Metal-Free C-H Functionalization of Allenamides: An Access to Branched Allylic Esters

Intermediate Control: Unlocking Hitherto Unknown Reactivity and Selectivity in N-Conjugated Allenes and Alkynes

ConspectusControlling selectivity through manipulation of reaction intermediates remains one of the most enduring challenges in organic chemistry, providing novel solutions for selective C-C π-bond functionalization. This approach, guided by activation principles, provides an effective method for selective functional group installation, enabling direct synthesis of organic molecules that are inaccessible through conventional pathways. In particular, the selective functionalization of N-conjugated allenes and alkynes has emerged as a promising research focus, driven by advances in controlling reactive intermediates and activation strategies. In this regard, our group, alongside others, has established some new approaches that have emerged as a suitable platform for the synthesis of functionalized enamides. This Account reviews recent developments in the field, highlighting new modes of reactivity and selectivity, atom-economical functionalizations, and strategies for regio- and stereocontrol, while providing mechanistic insights into related transformations.Our study is systematically organized into two sections based on substrate type and chronological research progression. In the first section, we establish a platform by controlling allenamide-derived intermediates, enabling both allenamide-alkyne (AA) cross-coupling and a few novel electrophile-promoted hydrofunctionalization reactions. The unprecedented selectivity in Pd-catalyzed allenamide-alkyne cross-coupling is achieved through neighboring group chelation, with phosphine ligand selection controlling the reaction outcome. In parallel, the electrophile-promoted functionalizations─including haloalkynylation, hydrooxycarbonylation, hydrodifluoroalkylation, and intermolecular hydroamination─are achieved through strategic selection of electrophiles or their precursors.Additionally, our findings demonstrate how ynamides' reactivity toward both electrophiles and nucleophiles, controlled through activator modulation, expands the scope of accessible transformations. Key findings include: (1) chemoselective [2 + 2 + 2] annulation through efficient trapping of N-arylated nitrilium electrophiles by ynamides, (2) divergent C-H annulation of indole-derived vinylogous ynamides controlled by metal and ligand selection via intramolecular hydroarylation, (3) bromoalkynylation-enabled functional group migration through a novel 1,3-alkynyl shift.The final section explores how N-electron polarization in 1,3-enynes enables new chemoselectivity in metal-free inter- and intramolecular couplings with indole substrates. Our findings demonstrate that modulating N-electron conjugation within the enyne skeleton─through both linear and cross conjugation─can direct activation pathways and control product selectivity.This Account aims to stimulate broader research into the intermediate-controlled functionalization of activated π-systems. Future research directions include advanced activator design, novel functional group migration strategies, and deeper mechanistic studies to enable rational reaction development.

Regio- and Stereoselective Hexafluoroisopropoxylation and Trifluoroethoxylation of Allenamides

Incorporating fluorinated moieties into organic molecules is an attractive strategy to enhance drug-like properties. Herein, we have developed a simple and self-promoted protocol for hexafluoroisopropoxylation and trifluoroethoxylation of allenamides with fluorinated alcohols such as HFIP and TFE. The reaction provided the fluoroalkoxylated products in a regio- and stereoselective manner in good to moderate yields under mild conditions.

Acetate Assistance in Regioselective Hydroamination of Allenamides: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study

A key factor in the development of selective nucleophilic addition to allenamides is controlling the reactivity of electrophilic intermediates, which is generally achieved using an electrophilic activator via conjugated iminium intermediates. In this combined experimental and computational study, we show that a general and highly chemoselective hydroamination of allenamides can be accomplished using a combination of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and NaOAc. Experimental mechanistic studies revealed that HFIP mediates proton transfer to activate the allenamide, while the acetate additive significantly contributes to N-selective interception. This strategy enables a general hydroamination of allenamides without the use of metals. We demonstrated that various functionalized 1,3-diamines could be readily synthesized and diversified into value-added structural motifs. Detailed mechanistic investigations using the density functional theory revealed the role of NaOAc in the formation of reactive electrophilic intermediates, which ultimately governed the selective formation of 1,3-diamine products. Critically, calculations of the potential energy surface around the proton-transfer transition state revealed that two different reactive electrophilic intermediates were formed when NaOAc was added.

Selective Hydrofunctionalization of N-Allenyl Derivatives with Heteronucleophiles Catalyzed by Brønsted Acids

In this study, we present a novel and environmentally sustainable protocol for the γ-hydrofunctionalization of N-allenyl compounds using various heteronucleophiles catalyzed solely by simple Brønsted acids. The method displays remarkable attributes, highlighting its sustainability, efficiency, regio- and stereoselectivity, as well as its versatile applicability to diverse heteroatom-containing enamides. Notably, our approach eliminates the need for metal catalysts and toxic solvents, representing a significant advancement in greener chemistry practices. We demonstrate the broad scope of our protocol by successfully scaling up reactions to gram-scale syntheses, underscoring its robustness for potential industrial implementation. The resulting γ-heterosubstituted enamides offer new possibilities for further synthetic transformations, yielding highly functionalized compounds with diverse applications. Mechanistic investigations reveal the pivotal role of CSA as a catalyst, enabling alcohol addition via a covalent activation mode.

Synthesis of 1,2-diselenides via potassium persulfate-mediated diselenation of allenamides with diselenides

An efficient potassium persulfate-mediated radical addition of allenamides with diselenides was developed to create a workable route to 1,2-diselenide products. The reaction tolerates a wide spectrum of functional groups to deliver the products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic investigations including a calculation study indicated that the radical cascade proceeds through a vinyl radical intermediate, which is formed via a selenium radical added to the terminal CC double bond of allenamides.

Characterization and Utilization of the Elusive α,β-Unsaturated N-Tosyliminium: the Synthesis of Highly Functionalizable Skipped Halo Enynes

A formal haloalkynylation of allenamides has been described for the synthesis of highly stereo- and regioselective skipped halo enynes. Exclusive γ-regioselectivity is achieved through the intermediacy of a conjugated N-tosyliminium intermediate-direct evidence for the formation of which was validated by NMR and HRMS. Quantum mechanical computations reveal that the reactive intermediate geometry is key to controlling the 1,2- or 1,4-regioselectivity of alkyne interception. Divergent access to elusive unsaturated systems has also been reported.

Recent progress in transition-metal-free functionalization of allenamides

With their unique reactivity, selectivity, availability and stability, allenamides are receiving increasing attention, and reports on the functionalization of allenamides are rapidly growing in number. In this review, recent developments in transition-metal-free functionalization of allenamides are highlighted. First, developments based on allenamide reactivity are simply introduced. After presenting the advantages of allenamides, recent progress in transition-metal-free functionalization of allenamides is classified and discussed in detail in four parts: chiral phosphoric-acid-catalyzed asymmetric functionalization, iodine-reagent-mediated functionalization, 1,3-H-shift reaction of allenamides, and other metal-free allenamide functionalizations. For the majority of these transformations, plausible mechanisms are presented in detail. The purpose of this review is to provide illustrations of elegant allenamide chemistry, and thereby elicit further interest from the synthetic community to develop novel allenamide methodology.

NIS-promoted intermolecular bis-sulfenylation of allenamides via a two-step radical process: synthesis of 1,3-dithioethers

The first report of NIS-promoted two-step radical addition of thiols to allenamides to provide an efficient route for accessing 1,3-dithioethers.

Iron(ii)-chloride-catalyzed regioselective azidation of allenamides with TMSN3

The first report of iron catalyzed azidation of allenamides via radical process to provide an efficient route for accessing allyl azides.