation of these processes in disease has led to an appreciation of RNA as a therapeutic target. This potential was first recognized in bacteria and viruses, but discoveries of new RNA classes following the sequencing of the human genome have invigorated exploration of its disease-related functions in mammals. As stable structure formation is evolving as a hallmark of mammalian RNAs, the prospect of utilizing small molecules to specifically probe the function of RNA structural domains and their interactions is gaining increased recognition. To date, researchers have discovered bioactive small molecules that modulate phenotypes by binding to expanded repeats, microRNAs, G-quadruplex structures, and RNA splice sites in neurological disorders, cancers, and other diseases. The lessons learned from achieving these successes both call for additional studies and encourage exploration of the plethora of mammalian RNAs whose precise mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. Efforts toward understanding fundamental principles of small molecule-RNA recognition combined with advances in methodology development should pave the way toward targeting emerging RNA classes such as long noncoding RNAs. Together, these endeavors can unlock the full potential of small molecule-based probing of RNA-regulated processes and enable us to discover new biology and underexplored avenues for therapeutic intervention in human disease. This article is categorized under: RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule-RNA Interactions RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Donlic
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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31
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Velagapudi SP, Costales MG, Vummidi BR, Nakai Y, Angelbello AJ, Tran T, Haniff HS, Matsumoto Y, Wang ZF, Chatterjee AK, Childs-Disney JL, Disney MD. Approved Anti-cancer Drugs Target Oncogenic Non-coding RNAs. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1086-1094.e7. [PMID: 30251629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Potential RNA drug targets for small molecules are found throughout the human transcriptome, yet small molecules known to elicit a pharmacological response by directly targeting RNA are limited to antibacterials. Herein, we describe AbsorbArray, a small molecule microarray-based approach that allows for unmodified compounds, including FDA-approved drugs, to be probed for binding to RNA motif libraries in a massively parallel format. Several drug classes bind RNA including kinase and topoisomerase inhibitors. The latter avidly bound the motif found in the Dicer site of oncogenic microRNA (miR)-21 and inhibited its processing both in vitro and in cells. The most potent compound de-repressed a downstream protein target and inhibited a miR-21-mediated invasive phenotype. The compound's activity was ablated upon overexpression of pre-miR-21. Target validation via chemical crosslinking and isolation by pull-down showed direct engagement of pre-miR-21 by the small molecule in cells, demonstrating that RNAs should indeed be considered druggable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Pradeep Velagapudi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew G Costales
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Balayeshwanth R Vummidi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yoshio Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alicia J Angelbello
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tuan Tran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hafeez S Haniff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yasumasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Zi Fu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (CALIBR), 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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32
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Derbis M, Konieczny P, Walczak A, Sekrecki M, Sobczak K. Quantitative Evaluation of Toxic Polyglycine Biosynthesis and Aggregation in Cell Models Expressing Expanded CGG Repeats. Front Genet 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29971092 PMCID: PMC6018535 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CGG (CGGexp) trinucleotides in the 5′UTR of the FMR1 gene encoding fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The patients, with the number of the repeats ranging from 55 to 200, show specific manifestation of clinical symptoms that include intention tremor, gait ataxia, cognitive deficits, and brain atrophy. Accumulation of toxic polyglycine (FMRpolyG), a by-product of the CGGexp repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, is considered to be one of the main factors triggering neurodegenerative processes in FXTAS patients. Nevertheless, the nature of the FMRpolyG-induced cell damage, especially in the context of its soluble and inclusion-associated forms, is still elusive. Targeting either biosynthesis, cellular stability or aggregation capacity of toxic FMRpolyG could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for FXTAS. Therefore, we tested a variety of quantitative methods based on forced expression of genetic constructs carrying CGGexp repeats in the context of the FMR1 5′UTR fused to GFP, mCherry or Firefly luciferase gene in or out of frame to the polyglycine encoding sequence. We show that FMRpolyG translation either from native or an AUG-induced start codon as well as the translation yield of the FMRP open reading frame equivalent located downstream of the CGGexp element can be effectively estimated using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry or luciferase assay. We also quantitatively estimated soluble fraction and insoluble form of FMRpolyG aggregated in foci using an electrophoretic separation of cell lysates and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Importantly, we show that dependent on a fusion tag, FMRpolyG has a different potential for aggregate formation. Our established protocols enable sensitive tracking of FMRP and FMRpolyG quantitative and qualitative changes after treatment with potential therapeutic agents for FXTAS. Furthermore, they can be modified for application to other RAN translation- and aggregation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Derbis
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Walczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Sekrecki
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Angelbello AJ, Chen JL, Childs-Disney JL, Zhang P, Wang ZF, Disney MD. Using Genome Sequence to Enable the Design of Medicines and Chemical Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1599-1663. [PMID: 29322778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in genome sequencing technology has put us firmly into a postgenomic era. A key challenge in biomedical research is harnessing genome sequence to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. This Review describes how genome sequencing has enabled the identification of disease-causing biomolecules and how these data have been converted into chemical probes of function, preclinical lead modalities, and ultimately U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. In particular, we focus on the use of oligonucleotide-based modalities to target disease-causing RNAs; small molecules that target DNA, RNA, or protein; the rational repurposing of known therapeutic modalities; and the advantages of pharmacogenetics. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the direct utilization of genome sequence to enable design of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Angelbello
