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Christoffers S, Seiler L, Wiebe E, Blume C. Possibilities and efficiency of MSC co-transfection for gene therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38783353 PMCID: PMC11119386 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are not only capable of self-renewal, trans-differentiation, homing to damaged tissue sites and immunomodulation by secretion of trophic factors but are also easy to isolate and expand. Because of these characteristics, they are used in numerous clinical trials for cell therapy including immune and neurological disorders, diabetes, bone and cartilage diseases and myocardial infarction. However, not all trials have successful outcomes, due to unfavourable microenvironmental factors and the heterogenous nature of MSCs. Therefore, genetic manipulation of MSCs can increase their prospect. Currently, most studies focus on single transfection with one gene. Even though the introduction of more than one gene increases the complexity, it also increases the effectivity as different mechanism are triggered, leading to a synergistic effect. In this review we focus on the methodology and efficiency of co-transfection, as well as the opportunities and pitfalls of these genetically engineered cells for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Christoffers
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Seiler
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Wiebe
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Richards CJ, Burgers TCQ, Vlijm R, Roos WH, Åberg C. Rapid Internalization of Nanoparticles by Human Cells at the Single Particle Level. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16517-16529. [PMID: 37642490 PMCID: PMC10510712 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle uptake by cells has been studied for applications both in nanomedicine and in nanosafety. While the majority of studies have focused on the biological mechanisms underlying particle internalization, less attention has been given to questions of a more quantitative nature, such as how many nanoparticles enter cells and how rapidly they do so. To address this, we exposed human embryonic kidney cells to 40-200 nm carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles and the particles were observed by live-cell confocal and super-resolution stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy. How long a particle remained at the cell membrane after adsorbing onto it was monitored, distinguishing whether the particle ultimately desorbed again or was internalized by the cell. We found that the majority of particles desorb, but interestingly, most of the particles that are internalized do so within seconds, independently of particle size. As this is faster than typical endocytic mechanisms, we interpret this observation as the particles entering via an endocytic event that is already taking place (as opposed to directly triggering their own uptake) or possibly via an as yet uncharacterized endocytic route. Aside from the rapidly internalizing particles, a minority of particles remain at the membrane for tens of seconds to minutes before desorbing or being internalized. We also followed particles after cell internalization, observing particles that appeared to exit the cell, sometimes as rapidly as within tens of seconds. Overall, our results provide quantitative information about nanoparticle cell internalization times and early trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri J. Richards
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. Q. Burgers
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Molecular
Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoffer Åberg
- Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Yukawa H, Sato K, Baba Y. Theranostics applications of quantum dots in regenerative medicine, cancer medicine, and infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:114863. [PMID: 37156265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted attention for their application and commercialization in all industrial fields, including communications, displays, and solar cells, due to their excellent optical properties based on the quantum size effect. In recent years, the development of QDs that do not contain cadmium which is toxic to cells and living organisms, has progressed, and they have attracted considerable attention in the bio-imaging field for targeting molecules and cells. Furthermore, recently, the need for diagnostics and treatment at the single molecule and single cell level in the medical field has been increasing, and the application of QDs in the medical field is also accelerating. Therefore, this paper outlines the frontiers of diagnostic and therapeutic applications (theranostics) of QDs, especially in advanced medical fields such as regenerative medicine, oncology, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukawa
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, Nagoya University, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 265-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, Nagoya University, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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4
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Chen H, Dong X, Ou L, Ma C, Yuan B, Yang K. Thermal-controlled cellular uptake of "hot" nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12718-12727. [PMID: 37470374 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown immense potential in the field of biomedical applications, particularly in NP-based photothermal therapy, which offers a remote-controlled approach to achieve precise temperature control for site-specific heating and sub-cellular tumor treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying related cellular activities, such as the cellular uptake behavior of irradiated NPs in photothermal effects, remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a thorough investigation of the interaction between an irradiated NP with elevated temperature (ranging from 270 to 360 K) and a model bilayer membrane composed of DPPC or DOPC using nonequilibrium coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with the implicit-solvent Dry Martini force field. We observe that the interaction between a "hot" NP and a membrane is thermally regulated. In addition, the wrapping of membranes around NPs exhibits a strong dependence on the temperature of the irradiated NP, demonstrating a step-like change in behavior. This membrane wrapping effect is attributed to the heat conduction between NPs and membrane lipids, which occurs almost simultaneously with the membrane deformation and wrapping of NPs during the NP-membrane interaction process. Especially, during the process of heat conduction, a gel-to-fluid phase transition of the membrane may occur, which plays a crucial role in determining the deformation behavior of the membrane. Moreover, it is found that the membrane lipids in the two leaflets exhibit obvious and asymmetric molecular-level responses to heat flux, characterized by significant changes in packing states (e.g., the order parameter of lipid tails and area per lipid) and possible interdigitation between lipids. Furthermore, the thermal-controlled wrapping effect is tightly linked to the properties of NPs (e.g., size, NP-lipid affinity) and lipid species. Our findings are valuable for comprehending the thermal-regulated cellular internalization of NPs and offer insights into devising strategies to precisely modulate NP endocytosis by exploiting the interplay between heating and NP properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuewei Dong
