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Yekeler HB, Guler E, Beato PS, Priya S, Abobakr FKM, Dogan M, Uner B, Kalaskar DM, Cam ME. Design and in vitro evaluation of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticle-embedded sodium alginate/gelatin 3D printed scaffolds for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131841. [PMID: 38679260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted nanoparticles (NPs) are aimed at improving clinical outcomes by enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Curcumin (CUR)-loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs (CNPs) were produced to demonstrate a prolonged release and successfully embedded into 3D printed sodium alginate (SA)/gelatin (GEL) scaffolds that can dissolve rapidly sublingually. Characterization and in vitro activity of the NPs and scaffolds were evaluated. RESULTS Based on the in vitro drug release studies, 99.6 % of the encapsulated CUR was released in a controlled manner within 18 days for the CNPs. In vitro cell culture studies showed that all samples exhibited cell viability above 84.2 % and no significant cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells. The samples were analyzed through 2 different pathways by PCR analysis. Real-time PCR results indicated that CNP and CNP-embedded SA/GEL scaffolds (CNPSGS) may show neuroprotective effects by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The gene expression level of β-catenin slightly increased compared to the gene expression levels of other proteins and enzymes with these treatments. However, the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway was regulated at the same time because of the crosstalk between these 2 pathways. CONCLUSION CNPSGS might be an effective therapeutic alternative for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humeyra Betul Yekeler
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Türkiye; Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Türkiye; UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK; MecNano Technologies, Cube Incibation, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Türkiye
| | - Ece Guler
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Türkiye; UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK; MecNano Technologies, Cube Incibation, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Türkiye; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kent University, Kagithane 34406, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Patricia Santos Beato
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Sushma Priya
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Murat Dogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Türkiye; Cancer Survivorship Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Burcu Uner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kent University, Kagithane 34406, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Deepak M Kalaskar
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Muhammet Emin Cam
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Türkiye; UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, UK; MecNano Technologies, Cube Incibation, Teknopark Istanbul, Istanbul 34906, Türkiye; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kent University, Kagithane 34406, Istanbul, Türkiye; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Türkiye.
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Lu Q, Gao W, Chen Z, Liu Z, Wang J, Zeng L, Hu X, Zheng E, Zhang Q, Song H. Co-delivery of Paclitaxel/Atovaquone/Quercetin to regulate energy metabolism to reverse multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer by PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124028. [PMID: 38518871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously endangers the lives of women, with chemotherapy being the primary clinical treatment. However, chemotherapy encounters the problem of generating multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to drug efflux induced by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which decreases intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. The drugs efflux mediated by P-gp requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to provide energy. Therefore, modulating energy metabolism pathways and inhibiting ATP production may be a potential strategy to reverse MDR. Herein, we developed a PTX-ATO-QUE nanoparticle (PAQNPs) based on a PLGA-PEG nanoplatform capable of loading the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor atovaquone (ATO), the glycolysis inhibitor quercetin (QUE), and the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX) to reverse MDR by inhibiting energy metabolism through multiple pathways. Mechanistically, PAQNPs could effectively inhibit the OXPHOS and glycolytic pathways of A2780/Taxol cells by suppressing the activities of mitochondrial complex III and hexokinase II (HK II), respectively, ultimately decreasing intracellular ATP levels in tumor cells. Energy depletion can effectively inhibit cell proliferation and reduce P-gp activity, increasing the chemotherapeutic drug PTX accumulation in the cells. Moreover, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased with PTX accumulation and leads to chemotherapy-resistant cell apoptosis. Furthermore, PAQNPs significantly inhibited tumor growth in the A2780/Taxol tumor-bearing NCG mice model. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of tumor tissues revealed that P-gp expression was suppressed, demonstrating that PAQNPs are effective in reversing MDR in tumors by inducing energy depletion. In addition, the safety study results, including blood biochemical indices, major organ weights, and H&E staining images, showed that PAQNPs have a favorable in vivo safety profile. In summary, the results suggest that the combined inhibition of the two energy pathways, OXPHOS and glycolysis, can enhance chemotherapy efficacy and reverse MDR in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Wenhao Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Xiaomu Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, PR China.
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3
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Jamali S, Jamali B, Abedi F, Firoozrai M, Davaran S, Vaghefi Moghaddam S. Folate receptor-mediated delivery system based on chitosan coated polymeric nanoparticles for combination therapy of breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:605-627. [PMID: 38271010 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2303196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Combination therapy using two or more drugs with different mechanisms of action is an effective strategy for treating cancer. This is because of the synergistic effect of complementary drugs that enhances their effectiveness. However, this approach has some limitations, such as non-specific distribution of the drugs in the tumor and the occurrence of dose-dependent toxicity to healthy tissues. To overcome these issues, we have developed a folate receptor-mediated co-delivery system that improves the access of chemotherapy drugs to the tumor site. We prepared a nanoplatform by encapsulating paclitaxel (PTX) and curcumin (CUR) in poly(caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) co-polymer using a double emulsion method and coating nanoparticles with pH-responsive chitosan-folic acid (CS-FA) conjugate. The nanocarrier's physicochemical properties were studied, confirming successful preparation with appropriate size and morphology. PTX and CUR could be released synchronously in a controlled and acid-facilitated manner. The dual drug-loaded nanocarrier exhibited excellent anti-tumor efficiency in MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. The active targeting effect of FA concluded from the high inhibitory effect of dual drug-loaded nanocarrier on MDA-MB-231 cells, which have overexpressed folate receptors on their surface, compared to Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Overall, the nanoengineered folate receptor-mediated co-delivery system provides great potential for safe and effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Jamali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Behzad Jamali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abedi
- Clinical Research Development, Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Firoozrai
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevil Vaghefi Moghaddam
- Clinical Research Development, Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Dourado D, Miranda JA, de Oliveira MC, Freire DT, Xavier-Júnior FH, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Alencar ÉDN. Recent Trends in Curcumin-Containing Inorganic-Based Nanoparticles Intended for In Vivo Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:177. [PMID: 38399238 PMCID: PMC10891663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural compound that has been widely investigated thanks to its various biological properties, including antiproliferative. This molecule acts on different cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, etc. However, the bioactive actions of curcumin have limitations when its physicochemical properties compromise its pharmacological potential. As a therapeutic strategy against cancer, curcumin has been associated with inorganic nanoparticles. These nanocarriers are capable of delivering curcumin and offering physicochemical properties that synergistically enhance anticancer properties. This review highlights the different types of curcumin-based inorganic nanoparticles and discusses their physicochemical properties and in vivo anticancer activity in different models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Dourado
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil;
| | - Júlio Abreu Miranda
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59010-180, RN, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (M.C.d.O.)
