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Marchi RC, Kock FVC, Soares Dos Campos IA, Jesus HCR, Venâncio T, da Silva MFGF, Fernandes JB, Rollini M, Limbo S, Carlos RM. Antioxidant activity of an Mg(II) compound containing ferulic acid as a chelator: potential application for active packaging and riboflavin stabilisation. Food Funct 2024; 15:1527-1538. [PMID: 38231081 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Foods rich in riboflavin (Rf) are susceptible to degradation due to oxidative processes with the formation of radicals. Herein, we describe the features and stability of an Mg(II) complex containing ferulic acid (fer) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as chelators: henceforth called Mg(phen)(fer). The electrochemical behavior of Mg(phen)(fer) is pH dependent and results from the stabilisation of the corresponding phenoxyl radical via complexation with Mg(II). This stabilisation enhances the antioxidant activity of Mg(phen)(fer) with respect to free fer and commercial antioxidants. Mg(phen)(fer) scavenges and neutralizes DPPH˙ (IC50 = 15.6 μmol L-1), ABTS˙+ (IC50 = 5.65 μmol L-1), peroxyl radical (IC50 = 5.64 μg L-1) and 1O2 (IC50 = 0.7 μg m-1). Mg(phen)(fer) effectively protects riboflavin (Rf) against photodegradation by quenching the singlet excited states of Rf regardless of the conditions. Also, the complex Mg(phen)(fer) was effectively incorporated into starch films, broadening its applications, as shown by microbiological studies. Thus, Mg(phen)(fer) has high potential for use in Rf-rich foods and to become a new alternative to the synthetic antioxidants currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Marchi
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Flavio V C Kock
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabele A Soares Dos Campos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Cesar R Jesus
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Venâncio
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fátima G F da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João B Fernandes
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Manuela Rollini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Limbo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rose M Carlos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Reis NV, Deacy AC, Rosetto G, Durr CB, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) Complexes for the Ring Opening Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide/Epoxide and Anhydride/Epoxide. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104198. [PMID: 35114048 PMCID: PMC9306976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The catalysed ring opening copolymerizations (ROCOP) of carbon dioxide/epoxide or anhydride/epoxide are controlled polymerizations that access useful polycarbonates and polyesters. Here, a systematic investigation of a series of heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) complexes reveals which metal combinations are most effective. The complexes combine different first row transition metals (M(II)) from Cr(II) to Zn(II), with Mg(II); all complexes are coordinated by the same macrocyclic ancillary ligand and by two acetate co-ligands. The complex syntheses and characterization data, as well as the polymerization data, for both carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and endo-norbornene anhydride (NA)/cyclohexene oxide, are reported. The fastest catalyst for both polymerizations is Mg(II)Co(II) which shows propagation rate constants (kp ) of 34.7 mM-1 s-1 (CO2 ) and 75.3 mM-1 s-1 (NA) (100 °C). The Mg(II)Fe(II) catalyst also shows excellent performances with equivalent rates for CO2 /CHO ROCOP (kp =34.7 mM-1 s-1 ) and may be preferable in terms of metallic abundance, low cost and low toxicity. Polymerization kinetics analyses reveal that the two lead catalysts show overall second order rate laws, with zeroth order dependencies in CO2 or anhydride concentrations and first order dependencies in both catalyst and epoxide concentrations. Compared to the homodinuclear Mg(II)Mg(II) complex, nearly all the transition metal heterodinuclear complexes show synergic rate enhancements whilst maintaining high selectivity and polymerization control. These findings are relevant to the future design and optimization of copolymerization catalysts and should stimulate broader investigations of synergic heterodinuclear main group/transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gloria Rosetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher B Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Marchi RC, Campos IA, Santana VT, Carlos RM. Chemical implications and considerations on techniques used to assess the in vitro antioxidant activity of coordination compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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