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Dinh C, Yusufoglu M, Yumigeta K, Kinikar A, Sweepe T, Zeszut Z, Chang YJ, Copic C, Janssen S, Holloway R, Battaglia J, Kuntubek A, Zahin F, Lin YC, Vandenberghe WG, LeRoy BJ, Müllen K, Fasel R, Borin Barin G, Mutlu Z. Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbon Transistors with Long-Term Stability and Reliability. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22949-22957. [PMID: 39145671 PMCID: PMC11363219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized from the bottom-up exhibit promising electronic properties for high-performance field-effect transistors (FETs). The feasibility of fabricating FETs with GNRs (GNRFETs) has been demonstrated, with ongoing efforts aimed at further improving their performance. However, their long-term stability and reliability remain unexplored, which is as important as their performance for practical applications. In this work, we fabricated short-channel FETs with nine-atom-wide armchair GNRs (9-AGNRFETs). We revealed that the on-state (ION) current performance of the 9-AGNRFETs deteriorates significantly over consecutive full transistor on and off logic cycles, which has neither been demonstrated nor previously considered. To address this issue, we deposited a thin ∼10 nm thick atomic layer deposition (ALD) layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) directly on these devices. The integrity, compatibility, electrical performance, stability, and reliability, of the GNRFETs before and/or after Al2O3 deposition were comprehensively studied. The results indicate that the observed decline in electrical device performance is most likely due to the degradation of contact resistance over multiple measurement cycles. We successfully demonstrated that the devices with the Al2O3 layer operate well up to several thousand continuous full cycles without any degradation. Our study offers valuable insights into the stability and reliability of GNR transistors, which could facilitate their large-scale integration into practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dinh
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Muhammed Yusufoglu
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kentaro Yumigeta
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Sweepe
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Zoe Zeszut
- Kuiper-Arizona
Laboratory for Astromaterials Analysis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yao-Jen Chang
- Kuiper-Arizona
Laboratory for Astromaterials Analysis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christian Copic
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Shelby Janssen
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard Holloway
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Julian Battaglia
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aldiyar Kuntubek
- Department
of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Farhan Zahin
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Yuxuan Cosmi Lin
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - William G. Vandenberghe
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Brian J. LeRoy
- Department
of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zafer Mutlu
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Li G, Wang H, Loes M, Saxena A, Yin J, Sarker M, Choi S, Aluru N, Lyding JW, Sinitskii A, Dong G. Hybrid Edge Results in Narrowed Band Gap: Bottom-up Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Bent N = 6/8 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4297-4307. [PMID: 38253346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Scalable fabrication of graphene nanoribbons with narrow band gaps has been a nontrivial challenge. Here, we have developed a simple approach to access narrow band gaps using hybrid edge structures. Bottom-up liquid-phase synthesis of bent N = 6/8 armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) has been achieved in high efficiency through copolymerization between an o-terphenyl monomer and a naphthalene-based monomer, followed by Scholl oxidation. An unexpected 1,2-aryl migration has been discovered, which is responsible for introducing kinked structures into the GNR backbones. The N = 6/8 AGNRs have been fully characterized to support the proposed structure and show a narrow band gap and a relatively high electrical conductivity. In addition, their application in efficient gas sensing has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Hanfei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael Loes
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiangliang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Shinyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Narayana Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph W Lyding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Thupakula U, Soe WH, Joachim C, Dujardin E. Long and isolated graphene nanoribbons by on-surface polymerization on Au(111). Commun Chem 2023; 6:266. [PMID: 38057581 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low electronic gap graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are used for the fabrication of nanomaterial-based devices and, when isolated, for mono-molecular electronics experiences, for which a well-controlled length is crucial. Here, an on-surface chemistry protocol is monitored for producing long and well-isolated GNR molecular wires on an Au(111) surface. The two-step Ullmann coupling reaction is sequenced in temperature from 100 °C to 350 °C by steps of 50 °C, returning at room temperature between each step and remaining in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. After the first annealing step at 100 °C, the monomers self-organize into 2-monolayered nano-islands. Next, the Ullmann coupling reaction takes place in both 1st and 2nd layers of those nano-islands. The nano-island lateral size and shape are controlling the final GNR lengths. Respecting the above on-surface chemistry protocol, an optimal initial monomer coverage of ~1.5 monolayer produces isolated GNRs with a final length distribution reaching up to 50 nm and a low surface coverage of ~0.4 monolayer suitable for single molecule experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamahesh Thupakula
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - We-Hyo Soe
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Christian Joachim
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Erik Dujardin
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Av. A. Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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