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Zengarini C, Guglielmo A, Mussi M, Motta G, Agostinelli C, Sabattini E, Piraccini BM, Pileri A. A Narrative Review of the State of the Art of CCR4-Based Therapies in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Focus on Mogamulizumab and Future Treatments. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:32. [PMID: 38804300 PMCID: PMC11130839 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The CCR4 receptor is a pivotal target in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) therapy due to its role in impairing immune responses against malignant T-cells and expression profiles. Monoclonal antibodies like mogamulizumab effectively bind to CCR4, reducing tumour burden and enhancing patient outcomes by inhibiting the receptor's interaction with ligands, thereby hindering malignant T-cell migration and survival. Combining CCR4 antibodies with chemotherapy, radiation, and other drugs is being explored for synergistic effects. Additionally, small-molecular inhibitors, old pharmacological agents interacting with CCR4, and CAR-T therapies are under investigation. Challenges include drug resistance, off-target effects, and patient selection, addressed through ongoing trials refining protocols and identifying biomarkers. Despite advancements, real-life data for most of the emerging treatments are needed to temper expectations. In conclusion, CCR4-targeted therapies show promise for CTCL management, but challenges persist. Continued research aims to optimise treatments, enhance outcomes, and transform CTCL management. This review aims to elucidate the biological rationale and the several agents under various stages of development and clinical evaluation with the actual known data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Zengarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Guglielmo
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Dermatology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Martina Mussi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Motta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Division of Haematopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Division of Haematopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Division of Haematopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Piraccini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.Z.)
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Bissonnette R, DuBois J, Facheris P, Del Duca E, Kim M, Correa Da Rosa J, Trujillo DL, Bose S, Pagan AD, Wustrow D, Brockstedt DG, Wong B, Kassner PD, Jankicevic J, Ho W, Cheng LE, Guttman-Yassky E. Clinical and molecular effects of oral CCR4 antagonist RPT193 in atopic dermatitis: A Phase 1 study. Allergy 2024; 79:924-936. [PMID: 37984453 DOI: 10.1111/all.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RPT193 is an orally administered small molecule antagonist of the human C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) that inhibits the migration and downstream activation of T-helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. We investigated single- and multiple-ascending doses of RPT193 in healthy subjects, and multiple doses of RPT193 in subjects with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS This was a first-in-human randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 1a/1b monotherapy study (NCT04271514) to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and CCR4 surface receptor occupancy in eligible healthy subjects and subjects with moderate-to-severe AD. Clinical efficacy and skin biomarker effects of RPT193 monotherapy were assessed as exploratory endpoints in AD subjects. RESULTS In healthy (n = 72) and AD subjects (n = 31), once-daily RPT193 treatment was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported and all treatment-emergent adverse events reported as mild/moderate. In AD subjects, numerically greater improvements in clinical efficacy endpoints were observed with RPT193 monotherapy versus placebo up to the end of the treatment period (Day 29), with statistically significant improvement, compared to Day 29 and placebo, observed 2 weeks after the end of treatment (Day 43) on several endpoints (p < .05). Moreover, significant changes in the transcriptional profile were seen in skin biopsies of RPT193-treated versus placebo-treated subjects at Day 29, which were also significantly correlated with improvements in clinical efficacy measures. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study with an oral CCR4 antagonist that showed clinical improvement coupled with modulation of the cutaneous transcriptomic profile in an inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola Facheris
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madeline Kim
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel Correa Da Rosa
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Swaroop Bose
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angel D Pagan
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Wustrow
- RAPT Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Brian Wong
- RAPT Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul D Kassner
- RAPT Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - William Ho
- RAPT Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Tang JT, Gao KC, Zhang Y, Zhou XY, Yang LH, Kuang YQ, Li YY. ERK/STAT3 activation through CCL17/CCR4 axis-mediated type 2 cytokine-involved signaling pathways in Th2 cells regulates cutaneous drug reactions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111712. [PMID: 38377858 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) are common drug-induced allergic reactions that cause severe consequences in HIV/AIDS patients. The CCL17/CCR4 axis is involved in the immune mechanism of allergic diseases, but its role in the CDRs has not been determined. Here, we aimed to determine the role of the CCL17/CCR4 axis and the underlying mechanism involved in CDRs. In this study, the serum cytokine levels in patients with CDR and healthy controls were measured. The CCL17-triggered allergic profile was screened via a PCR array. Apoptosis of keratinocytes cocultured with CCL17-stimulated Th2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. An NVP-induced rat CDR model was established, and dynamic inflammatory factor levels and Th2 cells in the peripheral blood of the rats were measured. Rat skin lesions and signaling pathways in Th2 cells were also analyzed. We showed that the serum CCL17 level was significantly upregulated in CDR patients (P = 0.0077), and the Th2 cell subgroup was also significantly elevated in the CDR rats. The CCL17/CCR4 axis induces Th2 cells to release IL-4 and IL-13 via the ERK/STAT3 pathway. The CCR4 antagonist compound 47 can alleviate rash symptoms resulting from NVP-induced drug eruption, Th2 cell subgroup, IL-4, and IL-13 and inhibit keratinocyte apoptosis. Taken together, these findings indicate that the CCL17/CCR4 axis mediates CDR via the ERK/STAT3 pathway in Th2 cells and type 2 cytokine-induced keratinocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Tang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Kai-Cheng Gao
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lu-Hui Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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4