| | - Matheus Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59010-180, RN, Brazil; (J.A.M.); (M.C.d.O.)
| | - Danielle Teixeira Freire
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (D.T.F.); (E.J.P.-G.)
| | - Francisco Humberto Xavier-Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (BioTecFarm), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (D.T.F.); (E.J.P.-G.)
| | - Éverton do Nascimento Alencar
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (D.T.F.); (E.J.P.-G.)
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Chen C, Yang L, Peng Y, Zhang WJ, Yang XX, Zhou W. Autophagic blockage by metformin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles causes cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:43-58. [PMID: 38197371 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To fabricate and characterize metformin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and investigate their inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells. Materials & methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using a double emulsification method, then characterized and subjected to a series of in vitro assays on HepG2 cells. Results: The nanoparticles were ~277.9 nm in size, and the entrapment efficiency and drug loading of metformin were 31.3 and 14.4%, respectively. In vitro studies suggested that the nanoparticles showed a higher inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells compared with metformin alone, mainly attributed to its blockage of autophagy, and ultimately result in cell cycle inhibition. Conclusion: The metformin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles could inhibit mTOR activity, increase p53 levels and decrease HIF1A levels, which ultimately caused HepG2 cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism & Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jie Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism & Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
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6
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Verduin J, Tutiš L, Becking AJ, Famili A, Zhang K, Pirok BWJ, Somsen GW. Characterization of Dye-Loaded Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Combining Hydrodynamic and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18767-18775. [PMID: 38092659 PMCID: PMC10753526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods for the assessment of drug-delivery systems (DDSs) are commonly suitable for characterizing individual DDS properties, but do not allow determination of several properties simultaneously. A comprehensive online two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) system was developed that is aimed to be capable of characterizing both nanoparticle size and encapsulated cargo over the particle size distribution of a DDS by using one integrated method. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with encapsulated hydrophobic dyes were used as model DDSs. Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) was used in the first dimension to separate the intact NPs and to determine the particle size distribution. Fractions from the first dimension were taken comprehensively and disassembled online by the addition of an organic solvent, thereby releasing the encapsulated cargo. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was used as a second dimension to separate the released dyes. Conditions were optimized to ensure the complete disassembly of the NPs and the dissolution of the dyes during the solvent modulation step. Subsequently, stationary-phase-assisted modulation (SPAM) was applied for trapping and preconcentration of the analytes, thereby minimizing the risk of analyte precipitation or breakthrough. The developed HDC × RPLC method allows for the characterization of encapsulated cargo as a function of intact nanoparticle size and shows potential for the analysis of API stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshka Verduin
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Tutiš
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. Becking
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amin Famili
- Synthetic
Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Synthetic
Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bob W. J. Pirok
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical-Chemistry
Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar G, Virmani T, Sharma A, Pathak K. Codelivery of Phytochemicals with Conventional Anticancer Drugs in Form of Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030889. [PMID: 36986748 PMCID: PMC10055866 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drugs in monotherapy are ineffective to treat various kinds of cancer due to the heterogeneous nature of cancer. Moreover, available anticancer drugs possessed various hurdles, such as drug resistance, insensitivity of cancer cells to drugs, adverse effects and patient inconveniences. Hence, plant-based phytochemicals could be a better substitute for conventional chemotherapy for treatment of cancer due to various properties: lesser adverse effects, action via multiple pathways, economical, etc. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that a combination of phytochemicals with conventional anticancer drugs is more efficacious than phytochemicals individually to treat cancer because plant-derived compounds have lower anticancer efficacy than conventional anticancer drugs. Moreover, phytochemicals suffer from poor aqueous solubility and reduced bioavailability, which must be resolved for efficacious treatment of cancer. Therefore, nanotechnology-based novel carriers are employed for codelivery of phytochemicals and conventional anticancer drugs for better treatment of cancer. These novel carriers include nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes that provide various benefits of improved solubility, reduced adverse effects, higher efficacy, reduced dose, improved dosing frequency, reduced drug resistance, improved bioavailability and higher patient compliance. This review summarizes various phytochemicals employed in treatment of cancer, combination therapy of phytochemicals with anticancer drugs and various nanotechnology-based carriers to deliver the combination therapy in treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Aurangabad 121105, India
| | - Tarun Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Aurangabad 121105, India
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Aurangabad 121105, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai 206001, India
- Correspondence:
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