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Yuan M, Qiu Y, Gao H, Feng J, Jiang L, Wu Y. Molecular Electronics: From Nanostructure Assembly to Device Integration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7885-7904. [PMID: 38483827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Integrated electronics and optoelectronics based on organic semiconductors have attracted considerable interest in displays, photovoltaics, and biosensing owing to their designable electronic properties, solution processability, and flexibility. Miniaturization and integration of devices are growing trends in molecular electronics and optoelectronics for practical applications, which requires large-scale and versatile assembly strategies for patterning organic micro/nano-structures with simultaneously long-range order, pure orientation, and high resolution. Although various integration methods have been developed in past decades, molecular electronics still needs a versatile platform to avoid defects and disorders due to weak intermolecular interactions in organic materials. In this perspective, a roadmap of organic integration technologies in recent three decades is provided to review the history of molecular electronics. First, we highlight the importance of long-range-ordered molecular packing for achieving exotic electronic and photophysical properties. Second, we classify the strategies for large-scale integration of molecular electronics through the control of nucleation and crystallographic orientation, and evaluate them based on factors of resolution, crystallinity, orientation, scalability, and versatility. Third, we discuss the multifunctional devices and integrated circuits based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and photodetectors. Finally, we explore future research directions and outlines the need for further development of molecular electronics, including assembly of doped organic semiconductors and heterostructures, biological interfaces in molecular electronics and integrated organic logics based on complementary FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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Arrabito G, Gulli D, Alfano C, Pignataro B. "Writing biochips": high-resolution droplet-to-droplet manufacturing of analytical platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1294-1312. [PMID: 35275148 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-resolution molecular printing allows the engineering of analytical platforms enabling applications at the interface between chemistry and biology, i.e. in biosensing, electronics, single-cell biology, and point-of-care diagnostics. Their successful implementation stems from the combination of large area printing at resolutions from sub-100 nm up to macroscale, whilst controlling the composition and volume of the ink, and reconfiguring the deposition features in due course. Similar to handwriting pens, the engineering of continuous writing systems tackles the issue of the tedious ink replenishment between different printing steps. To this aim, this review article provides an unprecedented analysis of the latest continuous printing methods for bioanalytical chemistry, focusing on ink deposition systems based on specific sets of technologies that have been developed to this aim, namely nanofountain probes, microcantilever spotting, capillary-based polymer pens and continuous 3D printing. Each approach will be discussed revealing the most important applications in the fields of biosensors, lab-on-chips and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gulli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Braunschweig AB. Evolution and applications of polymer brush hypersurface photolithography. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypersurface photolithography creates arbitrary polymer brush patterns with independent control over feature diameter, height, and spacing between features, while controlling composition along a polymer chain and between features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yerzhan S. Zholdassov
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Brown KA, Hedrick JL, Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Mirkin CA. Nanocombinatorics with Cantilever-Free Scanning Probe Arrays. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8-17. [PMID: 30561191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of combinatorial experiments is determined by the rate at which distinct experimental conditions can be prepared and interrogated. This has been particularly limiting at the intersection of nanotechnology and soft materials research, where structures are difficult to reliably prepare and materials are incompatible with conventional lithographic techniques. For example, studying nanoparticle-based heterogeneous catalysis or the interaction between biological cells and abiotic surfaces requires precise tuning of materials composition on the nanometer scale. Scanning probe techniques are poised to be major players in the combinatorial nanoscience arena because they allow one to directly deposit materials at high resolution without any harsh processing steps that limit material compatibility. The chief limitation of scanning probe techniques is throughput, as patterning with single probes is prohibitively slow in the context of large-scale combinatorial experiments. A recent paradigm shift circumvents this problem by fundamentally altering the architecture of scanning probes by replacing the conventionally used cantilever with a soft compliant film on a rigid substrate, a substitution that allows a densely packed array of probes to function in parallel in an inexpensive format. This is a major lithographic advance in terms of scalability, throughput, and versatility that, when combined with the development of approaches to actuate individual probes in cantilever-free arrays, sets the stage for scanning-probe-based tools to address scientific questions through nanocombinatorial studies in biology and materials science. In this review, we outline the development of cantilever-free scanning probe lithography and prospects for nanocombinatorial studies enabled by these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | | | | | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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Lin QY, Palacios E, Zhou W, Li Z, Mason JA, Liu Z, Lin H, Chen PC, Dravid VP, Aydin K, Mirkin CA. DNA-Mediated Size-Selective Nanoparticle Assembly for Multiplexed Surface Encoding. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2645-2649. [PMID: 29570302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed surface encoding is achieved by positioning two different sizes of gold nanocubes on gold surfaces with precisely defined locations for each particle via template-confined, DNA-mediated nanoparticle assembly. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, cubes with 86 and 63 nm edge lengths are assembled into arrangements that physically and spectrally encrypt two sets of patterns in the same location. These patterns can be decrypted by mapping the absorption intensity of the substrate at λ = 773 and 687 nm, respectively. This multiplexed encoding platform dramatically increases the sophistication and density of codes that can be written using colloidal nanoparticles, which may enable high-security, high-resolution encoding applications.
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Liu S, Olvera de la Cruz M. Deformation of elastomeric pyramid pen arrays in cantilever-free scanning probe lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
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Rühe J. And There Was Light: Prospects for the Creation of Micro- and Nanostructures through Maskless Photolithography. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8537-8541. [PMID: 28910077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In photolithographic processes, the light inducing the photochemical reactions is confined to a small volume, which enables direct writing of micro- and nanoscale features onto solid surfaces without the need of a predefined photomask. The direct writing process can be used to generate topographic patterns through photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking or can be employed to use light to generate chemical patterns on the surface with high spatial control, which would make such processes attractive for bioapplications. The prospects of maskless photolithography technologies with a focus on two-photon lithography and scanning-probe-based photochemical processes based on scanning near-field optical microscopy or beam pen lithography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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