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Azhdeh A, Mashhadizadeh MH, Birk Buhl K. A visualization method for quickly detecting nitrite ions in breath condensate using a portable closed bipolar electrochemical sensor. Analyst 2024; 149:1825-1836. [PMID: 38345360 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01676e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A portable and non-invasive sensor presents an innovative way to measure inflammation biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This research is focused on developing a miniaturized bipolar electrochemical sensor that can be connected to a smartphone app. This device will be able to detect adding known amounts of nitrite (spikes) to a salt solution and small amounts of nitrite ions in collected real samples in EBC. The sensor was fabricated and tested for its rapid electron transfer capability and ability to detect nitrite ions even at very low concentrations and low real sample levels. In the proposed setup, when the required potential was applied by using a direct power supply, the nitrite ions were oxidized electrocatalytically at amine-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) decorated with gold nanoparticles on a carbon paper anodic pole. On the other hand, the reduction reaction of Prussian blue occurred at the cathodic pole of the bipolar electrode simultaneously. This strategy led to a change in color from blue to white as a result of the reduction process and the color change is proportional to the concentration of nitrite ions in the analytical solution. The combination of smartphones with the colorimetric method has resulted in a platform for the detection of test strips that is more visual and convenient. The amperometry and voltammetric methods of nitrite detection showed a linear range of up to 1230 μM. The bipolar electrochemical sensor was able to detect the clinically relevant range of nitrite from 0.5 to 85 μM in a buffer with an ultralow detection limit (LOD) of 250 nM (S/N = 3), fast response and excellent selectivity. It was benchmarked by utilizing pre-characterized real EBC samples to differentiate patients with respiratory diseases from healthy volunteers. By tracking the results of nitrite measurements over time, it has become possible to detect trends and changes in an individual's nitrite ion concentration and to potentially identify lung inflammation earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Azhdeh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mashhadizadeh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Institute of Green Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Shirato Y, Hsueh AJ, Ab Mutalib NA, Deng Y, Suematsu R, Kato A, Kearney BM, Kinoshita M, Suzuki H. Bipolar Clark-Type Oxygen Electrode Arrays for Imaging and Multiplexed Measurements of the Respiratory Activity of Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10825-10833. [PMID: 38463262 PMCID: PMC10918805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Various miniature Clark-type oxygen electrodes (COEs), which are typically used to measure dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in cellular respiration, have been developed since the 1980s. Arrays with individually addressable electrodes that constitute the sensor were used for various applications. However, the large number of leads and contact pads required for connecting the electrodes and the external instrument complicate the electrode layout and make the operation of integrated COE arrays challenging. Here, we fabricated closed bipolar electrochemical systems comprising 6 × 8 and 4 × 4 arrays of COEs for imaging and multiplexed detection. The cathodic compartment was sealed with a hydrophobic oxygen-permeable membrane to separate the internal electrolyte solution from the sample solutions. Using the bipolar Clark-type oxygen electrode (BCOE) arrays and electrochemiluminescence (ECL), we measured the DO concentration at each cathode. The results revealed that the ECL intensity changed linearly with the DO concentration. In addition, we used ECL imaging to investigate the respiratory activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in suspensions with different cell densities. The ECL images showed that the ECL intensity changed noticeably with the bacterial density. The bacterial respiratory activity was then qualitatively analyzed based on the ECL images acquired successively over a time duration. Further, we measured the antibiotic efficacy of piperacillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and cefmetazole against E. coli and P. aeruginosa using the BCOE. We found that the ECL intensity increased with the antibiotic concentration, thus indicating the suppression of the bacterial respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yi Deng
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suematsu
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Azusa Kato
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Bradley M. Kearney
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Ino K, Utagawa Y, Shiku H. Microarray-Based Electrochemical Biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:317-338. [PMID: 37306698 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are widely utilized in bioanalysis. Electrochemical biosensing techniques are often applied in microarray-based assays because of their simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. In such systems, the electrodes and sensing elements are arranged in arrays, and the target analytes are detected electrochemically. These sensors can be utilized for high-throughput bioanalysis and the electrochemical imaging of biosamples, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress on these topics. We categorize electrochemical biosensing techniques for array detection into four groups: scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrode arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and bipolar electrodes. For each technique, we summarize the key principles and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and bioanalysis applications. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives about future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Liu M, Salinas G, Yu J, Cornet A, Li H, Kuhn A, Sojic N. Endogenous and exogenous wireless multimodal light-emitting chemical devices. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10664-10670. [PMID: 37829015 PMCID: PMC10566513 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal imaging is a powerful and versatile approach that integrates and correlates multiple optical modalities within a single device. This concept has gained considerable attention due to its potential applications ranging from sensing to medicine. Herein, we develop several wireless multimodal light-emitting chemical systems by coupling two light sources based on different physical principles: electrochemiluminescence (ECL) occurring at the electrode interface and a light-emitting diode (LED) switched on by an electrochemically triggered electron flow. Endogenous (thermodynamically spontaneous redox process) and exogenous (requiring an external power source) bipolar electrochemistry acts as a driving force to trigger both light emissions at different wavelengths. The results presented here interconnect optical imaging and electrochemical reactions, providing a novel and so far unexplored alternative to design autonomous hybrid systems with multimodal and multicolor optical readouts for complex bio-chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxia Liu
