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Vaidya B, Padhy DS, Joshi HC, Sharma SS, Singh JN. Ion Channels and Metal Ions in Parkinson's Disease: Historical Perspective to the Current Scenario. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:529-557. [PMID: 38427260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition linked to the deterioration of motor and cognitive performance. It produces degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons along the nigrostriatal pathway in the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to symptoms such as bradykinesias, tremors, rigidity, and postural instability. There are several medications currently approved for the therapy of PD, but a permanent cure for it remains elusive. With the aging population set to increase, a number of PD cases are expected to shoot up in the coming times. Hence, there is a need to look for new molecular targets that could be investigated both preclinically and clinically for PD treatment. Among these, several ion channels and metal ions are being studied for their effects on PD pathology and the functioning of dopaminergic neurons. Ion channels such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA), voltage-gated calcium channels, potassium channels, HCN channels, Hv1 proton channels, and voltage-gated sodium channels and metal ions such as mercury, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, calcium, and lead showed prominent involvement in PD. Pharmacological agents have been used to target these ion channels and metal ions to prevent or treat PD. Hence, in the present review, we summarize the pathophysiological events linked to PD with an emphasis on the role of ions and ion channels in PD pathology, and pharmacological agents targeting these ion channels have also been listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Dibya S Padhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Hem C Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India.
| | - Jitendra Narain Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India.
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Sánchez JD, Alcántara AR, González JF, Sánchez-Montero JM. Advances in the discovery of heterocyclic-based drugs against Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1413-1428. [PMID: 37800875 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2264766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. The disease involves interconnected mechanisms, which can be clustered into two target-packs based on the affected proteins. Pack-1 focuses on beta-amyloid accumulation, oxidative stress, and metal homeostasis dysfunction, and Pack-2 involves tau protein, calcium homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Against this background heterocyclic system, there is a powerful source of pharmacophores to develop effective small drugs to treat multifactorial diseases like Alzheimer's. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the most promising heterocyclic systems as potential hit candidates with multi-target capacity for the development of new drugs targeting Alzheimer's disease. The selection of these heterocyclic systems was based on two crucial factors: their synthetic versatility and their well-documented biological properties of therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. EXPERT OPINION The synthesis of small drugs against Alzheimer's disease requires a multifactorial approach that targets the key pathological proteins. In this context, the utilization of heterocyclic systems, with well-established synthetic processes and facile functionalization, becomes a crucial element in the design phases. Furthermore, the selection of hit heterocyclic should be guided by a full understanding of their biological activities. Thus, the identification of promising heterocyclic scaffolds with known biological effects increases the potential to develop effective molecules against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Sánchez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Montero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kumar AP, P P, Mandal S, Kumar BRP, Raju RM, Dhanabal S, Rajagopal K, G R, X PN, Justin A. Computational studies, synthesis, in-vitro binding and transcription analysis of novel imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxo thiazolidine-4-one based glitazones for central PPAR-γ agonism. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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García-Beltrán O, Urrutia PJ, Núñez MT. On the Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Multifunctional Compounds for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020214. [PMID: 36829773 PMCID: PMC9952574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative damage and inflammation are pathognomonic features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation. Moreover, the existence of positive feed-back loops between these pathological components, which accelerate, and sometimes make irreversible, the neurodegenerative process, is apparent. At present, the available treatments for PD aim to relieve the symptoms, thus improving quality of life, but no treatments to stop the progression of the disease are available. Recently, the use of multifunctional compounds with the capacity to attack several of the key components of neurodegenerative processes has been proposed as a strategy to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative processes. For the treatment of PD specifically, the necessary properties of new-generation drugs should include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, iron chelation capacity to decrease iron-mediated oxidative damage, the capacity to quench free radicals to decrease the risk of ferroptotic neuronal death, the capacity to disrupt α-synuclein aggregates and the capacity to decrease inflammatory conditions. Desirable additional characteristics are dopaminergic neurons to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment, and the inhibition of the MAO-B and COMPT activities to increase intraneuronal dopamine content. On the basis of the published evidence, in this work, we review the molecular basis underlying the pathological events associated with PD and the clinical trials that have used single-target drugs to stop the progress of the disease. We also review the current information on multifunctional compounds that may be used for the treatment of PD and discuss the chemical characteristics that underlie their functionality. As a projection, some of these compounds or modifications could be used to treat diseases that share common pathology features with PD, such as Friedreich's ataxia, Multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Pamela J. Urrutia
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile
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Neuroprotective activity of selenium nanoparticles against the effect of amino acid enantiomers in Alzheimer's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7573-7584. [PMID: 35982253 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ), which is believed to be the very starting event of AD neurodegeneration. In this work, D-Phe, D-Ala, and D-Glu amino acids, which are the non-occurring enantiomeric form in the human body, and also D-Asp and DL-SeMet, have proved to be amyloidogenic regarding Aβ42 aggregation in TEM studies. These amyloidogenic amino acid enantiomers also widened Aβ42 fibrils up to 437% regarding Aβ42 alone, suggesting that Aβ42 aggregation is enantiomerically dependent. To inhibit enantiomeric-induced amyloid aggregation, selenium nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan (Ch-SeNPs) were successfully synthesized and employed. Thus, Ch-SeNPs reduced and even completely inhibited Aβ42 aggregation produced in the presence of some amino acid enantiomers. In addition, through UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence studies, it was deduced that Ch-SeNPs were able to interact differently with amino acids depending on their enantiomeric form. On the other hand, antioxidant properties of amino acid enantiomers were evaluated by DPPH and TBARS assays, with Tyr enantiomers being the only ones showing antioxidant effect. All spectroscopic data were statistically analysed through experimental design and response surface analysis, showing that the interaction between the Ch-SeNPs and the amino acids studied was enantioselective and allowing, in some cases, to establish the concentration ratios in which this interaction is maximum.
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Moyano P, Vicente-Zurdo D, Blázquez-Barbadillo C, Menéndez JC, González JF, Rosales-Conrado N, Pino JD. Neuroprotective mechanisms of multitarget 7-aminophenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives against metal-induced amyloid proteins generation and aggregation. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113264. [PMID: 35781037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain's metals accumulation is associated with toxic proteins, like amyloid-proteins (Aβ), formation, accumulation, and aggregation, leading to neurodegeneration. Metals downregulate the correct folding, disaggregation, or degradation mechanisms of toxic proteins, as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and proteasome. The 7-amino-phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives (APH) showed neuroprotective effects against metal-induced cell death through their antioxidant effect, independently of their chelating activity. However, additional neuroprotective mechanisms seem to be involved. We tested the most promising APH compounds (APH1-5, 10-100 μM) chemical ability to prevent metal-induced Aβ proteins aggregation; the APH1-5 effect on HSP70 and proteasome 20S (P20S) expression, the metals effect on Aβ formation and the involvement of HSP70 and P20S in the process, and the APH1-5 neuroprotective effects against Aβ proteins (1 μM) and metals in SN56 cells. Our results show that APH1-5 compounds chemically avoid metal-induced Aβ proteins aggregation and induce HSP70 and P20S expression. Additionally, iron and cadmium induced Aβ proteins formation through downregulation of HSP70 and P20S. Finally, APH1-5 compounds protected against Aβ proteins-induced neuronal cell death, reversing partially or completely this effect. These data may help to provide a new therapeutic approach against the neurotoxic effect induced by metals and other environmental pollutants, especially when mediated by toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vicente-Zurdo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blázquez-Barbadillo
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noelia Rosales-Conrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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