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Luping Ou
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chiyun Ma
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bing Yuan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
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5
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Liu J, Liu YY, Li CS, Cao A, Wang H. Exocytosis of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2215. [PMID: 37570533 PMCID: PMC10421347 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Both biomedical applications and safety assessments of manufactured nanomaterials require a thorough understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and cells, including how nanomaterials enter cells, transport within cells, and leave cells. However, compared to the extensively studied uptake and trafficking of nanoparticles (NPs) in cells, less attention has been paid to the exocytosis of NPs. Yet exocytosis is an indispensable process of regulating the content of NPs in cells, which in turn influences, even decides, the toxicity of NPs to cells. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors of the exocytosis of NPs is not only essential for the safety assessment of NPs but also helpful for guiding the design of safe and highly effective NP-based materials for various purposes. Herein, we review the current status and progress of studies on the exocytosis of NPs. Firstly, we introduce experimental procedures and considerations. Then, exocytosis mechanisms/pathways are summarized with a detailed introduction of the main pathways (lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway) and the role of microtubules; the patterns of exocytosis kinetics are presented and discussed. Subsequently, the influencing factors (initial content and location of intracellular NPs, physiochemical properties of NPs, cell type, and extracellular conditions) are fully discussed. Although there are inconsistent results, some rules are obtained, like smaller and charged NPs are more easily excreted. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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6
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Ding W, Yang X, Lin H, Xu Z, Wang J, Dai J, Xu C, Chen F, Wen X, Chai W, Ruan G. Mechanism-Driven Technology Development for Solving the Intracellular Delivery Problem of Hard-To-Transfect Cells. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 36971675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The so-called "hard-to-transfect cells" are well-known to present great challenges to intracellular delivery, but detailed understandings of the delivery behaviors are lacking. Recently, we discovered that vesicle trapping is a likely bottleneck of delivery into a type of hard-to-transfect cells, namely, bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Driven by this insight, herein, we screened various vesicle trapping-reducing methods on BMSCs. Most of these methods failed in BMSCs, although they worked well in HeLa cells. In stark contrast, coating nanoparticles with a specific form of poly(disulfide) (called PDS1) nearly completely circumvented vesicle trapping in BMSCs, by direct cell membrane penetration mediated by thiol-disulfide exchange. Further, in BMSCs, PDS1-coated nanoparticles dramatically enhanced the transfection efficiency of plasmids of fluorescent proteins and substantially improved osteoblastic differentiation. In addition, mechanistic studies suggested that higher cholesterol content in plasma membranes of BMSCs might be a molecular-level reason for the greater difficulty of vesicle escape in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchuan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Cell & Gene Therapy Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huoyue Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zixing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Cell & Gene Therapy Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaowei Wen
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Cell & Gene Therapy Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weiran Chai
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Gang Ruan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Cell & Gene Therapy Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Materials Engineering of Nanjing University, Nantong 210033, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518063, China
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7
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Hamann A, Pannier AK. Innovative nonviral gene delivery strategies for engineering human mesenchymal stem cell phenotypes toward clinical applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102819. [PMID: 36274497 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been used in many clinical trials, variable outcomes have resulted in no FDA-approved hMSC treatment. However, research into developing hMSC therapies for many diseases continues. An approach to manipulate hMSCs for therapeutic applications is gene delivery. Nonviral gene delivery is safer and more flexible than viral vectors, but much less efficient, especially in hMSCs. It is not understood why hMSCs are more difficult to transfect than cell lines, but innate features of hMSCs may present unique barriers to transfection. Recently, strategies to improve hMSC transfection have been developed by innovating nanocarriers, nucleic acid cargos, and by 'priming' hMSCs chemically and physically for more efficient transfection. These strategies aim to engineer hMSCs with new phenotypes mediated by transgenic secreted factors, receptors, transcription factors, and genome editing systems for clinical applications requiring enhanced immunomodulation and/or tissue regeneration, or for functions such as tumor-killing and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hamann
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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