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Zhang Q, Ren T, Cao K, Xu Z. Advances of machine learning-assisted small extracellular vesicles detection strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116076. [PMID: 38340580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs (sEVs), is of great significance in exploring their physiological characteristics and clinical applications. The heterogeneity of sEVs plays a crucial role in distinguishing different types of cells and diseases. Machine learning, with its exceptional data processing capabilities, offers a solution to overcome the limitations of conventional detection methods for accurately classifying sEV subtypes and sources. Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, XGBoost, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and deep learning, along with some combined methods such as principal component-linear discriminant analysis, have been successfully applied in the detection and identification of sEVs. This review focuses on machine learning-assisted detection strategies for cell identification and disease prediction via sEVs, and summarizes the integration of these strategies with surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemistry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fluorescence. The performance of different machine learning-based detection strategies is compared, and the advantages and limitations of various machine learning models are also evaluated. Finally, we discuss the merits and limitations of the current approaches and briefly outline the perspective of potential research directions in the field of sEV analysis based on machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Tingju Ren
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Ke Cao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
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Lee S, Dang H, Moon JI, Kim K, Joung Y, Park S, Yu Q, Chen J, Lu M, Chen L, Joo SW, Choo J. SERS-based microdevices for use as in vitro diagnostic biosensors. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38597213 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection have helped to overcome the limitations of traditional in vitro diagnostic methods, such as fluorescence and chemiluminescence, owing to its high sensitivity and multiplex detection capability. However, for the implementation of SERS detection technology in disease diagnosis, a SERS-based assay platform capable of analyzing clinical samples is essential. Moreover, infectious diseases like COVID-19 require the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies that can rapidly and accurately determine infection status. As an effective assay platform, SERS-based bioassays utilize SERS nanotags labeled with protein or DNA receptors on Au or Ag nanoparticles, serving as highly sensitive optical probes. Additionally, a microdevice is necessary as an interface between the target biomolecules and SERS nanotags. This review aims to introduce various microdevices developed for SERS detection, available for POC diagnostics, including LFA strips, microfluidic chips, and microarray chips. Furthermore, the article presents research findings reported in the last 20 years for the SERS-based bioassay of various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. Finally, the prospects of SERS bioassays are discussed concerning the integration of SERS-based microdevices and portable Raman readers into POC systems, along with the utilization of artificial intelligence technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Hajun Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Joung-Il Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Younju Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Mengdan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, South Korea.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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Zhu M, Zhou G, Dong R, Li P, Yang L. Ag supraparticles with 3D hot spots to actively capture molecules for sensitive detection by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:1759-1765. [PMID: 38363169 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
To achieve highly sensitive detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), it is imperative to fabricate a substrate with a high density of hot spots and facilitate the entry of target molecules into these hot spot regions. However, steric hindrance arising from the presence of surfactants and ligands on the SERS substrate may impede the access of target molecules to the hot spots. Here, we fabricate non-close-packed three-dimensional (3D) supraparticles with high-density hot spots to actively capture molecules. The formation of 3D supraparticles is attributed to the minimization of free energy during the gradual contraction of the droplet. The numerous capillaries present in non-close-packed supraparticles induce the movement of target molecules into the hot spot region through capillary force along with the solution. The results demonstrate that the SERS enhancement effect of 3D supraparticles is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of multi-layered nanoparticle structures formed under natural drying conditions. In addition, the SERS performance of 3D supraparticles is evaluated with diverse target molecules, including antimicrobial agents and drugs. Hence, this work provides a new idea for the preparation of non-close-packed substrates for SERS sensitive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhu
- University of Science & Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Guoliang Zhou
- University of Science & Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Ronglu Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Kim M, Kim J, VanderLaan D, Kubelick KP, Jhunjhunwala A, Choe A, Emelianov SY. Tunable Interparticle Connectivity in Gold Nanosphere Assemblies for Efficient Photoacoustic Conversion. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2305202. [PMID: 38495944 PMCID: PMC10939103 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202305202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating matter at the nanometer scale to create desired plasmonic nanostructures holds great promise in the field of biomedical photoacoustic (PA) imaging. We demonstrate a strategy for regulating PA signal generation from anisotropic nano-sized assemblies of gold nanospheres (Au NSs) by adjusting the inter-particle connectivity between neighboring Au NSs. The inter-particle connectivity is controlled by modulating the diameter and inter-particle spacing of Au NSs in the nanoassemblies. The results indicate that nanoassemblies with semi-connectivity, i.e., assemblies with a finite inter-particle spacing shorter than the theoretical limit of repulsion between nearby Au NSs, exhibit 3.4-fold and 2.4-fold higher PA signals compared to nanoassemblies with no connectivity and full connectivity, respectively. Furthermore, due to the reduced diffusion of Au atoms, the semi-connectivity Au nanoassemblies demonstrate high photodamage threshold and, therefore, excellent photostability at fluences above the current American National Standards Institute limits. The exceptional photostability of the semi-connectivity nanoassemblies highlights their potential to surpass conventional plasmonic contrast agents for continuing PA imaging. Collectively, our findings indicate that semi-connected nanostructures are a promising option for reliable, high-contrast PA imaging applications over multiple imaging sessions due to their strong PA signals and enhanced photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsoo Kim
