Facile Preparation and Radiotherapy Application of an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Radiosensitizer

A Dual-Channel Ca2+ Nanomodulator Induces Intracellular Ca2+ Disorders via Endogenous Ca2+ Redistribution for Tumor Radiosensitization

Tumor cells harness Ca2+ to maintain cellular homeostasis and withstand external stresses from various treatments. Here, a dual-channel Ca2+ nanomodulator (CAP-P-NO) is constructed that can induce irreversible intracellular Ca2+ disorders via the redistribution of tumor-inherent Ca2+ for disrupting cellular homeostasis and thus improving tumor radiosensitivity. Stimulated by tumor-overexpressed acid and glutathione, capsaicin and nitric oxide are successively escaped from CAP-P-NO to activate the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 and the ryanodine receptor for the influx of extracellular Ca2+ and the release of Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The overwhelming level of Ca2+ in tumor cells not only impairs the function of organelles but also induces widespread changes in the gene transcriptome, including the downregulation of a set of radioresistance-associated genes. Combining CAP-P-NO treatment with radiotherapy achieves a significant suppression against both pancreatic and patient-derived hepatic tumors with negligible side effects. Together, the study provides a feasible approach for inducing tumor-specific intracellular Ca2+ overload via endogenous Ca2+ redistribution and demonstrates the great potential of Ca2+ disorder therapy in enhancing the sensitivity for tumor radiotherapy.

Prodrug Nanosensitizer Overcomes the Radiation Resistance of Hypoxic Tumor

Clinical radiation therapy (RT) is often hindered by the low radiation energy absorption coefficient and the hypoxic features of tumor tissues. Among the tremendous efforts devoted to overcoming the barriers to efficient RT, the application of hypoxic radiosensitizers and cell-cycle-specific chemotherapeutics has shown great potential. However, their effectiveness is often compromised by their limited bioavailability, especially in the hypoxic region, which plays a major role in radioresistance. Herein, to simultaneously improve the delivery efficacy of both hypoxic radiosensitizer and cell-cycle-specific drug, a gambogic acid (GA) metronidazole (MN) prodrug (GM) was designed and synthesized based on GA, a naturally occurring chemotherapeutic and multiple pathway inhibitor, and MN, a typical hypoxic radiosensitizer. In combination with MN-containing block copolymers, the prodrug nanosensitizer (NS) of GM was obtained. Owing to the bioreduction of MN, the as-designed prodrug could be efficiently delivered to hypoxic cells and act on mitochondria to cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The strong G₂/M phase arrest caused by the prodrug NS could further sensitize treated cells to external radiation under hypoxic conditions by increasing DNA damage and delaying DNA repair. After coadministration of the NS with a well-established tissue-penetrating peptide, efficient tumor accumulation, deep tumor penetration, and highly potent chemoradiotherapy could be achieved.

Nanomaterials Based on Functional Polymers for Sensitizing Cancer Radiotherapy

Despite being the mainstay treatment for many types of cancer in clinic, radiotherapy is undertaking great challenges in overcoming a series of limitations. Radiosensitizers are promising agents capable of depositing irradiation energy and generating free radicals to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Combining radiosensitizers with functional polymer-based nanomaterials holds great potential to improve biodistribution, circulation time, and stability in vivo. The derived polymeric nano-radiosensitizers can significantly improve the efficiency of tumor targeting and radiotherapy, and reduce the side effect to healthy tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of functional polymer-based nanomaterials for radiosensitization in recent years. Particular emphases are given to the action mechanisms, drug loading methods, targeting efficiencies, the impact on therapeutic effects and biocompatibility of various radiosensitizing polymers, which are classified as polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymeric nanospheres, nanoscale coordination polymers, polymersomes, and nanogels. The challenges and outlooks of polymeric nano-radiosensitizers are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Polyprodrug Nanomedicines: An Emerging Paradigm for Cancer Therapy

Nanomedicines have the potential to provide advanced therapeutic strategies in combating tumors. Polymer-prodrug-based nanomedicines are particularly attractive in cancer therapies owing to the maximum drug loading, prolonged blood circulation, and reduced premature leakage and side effects in comparison with conventional nanomaterials. However, the difficulty in precisely tuning the composition and drug loading of polymer-drug conjugates leads to batch-to-batch variations of the prodrugs, thus significantly restricting their clinical translation. Polyprodrug nanomedicines inherit the numerous intrinsic advantages of polymer-drug conjugates and exhibit well-controlled composition and drug loading via direct polymerization of therapeutic monomers, representing a promising nanomedicine for clinical tumor therapies. In this review, recent advances in the development of polyprodrug nanomedicines are summarized for tumor elimination. Various types of polyprodrug nanomedicines and the corresponding properties are first summarized. The unique advantages of polyprodrug nanomedicines and their key roles in various tumor therapies are further highlighted. Finally, current challenges and the perspectives on future research of polyprodrug nanomedicines are discussed.

