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Mourya A, Prajapati N. Precision Deuteration in Search of Anticancer Agents: Approaches to Cancer Drug Discovery. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2024; 39:1-18. [PMID: 37585602 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2023.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy has been shifted from conventional cytotoxic drug therapy to selective and target-specific therapy after the findings about DNA changes and proteins that are responsible for cancer. A large number of newer drugs were discovered as targeted therapy for particular types of neoplastic disease. The initial discovery includes the development of the first in the category, imatinib, a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia in 2001. But the joy did not last for long as the drug developed a point mutation within the ABL1 kinase domain of BCR-ABL1, which subsequently led to the discovery of many other TKIs. Resistance was observed for newer TKIs a few years after their launching, but the use of TKIs in life-threatening cancer therapy is considered as far better compared with the risks of disease because of its target specificity and hence less toxicity. In search of a better anticancer agent, the physiochemical properties of the lead molecule have been modified for its efficacy toward disease and delay in the development of resistance. Deuteration in the drug molecule is one of such modifications that alter the pharmacokinetic properties, generally its metabolism, as compared with its pharmacodynamic effects. Precision deuteration in many anticancer drugs has been carried out to search for better drugs for cancer. In this review, the majority of anticancer drugs and molecules for which deuteration was applied to get better anticancer molecules were discussed. This review will provide a complete guide about the benefits of deuteration in cancer chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Drug Discovery
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mourya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Navnit Prajapati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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2
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Li P, Du Z, Wu B, Zhao X, You Y. Highly effective and selective FeBr 3-promoted deuterium bromination/cyclization of 1, n-enynes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:959-964. [PMID: 38205648 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01778h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A highly effective and selective FeBr3-promoted deuterium bromination/cyclization of 1,n-enynes is reported. On the one hand, the Lewis acid FeBr3 as a catalyst promotes cyclization of 1,n-enynes to afford deuterium heterocyclic frameworks with high efficiency. On the other hand, FeBr3 serves as the bromine source (with D2O as the deuterium source) to promote the formation of the desired deuterated pyrrole derivatives containing alkenyl bromide groups. This protocol provides an effective pathway to afford deuterated alkenyl brominative compounds as (Z)-isomers with high yields and selectivity, offering a new method for introducing 2H into organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Cable Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Zhongjian Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Baofeng Wu
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing 163712, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing 163712, China
| | - Yang'en You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, China.
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3
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Li H, Peng M, Wang L, Jiang T, Li X, Fu Y, Hu Z, An J. Single Electron Transfer Reductive Deuteration of Acyl Chlorides for the Synthesis of Deuterated Alcohols with a High Deuterium Atom Economy. Org Lett 2024; 26:719-723. [PMID: 38236082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We present a highly deuterium atom economical approach for the synthesis of deuterated alcohols via the single electron transfer (SET) reductive deuteration of acyl chlorides. Cost-effective sodium dispersion and EtOD-d1 were used as the single electron donor and deuterium donor, respectively. Our approach achieved up to 49% deuterium atom economy, which represents the highest deuterium atom economy yet achieved in SET reductive deuteration reactions. With all 20 tested substrates, excellent regioselectivity and >92% deuterium incorporations were obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential of this methodology by synthesizing four deuterated analogues of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R&D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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4
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Uchiyama H, Ban K, Nozaki S, Ikeda Y, Ishimoto T, Fujioka H, Kamiya M, Amari R, Tsujino H, Arai M, Yamazoe S, Maekawa K, Kato T, Doi M, Kadota K, Tozuka Y, Tomita N, Sajiki H, Akai S, Sawama Y. Impact of multiple H/D replacements on the physicochemical properties of flurbiprofen. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2583-2592. [PMID: 38107175 PMCID: PMC10718516 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although deuterium incorporation into pharmaceutical drugs is an attractive way to expand drug modalities, their physicochemical properties have not been sufficiently examined. This study focuses on examining the changes in physicochemical properties between flurbiprofen (FP) and flurbiprofen-d8 (FP-d8), which was successfully prepared by direct and multiple H/D exchange reactions at the eight aromatic C-H bonds of FP. Although the effect of deuterium incorporation was not observed between the crystal structures of FP and FP-d8, the melting point and heat of fusion of FP-d8 were lower than those of FP. Additionally, the solubility of FP-d8 increased by 2-fold compared to that of FP. Calculation of the interaction energy between FP/FP-d8 and water molecules using the multi-component density functional theory method resulted in increased solubility of FP-d8. These novel and valuable findings regarding the changes in physicochemical properties triggered by deuterium incorporation can contribute to the further development of deuterated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Kazuho Ban
