1
|
Guo P, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Deciphering and engineering the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway from eukaryotic microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052785. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important nutrients that play important roles in human health. In eukaryotes, PUFAs can be de novo synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among them, PUFAs synthesized through the PUFA synthase pathway typically have few byproducts and require fewer reduction equivalents. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been carried out to identify, analyze and engineer PUFA synthases from eukaryotes. These studies showed both similarities and differences between the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathways and those well studied in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic PUFA synthases contain the same domain types as those in prokaryotic PUFA synthases, but the number and arrangement of several domains are different; the basic functions of same-type domains are similar, but the properties and catalytic activities of these domains are somewhat different. To further utilize the PUFA synthase pathway in microbial cell factories and improve the productivity of PUFAs, many challenges still need to be addressed, such as incompletely elucidated PUFA synthesis mechanisms and the difficult genetic manipulation of eukaryotic hosts. In this review, we provide an updated introduction to the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway, summarize the functions of domains and propose the possible mechanisms of the PUFA synthesis process, and then provide future research directions to further elucidate and engineer the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway for the maximal benefits of humans.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Man Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Ren L. Identification dehydratase domains from Schizochytrium sp. and Shewanella sp. and distinct functions in biosynthesis of fatty acids. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:107-115. [PMID: 34601618 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase is a special and effective enzyme for PUFA synthesis, and dehydratase (DH) domain played a crucial role in it. In this work, we compared four different DH domains from different strains (Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 and Shewanella sp. BR-2) and different gene clusters. First bioinformatics analysis showed that DH1, 2 and DH3 were similar to FabA and PKS-DH, respectively, and all of them got a hot-dog structure. Second, four DH domains were expressed in Escherichia coli that increased biomass. Especially, Schi-DH1,2 presented the highest dry cell weight of 2.3 g/L which was 1.62 times of that of control. Fatty acids profile analysis showed that DH1,2 could enhance the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially DH1,2 from Schizochytrium sp., while DH3 benefited for the saturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, five kinds of fatty acids were added to the medium to study the substrate preferences. Results revealed that DH1,2 domain preferred to acting on C16:0, while DH3 domain trended acting on C14:0 and C15:0, which illustrated DH from different clusters do have specific substrate preference. Besides, DH expression could save the cell growth inhibition by mid-chain fatty acids. This study provided more information about the catalysis mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase and might promote the modification study based on this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Man
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang M, Zhang H, Li Q, Gao Y, Guo L, He L, Zang S, Guo X, Huang J, Li L. Structural Insights into the Trans-Acting Enoyl Reductase in the Biosynthesis of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Shewanella piezotolerans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2316-2324. [PMID: 33587627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play vital roles in human health. Similarly, two biosynthetic pathways, based on desaturase/elongase and polyketide synthase, have been implicated in the synthesis of microbial LC-PUFA. Up to now, only several microalgae, no bacteria, have been used in the commercial production of oils rich in DHA and/or EPA. Fully understanding the enzymatic mechanism in the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA would contribute significantly to produce EPA and/or DHA by the bacteria. In this study, we report a 1.998 Å-resolution crystal structure of trans-acting enoyl reductase (ER), SpPfaD, from Shewanella piezotolerans. The SpPfaD model consists of one homodimer in the asymmetric unit, and each subunit contains three domains. These include an N-terminal, a central domain forming a classic TIM barrel with a single FMN cofactor molecule bound atop the barrel, and a C-terminal domain with a lid above the TIM barrel. Furthermore, we docked oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and an inhibitor 2-(4-(2-((3-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)thiazol-2-yl)ureido)methyl)-1H-imidazole-4-yl)phenoxy)acetic acid (TUI) molecule into the active site and analyzed the inhibition and catalytic mechanisms of the enoyl reductase SpPfaD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first crystal structure of trans-ER in the biosynthesis of bacterial polyketides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Huaidong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yangle Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Liu He
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Zang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Xing Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Haixi Green Bio-Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, National Development and Reform Commission; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santín O, Yuet K, Khosla C, Moncalián G. Structure and Mechanism of the Ketosynthase-Chain Length Factor Didomain from a Prototypical Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4735-4743. [PMID: 33283513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential ingredients of the human diet. They are synthesized by LC-PUFA synthases (PFASs) expressed in marine bacteria and other organisms. PFASs are large enzyme complexes that are homologous to mammalian fatty acid synthases and microbial polyketide synthases. One subunit of each PFAS harbors consecutive ketosynthase (KSc) and chain length factor (CLF) domains that collectively catalyze the elongation of a nascent fatty acyl chain via iterative carbon-carbon bond formation. We report the X-ray crystal structure of the KS-CLF didomain from a well-studied PFAS in Moritella marina. Our structure, in combination with biochemical analysis, provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism of substrate recognition and chain length control by the KS-CLF didomain as well as its interaction with a cognate acyl carrier protein partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Santín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, E-39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Kai Yuet
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gabriel Moncalián
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, E-39011 Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
8
|
Recent advances in functional analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:30-36. [PMID: 32442859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid are essential fatty acids for humans. PUFAs are biosynthesized by either desaturases/elongases from oleic acid or PUFA synthases from acetyl units. PUFA synthases are composed of three or four subunits, and each creates a specific PUFA even though the multiple catalytic domains in each subunit are very similar. We recently dissected these PUFA synthases by in vivo and in vitro experiments and elucidated how the enzymes control PUFA profiles. Moreover, for the first time, we converted a practical microalgal docosahexaenoic acid synthase into an eicosapentaenoic acid synthase based on the results.
Collapse
|