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Kang LX, Wang BX, Zhang XY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. Construction of Two-Dimensional Organometallic Coordination Networks with Both Organic Kagome and Semiregular Metal Lattices on Au(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6108-6114. [PMID: 38829304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional metal-organic networks (2D MONs) having heterogeneous coordination nodes (HCNs) could exhibit excellent performance in catalysis and optoelectronics because of the unbalanced electron distribution of the coordinating metals. Therefore, the design and construction of 2D MONs with HCNs are highly desirable but remain challenging. Here, we report the construction of 2D organometallic coordination networks with an organic Kagome lattice and a semiregular metal lattice on Au(111) via the in situ formation of HCNs. Using a bifunctional precursor 1,4-dibromo-2,5-diisocyanobenzene, the coordination of isocyano with Au adatom on a room-temperature Au(111) yielded metal-organic coordination chains with isocyano-Au-isocyano nodes. In contrast, on a high-temperature Au(111), a selective debromination/coordination cascade reaction occurred, affording 2D organometallic coordination networks with phenyl-Au-isocyano nodes. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations, we determined the structures of coordination products and the nature of coordination nodes, demonstrating a thermodynamically favorable pathway for forming the phenyl-Au-isocyano nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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2
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Badami-Behjat A, Galeotti G, Gutzler R, Pastoetter DL, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Iodine passivation facilitates on-surface synthesis of robust regular conjugated two-dimensional organogold networks on Au(111). NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1042-1051. [PMID: 38639757 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated organogold networks with anthra-tetrathiophene repeat units are synthesized by thermally activated debrominative coupling of 2,5,9,12-tetrabromoanthra[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b'':8,7-b''']tetrathiophene (TBATT) precursor molecules on Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Performing the reaction on iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces promotes formation of highly regular structures, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast, coupling on bare Au(111) surfaces results in less regular networks due to the simultaneous expression of competing intermolecular binding motifs in the absence of error correction. The carbon-Au-carbon bonds confer remarkable robustness to the organogold networks, as evidenced by their high thermal stability. In addition, as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and underscored by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the organogold networks exhibit a small electronic band gap in the order of 1.0 eV due to their high π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badami-Behjat
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Zhao X, Miao X. Surface-supported metal-organic frameworks with geometric topological diversity via scanning tunneling microscopy. iScience 2024; 27:109392. [PMID: 38500826 PMCID: PMC10946334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface-supported metal-organic frameworks (SMOFs) are long-range ordered periodic 2D lattice layers formed by inorganic metal nodes and organic ligands via coordination bonds on substrate surfaces. The atomic resolution STM lays a solid foundation for the conception and construction of SMOFs with large area, stable structure, and special function. In this review, the cutting-edge research of SMOFs from design strategy, preparation process, and how to accurately achieve structural and functional diversity are reviewed. Furthermore, we focus on the design and construction of novel and fascinating periodic and fractal structures, in which some typical honeycomb structures, Kagome lattice, hexagonal geometry, and Sierpiński triangles are summarized, and the related prospects for designing functional nanoscale systems and architectures are prospected. Finally, the challenges faced in the design and synthesis of SMOFs are denoted, and the application prospect and development trend of SMOFs are forecasted based on the current research status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Song L, Wang J, Zhu H, Huang P, Lin H, Chi L, Li Q. Synthesis of Large-Scale High-Quality Metal-Organic Frameworks on Cu(100) via Hierarchical Dehydrogenation Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11286-11291. [PMID: 38063416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stimulus has been considered as a promising strategy for controlling on-surface reactions, allowing the formation of diverse products on metal substrates. Here, we successfully achieve hierarchical dehydrogenation reactions of amino groups on a Cu(100) surface. By carefully adjusting the experimental parameters, we synthesize large-scale and low-defect density surface metal-organic frameworks on copper surfaces. Our work sheds light on a controllable route for the synthesis of high-quality metal-organic coordination supramolecular structures via on-surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Huang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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5
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Li C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Xue N, Li R, Zhong M, Wu T, Wang Y, Li N, Shen Z, Hou S, Berndt R, Wang Y, Gao S. Structure transformation from Sierpiński triangles to chains assisted by gas molecules. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad088. [PMID: 37564921 PMCID: PMC10411674 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible transformations between fractals and periodic structures are of fundamental importance for understanding the formation mechanism of fractals. Currently, it is still a challenge to controllably achieve such a transformation. We investigate the effect of CO and CO2 molecules on Sierpiński triangles (STs) assembled from Fe atoms and 4,4″-dicyano-1,1':3',1″-terphenyl (C3PC) molecules on Au surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we discover that the gas molecules induce a transition from STs into 1D chains. Based on density functional theory modeling, we propose that the atomistic mechanism involves the transformation of a stable 3-fold coordination Fe(C3PC)3 motif to Fe(C3PC)4 with an axially bonded CO molecule. CO2 causes the structural transformation through a molecular catassembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Zhen Xu
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development in Preterm Infants, the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyong Shen
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
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6
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Li DY, Wang Y, Hou XY, Ren YT, Kang LX, Xue FH, Zhu YC, Liu JW, Liu M, Shi XQ, Qiu X, Liu PN. On-Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117714. [PMID: 35179282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
[3]Radialenes are the smallest carbocyclic structures with unusual topologies and cross-conjugated π-electronic structures. Here, we report a novel [1+1+1] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of aza[3]radialenes on the Ag(111) surface, where the steric hindrance of the chlorine substituents guides the selective and orientational assembling of the isocyanide precursors. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, we determined the atomic structure of the produced aza[3]radialenes. Furthermore, two reaction pathways including synergistic and stepwise are proposed based on density functional theory calculations, which reveal the role of the chlorine substituents in the activation of the isocyano groups via electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Sino-Danish College, Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin-Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fu-Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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7
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Monte Carlo Simulations of the Metal-Directed Self-Assembly of Y-Shaped Positional Isomers. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rational fabrication of low-dimensional materials with a well-defined topology and functions is an incredibly important aspect of nanotechnology. In particular, the on-surface synthesis (OSS) methods based on the bottom-up approach enable a facile construction of sophisticated molecular architectures unattainable by traditional methods of wet chemistry. Among such supramolecular constructs, especially interesting are the surface-supported metal–organic networks (SMONs), composed of low-coordinated metal atoms and π-aromatic bridging linkers. In this work, the lattice Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique was used to extract the chemical information encoded in a family of Y-shaped positional isomers co-adsorbed with trivalent metal atoms on a flat metallic surface with (111) geometry. Depending on the intramolecular distribution of active centers (within the simulated molecular bricks, we observed a metal-directed self-assembly of two-dimensional (2D) openwork patterns, aperiodic mosaics, and metal–organic ladders. The obtained theoretical findings could be especially relevant for the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experimentalists interested in a surface-assisted construction of complex nanomaterials stabilized by directional coordination bonds.
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8
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Li D, Wang Y, Hou X, Ren Y, Kang L, Xue F, Zhu Y, Liu J, Liu M, Shi X, Qiu X, Liu P. On‐Surface Synthesis of [3]Radialenes via [1+1+1] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng‐Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Sino-Danish College Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yin‐Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Li‐Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Fu‐Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ya‐Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jian‐Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing‐Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pei‐Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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