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shiho Nozaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yui Ikeda
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujioka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Ryugo Amari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sachi Yamazoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts 97-1 Minamihokodate Koudo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Keiko Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts 97-1 Minamihokodate Koudo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Takuma Kato
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Doi
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-20-1 Nasahara Takatsuki Osaka 569-1094 Japan
| | - Naohito Tomita
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4-Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4-Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6, Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Deuterium Science Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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5
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Ban K, Imai K, Oyama S, Tokunaga J, Ikeda Y, Uchiyama H, Kadota K, Tozuka Y, Akai S, Sawama Y. Sulfonium Salt Reagents for the Introduction of Deuterated Alkyl Groups in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311058. [PMID: 37726202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of pharmaceutical drugs can be improved by replacing C-H bonds with the more stable C-D bonds at the α-position to heteroatoms, which is a typical metabolic site for cytochrome P450 enzymes. However, the application of deuterated synthons is limited. Herein, we established a novel concept for preparing deuterated reagents for the successful synthesis of complex drug skeletons with deuterium atoms at the α-position to heteroatoms. (dn -Alkyl)diphenylsulfonium salts prepared from the corresponding nondeuterated forms using inexpensive and abundant D2 O as the deuterium source with a base, were used as electrophilic alkylating reagents. Additionally, these deuterated sulfonium salts were efficiently transformed into dn -alkyl halides and a dn -alkyl azide as coupling reagents and a dn -alkyl amine as a nucleophile. Furthermore, liver microsomal metabolism studies revealed deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIE) in 7-(d2 -ethoxy)flavone. The present concept for the synthesis of deuterated reagents and the first demonstration of a KIE in a d2 -ethoxy group will contribute to drug discovery research based on deuterium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Ban
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuki Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jin Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Ikeda
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Deuterium Science Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Moriyama S, Mae M, Shibata D, Yamakoshi H, Kajimoto S, Nakabayashi T, Ishimoto T, Mogi K, Sajiki H, Akai S, Sawama Y. Multiple deuteration of triphenylphosphine and live-cell Raman imaging of deuterium-incorporated Mito-Q. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12100-12103. [PMID: 37721453 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
All aromatic C-H bonds of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) were efficiently replaced by C-D bonds using Ru/C and Ir/C co-catalysts in 2-PrOH and D2O, an inexpensive deuterium source. Furthermore, non-radioactive and safe deuterium-incorporated Mito-Q (drug candidate) was prepared from deuterated PPh3 and used for the live-cell Raman imaging to evaluate the mitochondrial uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Moriyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Miyu Mae
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Daiki Shibata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinji Kajimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kaiki Mogi
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4-Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4-Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshinari Sawama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Deuterium Science Research Unit, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Van Oers TJ, Piercey A, Belovodskiy A, Reiz B, Donnelly BL, Vuong W, Lemieux MJ, Nieman JA, Auclair K, Vederas JC. Deuteration for Metabolic Stabilization of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors GC373 and Nirmatrelvir. Org Lett 2023; 25:5885-5889. [PMID: 37523471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir and GC373 inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease and hinder viral replication in COVID-19. As nirmatrelvir in Paxlovid is oxidized by cytochrome P450 3A4, ritonavir is coadministered to block this. However, ritonavir undesirably alters the metabolism of other drugs. Hydrogens can be replaced with deuterium in nirmatrelvir and GC373 to slow oxidation. Results show that deuterium slows oxidation of nirmatrelvir adjacent to nitrogen by ∼40% and that the type of warhead can switch the site of oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla J Van Oers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alexia Piercey
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Alexandr Belovodskiy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Béla Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bethan L Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wayne Vuong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - James A Nieman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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