Zwitterionic Block Copolymer Prodrug Micelles for pH Responsive Drug Delivery and Hypoxia-Specific Chemotherapy

Tirapazamine (TPZ) and its derivatives (TPZD) have shown their great potential for efficiently killing hypoxic cancer cells. However, unsatisfactory clinical outcomes resulting from the low bioavailability of the low-molecular TPZ and TPZD limited their further applications. Precise delivery and release of these prodrugs via functional nanocarriers can significantly improve the therapeutic effects due to the targeted drug delivery and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Herein, zwitterionic block copolymer (BCP) micelles with aldehyde functional groups are prepared from the self-assembly of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-b-poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-4-formylphenyl methacrylate) [PMPC-b-P(DEGMA-co-FPMA)]. TPZD is then grafted onto PMPC-b-P(DEGMA-co-FPMA) to obtain a polymer-drug conjugate, PMPC-b-P(DEGMA-co-FPMA-g-TPZD) (BCP-TPZ), through the formation of a pH-responsive imine bond, exhibiting a pH-dependent drug release profile owing to the cleavage of the imine bond under acidic conditions. Outstandingly, BCP-TPZ shows around 13.7-fold higher cytotoxicity to hypoxic cancer cells in comparison to normoxic cancer cells evaluated through an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The pH-responsiveness and hypoxia-specific cytotoxicity confer BCP-TPZ micelles a great potential to achieve precise delivery of TPZD and thus enhance the therapeutic effect toward tumor-hypoxia.

A coassembled peptide hydrogel boosts the radiosensitization of cisplatin

We constructed a novel supramolecular hydrogel by carrying out a coassembly of cisplatin and short naproxen-capped peptides. This procedure boosted the radiosensitization effect of cisplatin by increasing the number of Pt-DNA adducts, arresting the cell cycle, and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2.

Nanotechnology for Cancer Imaging: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Opportunities

Nanoparticle (NP) imaging applications have the potential to improve cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment management. In biomedical research and clinical practice, NPs can serve as labels or labeled carriers for monitoring drug delivery or serve as imaging agents for enhanced imaging contrast, as well as providing improved signal sensitivity and specificity for in vivo imaging of molecular and cellular processes. These qualities offer exciting opportunities for NP-based imaging agents to address current limitations in oncologic imaging. Despite substantial advancements in NP design and development, very few NP-based imaging agents have translated into clinics within the past 5 years. This review highlights some promising NP-enabled imaging techniques and their potential to address current clinical cancer imaging limitations. Although most examples provided herein are from the preclinical space, discussed imaging solutions could offer unique in vivo tools to solve biologic questions, improve cancer treatment effectiveness, and inspire clinical translation innovation to improve patient care. Keywords: Molecular Imaging-Cancer, Molecular Imaging-Nanoparticles, Molecular Imaging-Optical Imaging, Metastases, Oncology, Surgery, Treatment Effects.

Hypoxia-responsive block copolymer radiosensitizers as anticancer drug nanocarriers for enhanced chemoradiotherapy of bulky solid tumors

Radiosensitizers play an important role in the clinical radiotherapy of hypoxic solid tumors to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, the in vivo performance of clinically used small-molecule radiosensitizers is commonly compromised by low bioavailability in hypoxic tumor regions. Herein, amphiphilic block copolymer radiosensitizers are prepared from clinically approved poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-glutamic acid) (PEG-b-PLG) and metronidazole (MN) to obtain MN-grafted PEG-b-PLG (PEG-b-P(LG-g-MN)) via condensation reaction, which can self-assemble into core-shell micelles as nanoparticle-formulated radiosensitizers in aqueous solution. The radiosensitizers are demonstrated to possess significantly higher sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) of 2.18 and potent in vivo tumor ablation capability upon exposure to electron beam irradiation compared with clinically used sodium glycididazole (GS) with SER of 1.32. Moreover, after optimizing the ratios of carboxyl and MN groups, PEG-b-P(LG-g-MN) micelles can be used to encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX@HMs) efficiently. Hypoxia-responsive structural transformation of MN into hydrophilic aminoimidazole triggers fast DOX release from DOX@HMs. After intravenous injection of DOX@HMs, potent ablation capability against bulky solid tumors (∼500 mm³) is realized at a low radiation dose (4 Gy) via enhanced chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, the developed novel amphiphilic block copolymer radiosensitizers can be concurrently used as high-efficiency radiosensitizers and hypoxia-responsive DOX nanocarriers for enhanced chemoradiotherapy.