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Contardi C, Rubes D, Serra M, Dorati R, Dattilo M, Mavliutova L, Patrini M, Guglielmann R, Sellergren B, De Lorenzi E. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis as a Tool To Characterize Molecularly Imprinted Nanogels in Solution. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38284411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative and accurate affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) method was set up to monitor the complexation of aqueous MIP nanogels (NGs) with model cancer-related antigens. Using α2,6'- and α2,3'-sialyllactose as oversimplified cancer biomarker-mimicking templates, NGs were synthesized and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, and overall charge. A stability study was also carried out in order to select the best storage conditions and to ensure product quality. After optimization of capillary electrophoresis conditions, injection of MIP NGs resulted in a single, sharp, and efficient peak. The mobility shift approach was applied to quantitatively estimate binding affinity, in this case resulting in an association constant of K ≈ 106 M-1. The optimized polymers further displayed a pronounced discrimination between the two sialylated sugars. The newly developed ACE protocol has the potential to become a very effective method for nonconstrained affinity screening of NG in solution, especially during the NG development phase and/or for a final accurate quantitation of the observed binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Contardi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Davide Rubes
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Marco Dattilo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Liliia Mavliutova
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 21432 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Börje Sellergren
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 21432 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ersilia De Lorenzi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
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Huynh CM, Mavliutova L, Sparrman T, Sellergren B, Irgum K. Elucidation of the Binding Orientation in α2,3- and α2,6-Linked Neu5Ac-Gal Epitopes toward a Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Monolith. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44238-44249. [PMID: 38027366 PMCID: PMC10666243 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminic acid and its α2,3/α2,6-glycosidic linkages with galactose (Neu5Ac-Gal) are major carbohydrate antigen epitopes expressed in various pathological processes, such as cancer, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. We here report a strategy for the synthesis and binding investigation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) toward α2,3 and α2,6 conformations of Neu5Ac-Gal antigens. Hydrophilic imprinted monoliths were synthesized from melamine monomer in the presence of four different templates, namely, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester (Neu5Ac-M), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), in a tertiary solvent mixture at temperatures varying from -20 to +80 °C. The MIPs prepared at cryotemperatures showed a preferential affinity for the α2,6 linkage sequence of 6SL, with an imprinting factor of 2.21, whereas the α2,3 linkage sequence of 3SL resulted in nonspecific binding to the polymer scaffold. The preferable affinity for the α2,6 conformation of Neu5Ac-Gal was evident also when challenged by a mixture of other mono- and disaccharides in an aqueous test mixture. The use of saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) on suspensions of crushed monoliths allowed for directional interactions between the α2,3/α2,6 linkage sequences on their corresponding MIPs to be revealed. The Neu5Ac epitope, containing acetyl and polyalcohol moieties, was the major contributor to the sequence recognition for Neu5Ac(α2,6)Gal(β1,4)Glc, whereas contributions from the Gal and Glc segments were substantially lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Minh Huynh
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liliia Mavliutova
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sparrman
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Knut Irgum
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction/microextraction of cancer biomarkers: A review. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:255. [PMID: 35697898 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, great efforts have been extensively documented in top scientific journals on the development of methods for early diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cancers which are prevalent critical diseases with a high mortality rate among men and women. The determination of cancer biomarkers using different optimum methodologies is one of the finest options for achieving these goals with more precision, speed, and at a lower cost than traditional clinical procedures. In this regard, while focusing on specific biomarkers, molecularly imprinted technology has enabled novel diagnostic techniques for a variety of diseases. Due to the well-known advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), this review focuses on the current trends of MIPs-based extraction/microextraction methods, specifically targeting cancer biomarkers from various matrices. These optimized methods have demonstrated high selectivity, accuracy, sorbent reusability, extraction recovery, and low limits of detection and quantification for a variety of cancer biomarkers, which are a powerful tool to provide early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring, with potential clinical application expected soon. This review highlights the key progress, specific modifications, and strategies used for MIP synthesis. The future perspectives for cancer biomarkers purification and determination by fabricating MIP-based techniques are also discussed.
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Beyer S, Kimani M, Zhang Y, Verhassel A, Sternbæk L, Wang T, Persson JL, Härkönen P, Johansson E, Caraballo R, Elofsson M, Gawlitza K, Rurack K, Ohlsson L, El-Schich Z, Wingren AG, Stollenwerk MM. Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Layers against Sialic Acid on Silica-Coated Polystyrene Cores—Assessment of the Binding Behavior to Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081875. [PMID: 35454783 PMCID: PMC9024825 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA) is a monosaccharide usually linked to the terminus of glycan chains on the cell surface. It plays a crucial role in many biological processes, and hypersialylation is a common feature in cancer. Lectins are widely used to analyze the cell surface expression of SA. However, these protein molecules are usually expensive and easily denatured, which calls for the development of alternative glycan-specific receptors and cell imaging technologies. In this study, SA-imprinted fluorescent core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer particles (SA-MIPs) were employed to recognize SA on the cell surface of cancer cell lines. The SA-MIPs improved suspensibility and scattering properties compared with previously used core-shell SA-MIPs. Although SA-imprinting was performed using SA without preference for the α2,3- and α2,6-SA forms, we screened the cancer cell lines analyzed using the lectins Maackia Amurensis Lectin I (MAL I, α2,3-SA) and Sambucus Nigra Lectin (SNA, α2,6-SA). Our results show that the selected cancer cell lines in this study presented a varied binding behavior with the SA-MIPs. The binding pattern of the lectins was also demonstrated. Moreover, two different pentavalent SA conjugates were used to inhibit the binding of the SA-MIPs to breast, skin, and lung cancer cell lines, demonstrating the specificity of the SA-MIPs in both flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We concluded that the synthesized SA-MIPs might be a powerful future tool in the diagnostic analysis of various cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Martha Kimani
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alejandra Verhassel
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.V.); (P.H.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Louise Sternbæk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Phase Holographic Imaging AB, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tianyan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.V.); (P.H.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Emil Johansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (E.J.); (R.C.); (M.E.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Remi Caraballo
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (E.J.); (R.C.); (M.E.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (E.J.); (R.C.); (M.E.)
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kornelia Gawlitza
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Knut Rurack
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.G.); (K.R.)
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zahra El-Schich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette Gjörloff Wingren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria M. Stollenwerk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (S.B.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (J.L.P.); (L.O.); (Z.E.-S.); (M.M.S.)
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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Mueller A. A Note about Crosslinking Density in Imprinting Polymerization. Molecules 2021; 26:5139. [PMID: 34500573 PMCID: PMC8434133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinting polymerization is an exciting technique since it leads to specific binding sites, which are the basis of a variety of applications, such as sensors, detectors, and catalysts. The specific binding sites are created using templates and then fixing the structure of the binding site with crosslinking. The literature review of imprinting polymerizations shows that the crosslinking density governs the physical properties of the resulting molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). It is also a factor governing the capacity and the selectivity of MIPs. Reviewing polymer science data and theory, the crosslinking density commonly used in MIP synthesis is unusually high. The data reviewed here suggest that more research is needed to determine the optimal crosslinking density for MIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Mavliutova L, Verduci E, Sellergren B. Combinatorial design of a sialic acid imprinted binding site exploring a dual ion receptor approach. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34329-34337. [PMID: 35497298 PMCID: PMC9042400 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-ion imprinting of sialic acid via cooperatively acting ureido- and crown ether functionalities leads to charge neutral sialic acid receptors with strong sialoglycopeptide affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia Mavliutova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elena Verduci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
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