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Aziz T, Qadir R, Anwar F, Naz S, Nazir N, Nabi G, Haiying C, Lin L, Alharbi M, Alasmari AF. Optimal Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Leaves of Pongamia pinnata via Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04875-w. [PMID: 38386143 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This research work seeks to evaluate the impact of selected enzyme complexes on the optimised release of phenolics from leaves of Pongamia pinnata. After preliminary solvent extraction, the P. pinnata leaf extract was subjected to enzymatic treatment, using enzyme cocktails such as kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme, and zympex-014. It was noticed that zympex-014 had a greater extract yield (28.0%) than kemzyme dry-plus (17.0%) and natuzyme (18.0%). Based on the better outcomes, zympex-014-based extract values were subsequently applied to several RSM parameters. The selected model is suggested to be significant by the F value (12.50) and R2 value (0.9669). The applicability of the ANN model was shown by how closely the projected values from the ANN were to the experimental values. In terms of total phenolic contents (18.61 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (12.56 mg CE/g), and DPPH test (IC50) (6.5 g/mL), antioxidant activities also shown significant findings. SEM analysis also revealed that the cell walls were damaged during enzymatic hydrolysis, as opposed to non-hydrolysed material. Using GC-MS, five potent phenolic compounds were identified in P. pinnata extract. According to the findings of this study, the recovery of phenolic bioactives and subsequent increase in the antioxidant capacity of P. pinnata leaf extract were both positively impacted by the optimisation approaches suggested, including the use of zympex-014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aziz
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Rahman Qadir
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sumaira Naz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Nausheen Nazir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-120, Poland
| | - Cui Haiying
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wasti Y, Muntaqua D, Majid M, Naz I, Zafar A, Khan SU, Kazmi STB, Rehman TU, Irshad N, Fatima H. Characterization and comparative evaluation of wound healing potential of Ajugarin I and Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Front Chem 2024; 11:1325578. [PMID: 38362004 PMCID: PMC10867974 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1325578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ajuga bracteosa (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as kauri booti, is an important ethnomedicinal plant. The current research was conducted to appraise and compare the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial profiles as well as in vivo wound healing potentials of Ajugarin I and A. bracteosa extract. Ajugarin I and polyphenols in A. bracteosa were enumerated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis that confirmed significant amounts of Ajugarin I (2.2 ± 0.02 μg/mg DW) and other phenolic compounds (14 out of 17 standards). A. bracteosa (374.4 ± 0.20 µg AAE/mg of DW, 201.9 ± 0.20 µg AAE/mg of DW, 87 ± 0.30%) showed a higher antioxidant profile compared to Ajugarin I (221.8 ± 0.50 µg AAE/mg of DW, 51.8 ± 0.40 µg AAE/mg of DW, 27.65 ± 0.80%) with 1.86-, 3.89-, and 3.15-fold greater activity in ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity, and free radical scavenging assays, respectively. Likewise, A. bracteosa showed antibacterial activity against 3/5 strains (MIC 25-200 μg/ml) than Ajugarin I (2/5 strains; MIC 50-200 μg/ml). Hemolytic (<2% hemolysis) and dermal toxicity tests rendered both samples non-toxic. Additionally, A. bracteosa (100 ± 2.34% at day 12; 9.33 ± 0.47 days) demonstrated 1.11- and 1.24-fold higher percent wound contraction and epithelization time, respectively, than Ajugarin I (95.6 ± 1.52% at day 12; 11.6 ± 0.47 days) as assessed by an excision wound model in mice. Histopathological examination further reinforced the better wound healing potential of A. bracteosa with good epithelization, collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, and revascularization. Briefly, we endorse the significant comparative antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound healing activities of A. bracteosa and Ajugarin I and present these as prospective candidates for wound healing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Wasti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Durdana Muntaqua