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, US
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Don VanderLaan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kelsey P Kubelick
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anamik Jhunjhunwala
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ayoung Choe
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Emelianov
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, US
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Sang D, Luo X, Liu J. Biological Interaction and Imaging of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38047998 PMCID: PMC10695915 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), serving as a bridge between small molecules and traditional inorganic nanoparticles, create significant opportunities to address many challenges in the health field. This review discusses the recent advances in the biological interactions and imaging of ultrasmall AuNPs. The challenges and the future development directions of the ultrasmall AuNPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmiao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Luo M, Qin L, Tao J, Gao X, Zhang T, Kang SZ, Li X. Selective surface enhanced Raman detection and effective photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides antibiotic based on a flexible three-dimensional chitosan/carbon nitride/silver substrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132131. [PMID: 37536157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of sulfonamide residues in aquatic environments poses serious environmental risks, and the sensitive detection and effective degradation of sulfonamides have attracted widespread attention. Here, the environmentally friendly chitosan (CS)/carbon nitride (CN) with three-dimensional porous structure is fabricated by freeze-drying method, and subsequently a new bifunctional flexible substrate (CS/CN/Ag) is prepared by anchoring of small sized AgNPs (6 ∼ 12 nm) on CS/CN. Importantly, the CS/CN/Ag substrate shows high adsorption capacity (∼ 83.06%) for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) solution within 20 mins and the limit of detection can be as low as 7.46 × 10-9 mol·L-1 with an enhancement factor of 3.3 × 105. Also, the CS/CN/Ag substrate displays highly selective for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of sulfonamides and also shows excellent SERS response for SMX in hospital wastewater samples. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of SMX could reach as high as 99.22% within 20 mins of irradiation and the CS/CN/Ag still maintains outstanding photocatalytic performance after six cycles. Moreover, the Ag content in the CS/CN/Ag substrate is only 2.35%, and also the CS/CN/Ag exhibits good uniformity, repeatability, recyclability and stability. Therefore, this flexible and cost-effectively substrate of CS/CN/Ag shows great potential for the simultaneous SERS detection and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in actual wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Jianwei Tao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Taiyang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Shi-Zhao Kang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiangqing Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center of Graphene Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
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Guo Y, Li Y, Fan R, Liu A, Chen Y, Zhong H, Liu Y, Chen H, Guo Z, Liu Z. Silver@Prussian Blue Core-Satellite Nanostructures as Multimetal Ions Switch for Potent Zero-Background SERS Bioimaging-Guided Chronic Wound Healing. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8761-8769. [PMID: 37695577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework-based metal ion therapy has attracted increasing attention to promote the cascade wound-healing process. However, multimetal ion synergistic administration and accurately controlled ion release are still the challenges. Herein, an aptamer-functionalized silver@cupriferous Prussian blue (ACPA) is established as a metal-based theranostic nanoagent for a chronic nonhealing diabetic wound treatment. Prussian blue offers a programmable nanoplatform to formulate metal ion prescriptions, achieving cooperative wound healing. Silver, copper, and iron ions are released from ACPA controlled by the near-infrared-triggered mild hyperthermia and then synergistically participate in antipathogen, cell migration, and revascularization. ACPA also demonstrates a unique core-satellite nanostructure which enables it with improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) capability as potent bacteria-targeted Raman-silent nanoprobe to monitor the residual bacteria during wound healing with nearly zero background. The theranostic feature of ACPA allows high-performance SERS imaging-guided chronic wound healing in infectious diabetic skin and keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ranran Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yiqiao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Huiqing Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Zhouyi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Zhong S, Hang L, Wen L, Zhang T, Cao A, Zeng P, Zhang H, Liu D, Cai W, Li Y. Rapid controllable synthesis of branched Au superparticles: formation mechanism of toggling the growth mode and their applications in optical broadband absorption. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1776-1783. [PMID: 36926572 PMCID: PMC10012854 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop a tunable, ultrafast (5 seconds), and mass-producible seed-mediated synthesis method to prepare branched Au superparticles consisting of multiple small Au island-like nanoparticles by a wet chemical route. We reveal and confirm the toggling formation mechanism of Au superparticles between the Frank-van der Merwe (FM) growth mode and the Volmer-Weber (VW) growth mode. The key factor of this special structure is the frequent toggling between the FM (layer by layer) growth mode and the VW (island) growth mode induced by 3-aminophenol, which is continuously absorbed on the surface of newborn Au nanoparticles, leading to a relatively high surface energy during the overall synthesis process, thus achieving an island on island growth. Such Au superparticles demonstrate broadband absorption from visible to near-infrared regions due to their multiple plasmonic coupling and hence they have important applications in sensors, photothermal conversion and therapy, etc. We also exhibit the excellent properties of Au superparticles with different morphologies, such as NIR-II photothermal conversion and therapy and SERS detection. The photothermal conversion efficiency under 1064 nm laser irradiation was calculated to be as high as 62.6% and they exhibit robust photothermal therapy efficiency. This work provides insight into the growth mechanism of plasmonic superparticles and develops a broadband absorption material for highly efficient optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichuan Zhong
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Hang
- The Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou 518037 P. R. China
| | - Lulu Wen
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - An Cao
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Pan Zeng
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Dilong Liu
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 Anhui P. R. China
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