3
|
Pandey KP, Divović B, Rashid F, Golani LK, Cerne R, Zahn NM, Meyer MJ, Arnold LA, Sharmin D, Mian MY, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Lippa A, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Cook JM, Savić MM, Witkin JM. Structural Analogs of the GABAkine KRM-II-81 Are Orally Bioavailable Anticonvulsants without Sedation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:50-61. [PMID: 36746611 PMCID: PMC10029819 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide back-up compounds to support the development of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) potentiator KRM-II-81, three novel analogs were designed: replacing the pyridinyl with 2'-Cl-phenyl (FR-II-60), changing the positions of the N and O atoms in the oxazole ring with addition of an ethyl group (KPP-III-34 and KPP-III-51), or substituting a Br atom for the ethynyl of KRM-II-81 (KPP-III-34). The compounds bound to brain GABAARs. Intraperitoneal administration of FR-II-60 and KPP-III-34 produced anticonvulsant activity in mice [maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures or 6 Hz-induced seizures], whereas KPP-III-51 did not. Although all compounds were orally bioavailable, structural changes reduced the plasma and brain (FR-II-60 and KPP-III-51) exposures relative to KRM-II-81. Oral administration of each compound produced dose-dependent increases in the latency for both clonic and tonic seizures and the lethality induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice. Since KPP-III-34 produced the highest brain area under the curve (AUC) exposures, it was selected for further profiling. Oral administration of KPP-III-34 suppressed seizures in corneal-kindled mice, hippocampal paroxysmal discharges in mesial temporal lobe epileptic mice, and PTZ-induced convulsions in rats. Only transient sensorimotor impairment was observed in mice, and doses of KPP-III-34 up to 500 mg/kg did not produce impairment in rats. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that all compounds displayed a reduced propensity for binding to α1His102 compared with the sedating compound alprazolam; the bromine-substituted KPP-III-34 achieved the least interaction. Overall, these findings document the oral bioavailability and anticonvulsant efficacy of three novel analogs of KRM-II-81 with reduced sedative effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A new non-sedating compound, KRM-II-81, with reduced propensity for tolerance is moving into clinical development. Three new analogs were orally bioavailable, produced anticonvulsant effects in rodents, and displayed low sensorimotor impairment. KPP-III-34 demonstrated efficacy in models of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Docking studies demonstrated a low propensity for compound binding to the α1His102 residue implicated in sedation. Thus, three additional structures have been added to the list of non-sedating imidazodiazepine anticonvulsants that could serve as backups in the clinical development of KRM-II-81.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.);
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.);
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.);
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.);
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Michelle Jean Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Arnold Lippa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (K.P.P., F.R., L.K.G., N.M.Z., M.J.M., L.A.A., D.S., M.Y.M., V.V.N.P.B.T., J.M.C., J.M.W.);
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (B.D., M.M.S.);
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., J.L.S., J.M.W.);
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.C., X.P., X.J.);
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (R.C.); and RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Glen Rock, New Jersey (A.L., J.M.C., J.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golani LK, Divović B, Sharmin D, Pandey KP, Mian MY, Cerne R, Zahn NM, Meyer MJ, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Smith JL, Ping X, Jin X, Lippa A, Schkeryantz JM, Arnold LA, Cook JM, Savić MM, Witkin JM. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and anticonvulsant activity of a deuterated analog of the α2/3-selective GABAkine KRM-II-81. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:66-75. [PMID: 35194800 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The imidazodiazepine, (5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo [f]imidazole[1,5-α][1,4]diazepin-3-yl) oxazole or KRM-II-81) is a new α2/3-selective GABAkine (gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor potentiator) with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and antinociceptive activity in preclinical models. Reducing metabolism was utilized as a means of potentially extending the half-life of KRM-II-81. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate metabolic liabilities. Incubation of KRM-II-81 in hepatocytes revealed sites of potential metabolism on the oxazole and the diazepine rings. These sites were targeted in the design of a deuterated analog (D5-KRM-II-81) that could be evaluated as a potentially longer-acting analog. In contrast to computer predictions, peak plasma concentrations of D5-KRM-II-81 in rats were not significantly greater than those produced by KRM-II-81 after oral administration. Furthermore, brain disposition of KRM-II-81 was higher than that of D5-KRM-II-81. The half-life of the two compounds in either plasma or brain did not statistically differ from one another but the tmax for D5-KRM-II-81 occurred slightly earlier than for KRM-II-81. Non-metabolic considerations might be relevant to the lack of increases in exposure by D5-KRM-II-81. Alternative sites of metabolism on KRM-II-81, not targeted by the current deuteration process, are also possible. Despite its lack of augmented exposure, D5-KRM-II-81, like KRM-II-81, significantly prevented seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol when given orally. The present findings introduce a new orally active anticonvulsant GABAkine, D5-KRM-II-81.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michelle J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Veera V N P B Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascencion St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|