Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Toxic Acidic Components from Acidic Oil Using 1,8-Diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-Based Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquid electrolyte selection for high voltage supercapacitors in high-temperature applications

Systematic analyses of electrolyte physicochemical properties are important to screen ionic liquids (ILs) and understand the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrolytes. This study harmonizes the evaluation of electrochemical performance and transport properties of eight shortlisted ILs from 22 commercially available hydrophobic ILs toward achieving a ≥ 5 V supercapacitor capable of high-temperature operation (up to 353.15 K). The eight ILs are N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Pyr 1, 3] [TFSI], N-Pentyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Pyr 1, 5] [TFSI]), N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([Pyr 1, 3] [FSI]), 1-Methyl-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Pyr 1, 102] [TFSI]), 1-Methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Pip 1, 3] [TFSI]), 1-Methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([Pip 1, 3] [FSI]), N-Trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([N 111, 3] [TFSI]), N-Trimethyl-N-hexylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([N 111, 6] [TFSI]). The density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity of the eight ILs were measured between 278.15 and 373.15 K to confirm the effects of temperature and ion structure before electrochemical characterization. The [FSI]-based ILs ([Pip 1, 3] [FSI] and [Pyr 1, 3] [FSI]) showed lower densities and viscosities compared to other ILs among the eight based on [TFSI]. Consequently, the highest conductivity was obtained for [Pyr 1, 3] [FSI]. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy was performed on supercapacitors assembled with the eight ILs as electrolytes between 298.15-353.15 K. Conclusion from the two-electrode supercapacitors using multi-walled carbon nanotubes showed the 6 most-applicable ILs towards the targeted ≥ 5 V SC at high temperature are [Pip 1, 3] [TFSI] (5.4 V), [Pip 1, 3] [FSI] (5 V), [N 111, 3] [TFSI] (5.1 V), [N 111, 6] [TFSI] (5.2 V), [Pyr 1, 102] [TFSI] (5.2 V), and [Pyr 1, 5] [TFSI] (5.2 V).

Sample preparation, analytical characterization, monitoring, risk assessment and treatment of naphthenic acids in industrial wastewater and surrounding water impacted by unconventional petroleum production

Industrial extraction of unconventional petroleum results in notable volumes of oil sands process water (OSPW), containing elevated concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs). The presence of NAs represents an intricate amalgamation of dissolved organic constituents, thereby presenting a notable hurdle for the domain of environmental analytical chemistry. There is growing concern about monitoring the potential seepage of OSPW NAs into nearby groundwater and river water. This review summarizes recent studies on sample preparation, characterization, monitoring, risk assessment, and treatment of NAs in industrial wastewater and surrounding water. Sample preparation approaches, such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase microextraction, and solid phase extraction, are crucial in isolating chemical standards, performing molecular level analysis, assessing aquatic toxicity, monitoring, and treating OSPW. Instrument techniques for NAs analysis were reviewed to cover different injection modes, ionization sources, and mass analyzers. Recent studies of transfer and transformation of NAs provide insights to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural bitumen-derived sources of NAs. In addition, related risk assessment and treatment studies were also present for elucidation of environmental implication and reclamation strategies. The synthesis of the current state of scientific knowledge presented in this review targets government regulators, academic researchers, and industrial scientists with interests spanning analytical chemistry, toxicology, and wastewater management.