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Bogacka J, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CCR4) as a Possible New Target for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415638. [PMID: 36555280 PMCID: PMC9779674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors participate in many biological processes, including the modulation of neuroimmune interactions. Approximately fifty chemokines are distinguished in humans, which are classified into four subfamilies based on the N-terminal conserved cysteine motifs: CXC, CC, C, and CX3C. Chemokines activate specific receptors localized on the surface of various immune and nervous cells. Approximately twenty chemokine receptors have been identified, and each of these receptors is a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor. Recent studies provide new evidence that CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, dermatitis, and cancer. This review briefly characterizes CCR4 and its ligands (CCL17, CCL22, and CCL2), and their contributions to immunological and neoplastic diseases. The review notes a significant role of CCR4 in nociceptive transmission, especially in painful neuropathy, which accompanies many diseases. The pharmacological blockade of CCR4 seems beneficial because of its pain-relieving effects and its influence on opioid efficacy. The possibilities of using the CCL2/CCL17/CCL22/CCR4 axis as a target in new therapies for many diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Mika
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-12-6623-298; Fax: +48-12-6374-500
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5
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Immunoregulatory signal networks and tumor immune evasion mechanisms: insights into therapeutic targets and agents in clinical development. Biochem J 2022; 479:2219-2260. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Through activation of immune cells, the immune system is responsible for identifying and destroying infected or otherwise damaged cells including tumorigenic cells that can be recognized as foreign, thus maintaining homeostasis. However, tumor cells have evolved several mechanisms to avoid immune cell detection and killing, resulting in tumor growth and progression. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor infiltrating immune cells are inactivated by soluble factors or tumor promoting conditions and lose their effects on tumor cells. Analysis of signaling and crosstalk between immune cells and tumor cells have helped us to understand in more detail the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and this forms basis for drug development strategies in the area of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will summarize the dominant signaling networks involved in immune escape and describe the status of development of therapeutic strategies to target tumor immune evasion mechanisms with focus on how the tumor microenvironment interacts with T cells.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Girkin
- University of Newcastle, 5982, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research center for healthy lungs, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia;
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7
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Machida H, Inoue S, Igarashi A, Saitoh S, Yamauchi K, Nishiwaki M, Nemoto T, Otaki Y, Sato M, Sato K, Nakano H, Yang S, Furuyama K, Murano H, Ishibashi Y, Ota T, Nakayama T, Shibata Y, Watanabe M. Role of CC Chemokine Ligand 17 in Mouse Models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:428-438. [PMID: 35081017 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0069oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung function deterioration is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously reported that CC chemokine ligand 17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17/TARC) could be a predictive factor of lung function decline in patients with COPD. However, the role of CCL17 in the pathogenesis of COPD is unclear. Here we examined the role of CCL17 in lung inflammation using mouse COPD models. Exposure to cigarette smoking induced CCL17 production in bronchial epithelial cells and accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Intranasal administration of recombinant CCL17 further enhanced cigarette smoke-induced macrophage accumulation and also aggravated elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. We confirmed that cigarette smoke extract as well as H2O2 upregulated CCL17 in BAES-2B cells. Of note, macrophages of both M1 and M2 surface markers were accumulated by cigarette smoke. Both alveolar macrophage accumulation via exposure to cigarette smoking and emphysematous changes induced by elastase administration were significantly reduced in CCL17-deficient mice. We further demonstrated that CCL17 strongly induced the expression of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a chemoattractant for macrophages, in RAW264.7 cells, and its production was inhibited by knockdown of CCR4, the receptor of CCL17. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that CCL17 is produced by lung epithelial cells upon cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Furthermore, CCL17 is involved in CS-induced accumulation of alveolar macrophages and development of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema, possibly through CCL17-induced production of CCL2 by macrophages. Our findings may provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Machida
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sumito Inoue
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Akira Igarashi
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saitoh
- Yamagata University, 13149, Department of Immunology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiko Nishiwaki
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takako Nemoto
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Otaki
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masamichi Sato
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kento Sato
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sujeong Yang
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kodai Furuyama
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murano
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yu Ishibashi
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takahito Ota
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Kindai University, 12872, Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Fukushima Medical University, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Yamagata University, 13149, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
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8