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jonathan L Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Departments of Chemistry and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Boivin M, Willemsen R, Hukema RK, Sellier C. Potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome: RAN translation and/or RNA gain-of-function? Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:674-679. [PMID: 29223504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats located in the FMR1 gene. The main clinical and neuropathological features of FXTAS are progressive intention tremor and gait ataxia associated with brain atrophy, neuronal cell loss and presence of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and astrocytes. At the molecular level, FXTAS is characterized by increased expression of FMR1 sense and antisense RNA containing expanded CGG or GGC repeats, respectively. Here, we discuss the putative molecular mechanisms underlying FXTAS and notably recent reports that expanded CGG and GGC repeats may be pathogenic through RAN translation into toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Boivin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Sellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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35
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Kong HE, Zhao J, Xu S, Jin P, Jin Y. Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Development of Therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:128. [PMID: 28529475 PMCID: PMC5418347 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation CGG repeat expansion (55-200 repeats) within the 5' UTR of the fragile X gene (FMR1). FXTAS is characterized by intension tremor, cerebellar ataxia, progressive neurodegeneration, parkinsonism and cognitive decline. The development of transgenic mouse and Drosophila melanogaster models carrying an expanded CGG repeat has yielded valuable insight into the pathophysiology of FXTAS. To date, we know of two main molecular mechanisms of this disorder: (1) a toxic gain of function of the expanded CGG-repeat FMR1 mRNA, which results in the binding/sequestration of the CGG-binding proteins; and (2) CGG repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated (RAN) translation, which generates a polyglycine peptide toxic to cells. Besides these CGG-mediated mechanisms, recent studies have shed light on additional mechanisms of pathogenesis, such as the antisense transcript ASFMR1, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage from R-loop formation and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)-mediated epigenetic modulation. Here we summarize the recent progress towards understanding the etiology of FXTAS and provide an overview of potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
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36
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Ciesiolka A, Jazurek M, Drazkowska K, Krzyzosiak WJ. Structural Characteristics of Simple RNA Repeats Associated with Disease and their Deleterious Protein Interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:97. [PMID: 28442996 PMCID: PMC5387085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are frequent entities in many transcripts, however, in some cases, pathological events occur when a critical repeat length is reached. This phenomenon is observed in various neurological disorders, such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS/FTD), and polyglutamine diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). The pathological effects of these repeats are triggered by mutant RNA transcripts and/or encoded mutant proteins, which depend on the localization of the expanded repeats in non-coding or coding regions. A growing body of recent evidence revealed that the RNA structures formed by these mutant RNA repeat tracts exhibit toxic effects on cells. Therefore, in this review article, we present existing knowledge on the structural aspects of different RNA repeat tracts as revealed mainly using well-established biochemical and biophysical methods. Furthermore, in several cases, it was shown that these expanded RNA structures are potent traps for a variety of RNA-binding proteins and that the sequestration of these proteins from their normal intracellular environment causes alternative splicing aberration, inhibition of nuclear transport and export, or alteration of a microRNA biogenesis pathway. Therefore, in this review article, we also present the most studied examples of abnormal interactions that occur between mutant RNAs and their associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ciesiolka
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jazurek
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Drazkowska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
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Urbanek MO, Michalak M, Krzyzosiak WJ. 2D and 3D FISH of expanded repeat RNAs in human lymphoblasts. Methods 2017; 120:49-57. [PMID: 28404480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first methods for visualizing RNAs within cells were designed for simple imaging of specific transcripts in cells or tissues and since then significant technical advances have been made in this field. Today, high-resolution images can be obtained, enabling visualization of single transcript molecules, quantitative analyses of images, and precise localization of RNAs within cells as well as co-localization of transcripts with specific proteins or other molecules. In addition, tracking of RNA dynamics within single cell has become possible. RNA imaging techniques have been utilized for investigating the role of mutant RNAs in a number of human disorders caused by simple microsatellite expansions. These diseases include myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, and Huntington's disease. Mutant RNAs with expanded repeats tend to aggregate predominantly within cell nuclei, forming structures called RNA foci. In this study, we demonstrate methods for fluorescent visualization of RNAs in both fixed and living cells using the example of RNAs containing various expanded repeat tracts (CUG, CCUG, GGGGCC, CGG, and CAG) from experiment design to image analysis. We describe in detail 2D and 3D fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocols for imaging expanded repeats RNAs, and we review briefly live imaging techniques used to characterize RNA foci formed by mutant RNAs. These methods could be used to image the entire cellular pathway of RNAs, from transcription to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna O Urbanek
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Michalak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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