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aroosa Zafar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Tofeeq Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Irshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Verma SK, Goyary D, Singh AK, Anandhan S, Raina SN, Pandey S, Kumar S, Khare N. Modulation of terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway via elicitation with phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles for the enhancement of ajmalicine, a pharmaceutically important alkaloid. PLANTA 2023; 259:30. [PMID: 38150044 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The use of silver nanoparticles as elicitors in cell cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina resulted in increased levels of ajmalicine, upregulated structural and regulatory genes, elevated MDA content, and reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes. These findings hold potential for developing a cost-effective method for commercial ajmalicine production. Plants possess an intrinsic ability to detect various stress signals, prompting the activation of defense mechanisms through the reprogramming of metabolites to counter adverse conditions. The current study aims to propose an optimized bioprocess for enhancing the content of ajmalicine in Rauwolfia serpentina callus through elicitation with phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles. Initially, callus lines exhibiting elevated ajmalicine content were established. Following this, a protocol for the phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract from Rauwolfia serpentina was successfully standardized. The physicochemical attributes of the silver nanoparticles were identified, including their spherical shape, size ranging from 6.7 to 28.8 nm in diameter, and the presence of reducing-capping groups such as amino, carbonyl, and amide. Further, the findings indicated that the presence of 2.5 mg L-1 phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles in the culture medium increased the ajmalicine content. Concurrently, structural genes (TDC, SLS, STR, SGD, G10H) and regulatory gene (ORCA3) associated with the ajmalicine biosynthetic pathway were observed to be upregulated. A notable increase in MDA content and a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed. A notable increase in MDA content and a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were also observed. Our results strongly recommend the augmentation of ajmalicine content in the callus culture of R. serpentina through supplementation with silver nanoparticles, a potential avenue for developing a cost-effective process for the commercial production of ajmalicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Verma
- Nims Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, Nims University Rajasthan, Delhi-Jaipur Highway, NH-11C, Jaipur, 303121, Rajasthan, India
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sivalingam Anandhan
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, 410505, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soom Nath Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeraj Khare
- Nims Institute of Allied Medical Science and Technology, Nims University Rajasthan, Delhi-Jaipur Highway, NH-11C, Jaipur, 303121, Rajasthan, India.
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Khalid A, Ali S, Rukhma, Jahangeer M, Sarwar A, Nelofer R, Aziz T, Alharbi M, Alasmari AF, Albekairi TH. Immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae tyrosine hydroxylase on ZnO nanocrystals for improved stability and catalytic efficiency towards L-dopa production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22882. [PMID: 38129644 PMCID: PMC10739923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study focuses on the submerged fermentation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) from Aspergillus oryzae IIB-9 and its immobilization on zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnO-NPs) for increased L-dopa production. The volume of Vogel's medium (75 ml), period of incubation (72 h), initial pH (5.5), and size of inoculum (1.5 ml) were optimal for maximum TH activity. The watch glass-dried (WG) and filter paper-dried (FP) ZnO-NPs were prepared and characterized using analytical techniques. The UV-Vis spectra revealed 295 and 285 nm absorption peaks for WG-ZnO-NPs and FP-ZnO-NPs dispersed in isopropanol. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of ZnO-NPs. FTIR spectra band from 740 to 648.1/cm and 735.8/cm to 650.1/cm showed the stretching vibrations of WG-ZnO-NPs and FP-ZnO-NPs, respectively. The particle size of ZnO-NPs observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images was between 130 and 170 nm. Furthermore, the stability of immobilized TH on ZnO-NPs was determined by varying the incubation period (10 min for WG-NPs and 15 min for FP-NPs) and temperature (45 °C and 30 °C for WG and FP-NPs, respectively). Incubating enzymes with various copper, iron, manganese, and zinc salts studied the catalytic efficiency of TH. Immobilization of TH on ZnO-NPs resulted in an 11.05-fold increase in TH activity, thus enhancing stability and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa Khalid
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sikander Ali
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rukhma
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jahangeer
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Sarwar
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Nelofer
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 471 32, Arta, Greece.
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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