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Boucher G, Paradis A, Chabot-Roy G, Coderre L, Hillhouse EE, Bitton A, Des Rosiers C, Levings MK, Schumm LP, Lazarev M, Brant SR, Duerr R, McGovern D, Silverberg MS, Cho J, Lesage S, Rioux JD. Serum Analyte Profiles Associated With Crohn's Disease and Disease Location. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:9-20. [PMID: 34106269 PMCID: PMC8730700 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) can affect any segment of the digestive tract but is most often localized in the ileal, ileocolonic, and colorectal regions of the intestines. It is believed that the chronic inflammation in CD is a result of an imbalance between the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. The aim of the study was to identify circulating markers associated with CD and/or disease location in CD patients. METHODS We tested 49 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in serum samples from 300 patients with CD and 300 controls. After quality control, analyte levels were tested for association with CD and disease location. RESULTS We identified 13 analytes that were higher in CD patients relative to healthy controls and that remained significant after conservative Bonferroni correction (P < 0.0015). In particular, CXCL9, CXCL1, and interleukin IL-6 had the greatest effect and were highly significant (P < 5 × 10-7). We also identified 9 analytes that were associated with disease location, with VEGF, IL-12p70, and IL-6 being elevated in patients with colorectal disease (P < 3 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS Multiple serum analytes are elevated in CD. These implicate the involvement of multiple cell types from the immune, epithelial, and endothelial systems, suggesting that circulating analytes reflect the inflammatory processes that are ongoing within the gut. Moreover, the identification of distinct profiles according to disease location supports the existence of a biological difference between ileal and colonic CD, consistent with previous genetic and clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Paradis
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lise Coderre
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin E Hillhouse
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Bitton
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Philip Schumm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Lazarev
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve R Brant
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick and Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard Duerr
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Toronto, Ontario, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John D Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kohli K, Pillarisetty VG, Kim TS. Key chemokines direct migration of immune cells in solid tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:10-21. [PMID: 33603130 PMCID: PMC8761573 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration into solid tumors, their movement within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and interaction with other immune cells are controlled by their directed migration towards gradients of chemokines. Dysregulated chemokine signaling in TME favors the growth of tumors, exclusion of effector immune cells, and abundance of immunosuppressive cells. Key chemokines directing the migration of immune cells into tumor tissue have been identified. In this review, we discuss well-studied chemokine receptors that regulate migration of effector and immunosuppressive immune cells in the context of cancer immunology. We discuss preclinical models that have described the role of respective chemokine receptors in immune cell migration into TME and review preclinical and clinical studies that target chemokine signaling as standalone or combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Kohli
- grid.34477.330000000122986657University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Venu G. Pillarisetty
- grid.34477.330000000122986657University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Teresa S. Kim
- grid.34477.330000000122986657University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Seattle, WA USA
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10
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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11
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Ren G, Al-Jezani N, Railton P, Powell JN, Krawetz RJ. CCL22 induces pro-inflammatory changes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. iScience 2020; 24:101943. [PMID: 33490888 PMCID: PMC7809191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is common in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and is associated with pain and disease progression. We have previously demonstrated that the chemokine C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22) induces chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro; however, the effects of CCL22 on the synovium remain unknown. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the effect of CCL22 on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). CCL22 treatment suppressed expression of IL-4 and IL-10 and promoted expression of S100A12 in FLS. The response of FLS to CCL22 was not dependent on the disease state of the joint (e.g., normal versus OA), but was instead correlated with the individuals' synovial fluid level of CCL22. CCL22 induction of S100A12 in FLS was attenuated after knockdown of CCR3, yet ligands of CCR3 (CCL7, CCL11) did not induce S100A12 expression. In the presence of CCL22, CCR3-positive FLS upregulate CCL22 and S100A12 driving a potential feedforward pro-inflammatory mechanism distinct from canonical CCL22 and CCR3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Ren
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nedaa Al-Jezani
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pamela Railton
- Charles Sturt University, School of Biomedical Science, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - James N Powell
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Surgery, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Surgery, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,University of Calgary, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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12
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Robles O, Jackson JJ, Marshall L, Talay O, Chian D, Cutler G, Diokno R, Hu DX, Jacobson S, Karbarz E, Kassner PD, Ketcham JM, McKinnell J, Meleza C, Reilly MK, Riegler E, Shunatona HP, Wadsworth A, Younai A, Brockstedt DG, Wustrow DJ, Zibinsky M. Novel Piperidinyl-Azetidines as Potent and Selective CCR4 Antagonists Elicit Antitumor Response as a Single Agent and in Combination with Checkpoint Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8584-8607. [PMID: 32667798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is broadly expressed on regulatory T cells (Treg) as well as other circulating and tissue-resident T cells. Treg can be recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the C-C chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Treg accumulation in the TME has been shown to dampen the antitumor immune response and is thought to be an important driver in tumor immune evasion. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that reducing the Treg population in the TME can potentiate the antitumor immune response of checkpoint inhibitors. We have developed small-molecule antagonists of CCR4, featuring a novel piperidinyl-azetidine motif, that inhibit the recruitment of Treg into the TME and elicit antitumor responses as a single agent or in combination with an immune checkpoint blockade. The discovery of these potent, selective, and orally bioavailable CCR4 antagonists, and their activity in in vitro and in vivo models, is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Robles
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Jackson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lisa Marshall
