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Rivera DG, Ojeda-Carralero GM, Reguera L, Van der Eycken EV. Peptide macrocyclization by transition metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2039-2059. [PMID: 32142086 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide macrocyclization has traditionally relied on lactam, lactone and disulfide bond-forming reactions that aim at introducing conformational constraints into small peptide sequences. With the advent of ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis and copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, peptide chemists embraced transition metal catalysis as a powerful macrocyclization tool with relevant applications in chemical biological and peptide drug discovery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the reactivity and methodological diversification of metal-catalyzed peptide macrocyclization as a special class of late-stage peptide derivatization method. We report the evolution from classic palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling approaches to more modern oxidative versions based on C-H activation, heteroatom alkylation/arylation and annulation processes, in which aspects such as chemoselectivity and diversity generation at the ring-closing moiety became dominant over the last years. The transit from early cycloadditions and alkyne couplings as ring-closing steps to very recent 3d metal-catalyzed macrocyclization methods is highlighted. Similarly, the new trends in decarboxylative radical macrocyclizations and the interplay between photoredox and transition metal catalysis are included. This review charts future perspectives in the field hoping to encourage further progress and applications, while bringing attention to the countless possibilities available by diversifying not only the metal, but also the reactivity modes and tactics to bring peptide functional groups together and produce structurally diverse macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Rivera
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Gerardo M Ojeda-Carralero
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Leslie Reguera
- Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Le Roux A, Blaise É, Boudreault PL, Comeau C, Doucet A, Giarrusso M, Collin MP, Neubauer T, Kölling F, Göller AH, Seep L, Tshitenge DT, Wittwer M, Kullmann M, Hillisch A, Mittendorf J, Marsault E. Structure-Permeability Relationship of Semipeptidic Macrocycles-Understanding and Optimizing Passive Permeability and Efflux Ratio. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6774-6783. [PMID: 32453569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the first thorough analysis of the structure-permeability relationship of semipeptidic macrocycles. In total, 47 macrocycles were synthesized using a hybrid solid-phase/solution strategy, and then their passive and cellular permeability was assessed using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and Caco-2 assay, respectively. The results indicate that semipeptidic macrocycles generally possess high passive permeability based on the PAMPA, yet their cellular permeability is governed by efflux, as reported in the Caco-2 assay. Structural variations led to tractable structure-permeability and structure-efflux relationships, wherein the linker length, stereoinversion, N-methylation, and peptoids site-specifically impact the permeability and efflux. Extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics, and ensemble-based three-dimensional polar surface area (3D-PSA) studies showed that ensemble-based 3D-PSA is a good predictor of passive permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Émilie Blaise
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Annie Doucet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marilena Giarrusso
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Neubauer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Florian Kölling
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Andreas H Göller
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Lea Seep
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Updating the portfolio of physicochemical descriptors related to permeability in the beyond the rule of 5 chemical space. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105274. [PMID: 32088315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) molecules are attracting significant interest in modern drug discovery mostly because many novel targets require large and more flexible structures. The main aim of this paper is the identification of ad hoc bRo5 physicochemical descriptors of ionization, lipophilicity, polarity and chameleonicity and their measurement. We used different methods to collect ionization (pKa measures and log k'80 PLRP-S trends), lipophilicity (in octanol/water, in apolar systems and in biomimetic environments), polarity (Δlog Poct-tol, EPSA and Δlog KWIAM) and chameleonicity (ChameLogD) descriptors for 26 bRo5 drugs. A second aim was to check the relationship between physicochemical descriptors and permeability for a subset of compounds for which solid permeability values are reported in the literature. Results showed that the physicochemical profile in the bRo5 chemical space is often experimentally accessible, albeit more tools are required to overcome limitations of individual methods. For the investigated compounds, permeability is governed by Δlog Poct-tol and preliminary data support that chameleonicity could also have an impact.
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Young HA, Guthrie QAE, Proulx C. N-Arylation of Amino Acid Esters to Expand Side Chain Diversity in Ketoxime Peptide Ligations. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1748-1755. [PMID: 31793778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed N-arylations of amino acid tert-butyl esters using 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline as a coupling partner are reported. The resulting N-aryl amino acid esters are suitable building blocks for the synthesis of electron-rich N-aryl peptides, which undergo oxidative couplings to aminooxy groups to afford ketoxime peptides under mild conditions. N-aryl amino acid tert-butyl esters possessing unnatural side chains were also accessed via glycine Schiff base alkylation, further increasing the scope of Cα-substitution in ketoxime peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A Young
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Quibria A E Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
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