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Jing Yu
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Antoine Cornet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Haidong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University 225002 Yangzhou China
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
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Yu Y, Nie W, Chu K, Wei X, Smith ZJ. Highly Sensitive, Portable Detection System for Multiplex Chemiluminescence Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14762-14769. [PMID: 37729474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) has emerged as a critical tool for the sensing and quantification of various bioanalytes in virtually all clinical fields. However, the rapid nature of many CL reactions raises challenges for typical low-cost optical sensors such as cameras to achieve accurate and sensitive detection. Meanwhile, classic sensors such as photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive but lack spatial multiplexing capabilities and are generally not suited for point-of-care applications outside a standard laboratory setting. To address this issue, in this paper, a miniaturized and versatile silicon-photomultiplier-based fiber-integrated CL device (SFCD) was designed for sensitive multiplex CL detection. The SFCD comprises a silicon photomultiplier array coupled to an array of high numerical aperture plastic optical fibers to achieve 16-plex detection. The optical fibers ensure efficient light collection while allowing the fixed detector to be mated with diverse sample geometries (e.g., circular or grid), simply by adjusting the fiber configuration. In a head-to-head comparison with a lens-based camera system featuring a cooled detector, the SFCD achieved a 14-fold improved limit of detection in both direct and enzyme-mediated CL reactions. The SFCD also features improved compactness and lower cost, as well as faster temporal resolution compared with camera-based systems while preserving spatial multiplexing and good environmental robustness. Thus, the SFCD has excellent potential for point-of-care biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kaiqin Chu
- Key Laboratory of Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zachary J Smith
- Key Laboratory of Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
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Mwanza C, Ding SN. Newly Developed Electrochemiluminescence Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry for Multiplex Biosensing Applications: A Consolidated Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:666. [PMID: 37367031 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an upsurge in the extent to which electrochemiluminescence (ECL) working in synergy with bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is being applied in simple biosensing devices, especially in a clinical setup. The key objective of this particular write-up is to present a consolidated review of ECL-BPE, providing a three-dimensional perspective incorporating its strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and potential applications as a biosensing technique. The review encapsulates critical insights into the latest and novel developments in the field of ECL-BPE, including innovative electrode designs and newly developed, novel luminophores and co-reactants employed in ECL-BPE systems, along with challenges, such as optimization of the interelectrode distance, electrode miniaturization and electrode surface modification for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, this consolidated review will provide an overview of the latest, novel applications and advances made in this field with a bias toward multiplex biosensing based on the past five years of research. The studies reviewed herein, indicate that the technology is rapidly advancing at an outstanding purse and has an immense potential to revolutionize the general field of biosensing. This perspective aims to stimulate innovative ideas and inspire researchers alike to incorporate some elements of ECL-BPE into their studies, thereby steering this field into previously unexplored domains that may lead to unexpected, interesting discoveries. For instance, the application of ECL-BPE in other challenging and complex sample matrices such as hair for bioanalytical purposes is currently an unexplored area. Of great significance, a substantial fraction of the content in this review article is based on content from research articles published between the years 2018 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mwanza
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Chemistry Department, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Rahn KL, Peramune U, Zhang T, Anand RK. Label-Free Electrochemical Methods for Disease Detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:49-69. [PMID: 36854209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091622-085754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Label-free electrochemical biosensing leverages the advantages of label-free techniques, low cost, and fewer user steps, with the sensitivity and portability of electrochemical analysis. In this review, we identify four label-free electrochemical biosensing mechanisms: (a) blocking the electrode surface, (b) allowing greater access to the electrode surface, (c) changing the intercalation or electrostatic affinity of a redox probe to a biorecognition unit, and (d) modulating ion or electron transport properties due to conformational and surface charge changes. Each mechanism is described, recent advancements are summarized, and relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are discussed. Furthermore, two avenues for gaining further diagnostic information from label-free electrochemical biosensors, through multiplex analysis and incorporating machine learning, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Umesha Peramune
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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