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Oezcan Talay
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chian
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gene Cutler
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Raymond Diokno
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dennis X Hu
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott Jacobson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emily Karbarz
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul D Kassner
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John M Ketcham
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jenny McKinnell
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cesar Meleza
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Maureen K Reilly
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erin Riegler
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hunter P Shunatona
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Angela Wadsworth
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ashkaan Younai
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dirk G Brockstedt
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David J Wustrow
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Zibinsky
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Abstract
T cell-mediated elimination of malignant cells is one cornerstone of endogenous and therapeutically induced antitumor immunity. Tumors exploit numerous regulatory mechanisms to suppress T cell immunity. Regulatory T cells (T regs) play a crucial role in this process due to their ability to inhibit antitumoral immune responses and they are known to accumulate in various cancer entities. The chemokine CCL22, predominately produced by dendritic cells (DCs), regulates T reg migration via binding to its receptor CCR4. CCL22 controls T cell immunity, both by recruiting T regs to the tumor tissue and by promoting the formation of DC-T reg contacts in the lymph node. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of CCL22 in cancer immunity. After revising the principal mechanisms of CCL22-induced immune suppression, we address the factors leading to CCL22 expression and ways of targeting this chemokine therapeutically. Therapeutic interventions to the CCL22-CCR4 axis may represent a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
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14
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Fang WY, Ravindar L, Rakesh KP, Manukumar HM, Shantharam CS, Alharbi NS, Qin HL. Synthetic approaches and pharmaceutical applications of chloro-containing molecules for drug discovery: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:117-153. [PMID: 30995567 PMCID: PMC7111421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At present more than 250 FDA approved chlorine containing drugs were available in the market and many pharmaceutically important drug candidates in pre-clinical trials. Thus, it is quite obvious to expect that in coming decades there will be an even greater number of new chlorine-containing pharmaceuticals in market. Chlorinated compounds represent the family of compounds promising for use in medicinal chemistry. This review describes the recent advances in the synthesis of chlorine containing heterocyclic compounds as diverse biological agents and drugs in the pharmaceutical industries for the inspiration of the discovery and development of more potent and effective chlorinated drugs against numerous death-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - L Ravindar
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - H M Manukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - C S Shantharam
- Department of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru, 570016, Karnataka, India
| | - Njud S Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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15
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Jackson JJ, Ketcham JM, Younai A, Abraham B, Biannic B, Beck HP, Bui MHT, Chian D, Cutler G, Diokno R, Hu DX, Jacobson S, Karbarz E, Kassner PD, Marshall L, McKinnell J, Meleza C, Okal A, Pookot D, Reilly MK, Robles O, Shunatona HP, Talay O, Walker JR, Wadsworth A, Wustrow DJ, Zibinsky M. Discovery of a Potent and Selective CCR4 Antagonist That Inhibits Treg Trafficking into the Tumor Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6190-6213. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Jackson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ashkaan Younai
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Betty Abraham
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Berenger Biannic
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hilary P. Beck
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Minna H. T. Bui
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chian
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gene Cutler
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Raymond Diokno
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dennis X. Hu
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott Jacobson
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emily Karbarz
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul D. Kassner
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lisa Marshall
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jenny McKinnell
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cesar Meleza
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Abood Okal
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Deepa Pookot
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Maureen K. Reilly
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Omar Robles
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hunter P. Shunatona
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Oezcan Talay
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Walker
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Angela Wadsworth
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David J. Wustrow
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Zibinsky
- RAPT Therapeutics, 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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16
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Ketcham JM, Marshall LA, Talay O. CCR4 Antagonists Inhibit T reg Trafficking into the Tumor Microenvironment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:953-955. [PMID: 30344896 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of naturally occurring suppressive CD4+, CD25+, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) to the tumor microenvironment (TME) has the potential to weaken the antitumor response in patients receiving treatment with immuno-oncology (IO) agents. Human Treg express CCR4 and can be recruited to the TME through the C-C chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. We have recently developed a series of potent, orally bioavailable small molecule antagonists of CCR4 that can block recruitment of Treg into the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ketcham
- FLX Bio, Inc., 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lisa A. Marshall
- FLX Bio, Inc., 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Oezcan Talay
- FLX Bio, Inc., 561 Eccles Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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