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Mohammed Butt A, Rupareliya V, Hariharan A, Kumar H. Building a pathway to recovery: Targeting ECM remodeling in CNS injuries. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148533. [PMID: 37586675 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of proteoglycans, proteins, and other macromolecules that surrounds cells in tissues. The ECM provides structural support to cells and plays a critical role in regulating various cellular functions. ECM remodeling is a dynamic process involving the breakdown and reconstruction of the ECM. This process occurs naturally during tissue growth, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, in the context of central nervous system (CNS) injuries, dysregulated ECM remodeling can lead to the formation of fibrotic and glial scars. CNS injuries encompass various traumatic events, including concussions and fractures. Following CNS trauma, the formation of glial and fibrotic scars becomes prominent. Glial scars primarily consist of reactive astrocytes, while fibrotic scars are characterized by an abundance of ECM proteins. ECM remodeling plays a pivotal and tightly regulated role in the development of these scars after spinal cord and brain injuries. Various factors like ECM components, ECM remodeling enzymes, cell surface receptors of ECM molecules, and downstream pathways of ECM molecules are responsible for the remodeling of the ECM. The aim of this review article is to explore the changes in ECM during normal physiological conditions and following CNS injuries. Additionally, we discuss various approaches that target various factors responsible for ECM remodeling, with a focus on promoting axon regeneration and functional recovery after CNS injuries. By targeting ECM remodeling, it may be possible to enhance axonal regeneration and facilitate functional recovery after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vimal Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - A Hariharan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Tang X, Wang Z, Wang M, Zhou S, Chen J, Xu S. Nanoarchitectonics of cellulose nanocrystal conjugated with a tetrasaccharide-glycoprobe for targeting oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121086. [PMID: 37364956 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination is a serious complication of neurological disorders, which can be reversed by oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) as the available source of myelination. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) plays key roles in neurological disorders, which still attracted less attention on how CS modulates the fate of OPCs. Nanoparticle coupled with glycoprobe is a potential strategy for investigating the carbohydrate-protein interaction. However, there is lack of CS-based glycoprobe with enough chain length that interact with protein effectively. Herein, we designed a responsive delivery system, in which CS was the target molecule, and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was the penetrative nanocarrier. A coumarin derivative (B) was conjugated at the reducing end of an unanimal-sourced chondroitin tetrasaccharide (4mer). This glycoprobe (4B) was grafted to the surface of a rod-like nanocarrier, which had a crystalline core and a poly(ethylene glycol) shell. This glycosylated nanoparticle (N4B-P) displayed a uniform size, improved water-solubility, and responsive release of glycoprobe. N4B-P displayed strong green fluorescence and good cell-compatibility, which imaged well the neural cells including astrocytes and OPCs. Interestingly, both of glycoprobe and N4B-P were internalized selectively by OPCs when they were incubated in astrocytes/OPCs mixtures. This rod-like nanoparticle would be a potential probe for studying carbohydrate-protein interaction in OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhuqun Wang
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Maosen Wang
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Sepe JJ, Gardner RT, Blake MR, Brooks DM, Staffenson MA, Betts CB, Sivagnanam S, Larson W, Kumar S, Bayles RG, Jin H, Cohen MS, Coussens LM, Habecker BA. Therapeutics That Promote Sympathetic Reinnervation Modulate the Inflammatory Response After Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:915-930. [PMID: 36317132 PMCID: PMC9617125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers an inflammatory response that transitions from pro-inflammatory to reparative over time. Restoring sympathetic nerves in the heart after MI prevents arrhythmias. This study investigated if reinnervation altered the immune response after MI. This study used quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry to identify the immune cells present in the heart 2 weeks after ischemia-reperfusion. Two therapeutics stimulated reinnervation, preventing arrhythmias and shifting the immune response from inflammatory to reparative, with fewer pro-inflammatory macrophages and more regulatory T cells and reparative macrophages. Treatments did not alter macrophage phenotype in vitro, which suggested reinnervation contributed to the altered immune response.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- IP, intraperitoneal
- ISP, intracellular sigma peptide
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NE, norepinephrine
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEH, vehicle
- inflammation
- mIHC, multiplex immunohistochemistry
- macrophages
- multiplex IHC
- myocardial infarction
- sympathetic nervous system
- β1-AR, adrenergic receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Sepe
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan T. Gardner
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew R. Blake
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Deja M. Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie A. Staffenson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Courtney B. Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sam Sivagnanam
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William Larson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard G. Bayles
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Haihong Jin
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael S. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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