1
|
Horváth R, Modica G, Ghorbel I, Beaudoin G, Pantzas K, Sagnes I, Martin A, De Rossi A, Combrié S, Braive R. Sub-Hz Closed-Loop Electro-Optomechanical Oscillator with Gallium Phosphide Photonic Crystal Integrated on SoI Circuitry. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2540-2548. [PMID: 37602296 PMCID: PMC10437041 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new approach of a low phase noise electro-optomechanical oscillator directly working in the GHz frequency range. The developed nanoscale oscillator is a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of gallium phosphide (GaP), heterogeneously integrated on silicon-on-insulator circuitry. Based on the strong interaction between the optical mode at the telecommunication wavelength and the mechanical mode in GHz, ultra-pure mechanical oscillations are enabled and directly imprinted on an optical carrier. Further stabilization is achieved with a delayed optoelectronic feedback loop using integrated electro-mechanical self-injection. We achieve a short-term stability of 0.7 Hz linewidth and a long-term stability with an Allan deviation below 10-7 Hz/Hz at 10 s averaging time, which represents an important step toward fully integrated optomechanical oscillators. Integrability and the low phase noise of this oscillator address some of the most important needs of optoelectronic oscillators and pave the way toward on-chip integrated microwave oscillators for microwave applications such as RADARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Horváth
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Giuseppe Modica
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Inès Ghorbel
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Grégoire Beaudoin
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Konstantinos Pantzas
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Isabelle Sagnes
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Aude Martin
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Alfredo De Rossi
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Sylvain Combrié
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Rémy Braive
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
- Université
Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madiot G, Ng RC, Arregui G, Florez O, Albrechtsen M, Stobbe S, García PD, Sotomayor-Torres CM. Optomechanical Generation of Coherent GHz Vibrations in a Phononic Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:106903. [PMID: 36962028 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanophononics has the potential for information transfer, in an analogous manner to its photonic and electronic counterparts. The adoption of phononic systems has been limited, due to difficulties associated with the generation, manipulation, and detection of phonons, especially at GHz frequencies. Existing techniques often require piezoelectric materials with an external radiofrequency excitation that are not readily integrated into existing CMOS infrastructures, while nonpiezoelectric demonstrations have been inefficient. In this Letter, we explore the optomechanical generation of coherent phonons in a suspended 2D silicon phononic crystal cavity with a guided mode around 6.8 GHz. By incorporating an air-slot into this cavity, we turn the phononic waveguide into an optomechanical platform that exploits localized photonic modes resulting from inherent fabrication imperfections for the transduction of mechanics. Such a platform exhibits very fine control of phonons using light, and is capable of coherent self-sustained phonon generation around 6.8 GHz, operating at room temperature. The ability to generate high frequency coherent mechanical vibrations within such a simple 2D CMOS-compatible system could be a first step towards the development of sources in phononic circuitry and the coherent manipulation of other solid-state properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ryan C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Omar Florez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. de Física, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcus Albrechtsen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pedro D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ng RC, El Sachat A, Cespedes F, Poblet M, Madiot G, Jaramillo-Fernandez J, Florez O, Xiao P, Sledzinska M, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Chavez-Angel E. Excitation and detection of acoustic phonons in nanoscale systems. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13428-13451. [PMID: 36082529 PMCID: PMC9520674 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phonons play a key role in the physical properties of materials, and have long been a topic of study in physics. While the effects of phonons had historically been considered to be a hindrance, modern research has shown that phonons can be exploited due to their ability to couple to other excitations and consequently affect the thermal, dielectric, and electronic properties of solid state systems, greatly motivating the engineering of phononic structures. Advances in nanofabrication have allowed for structuring and phonon confinement even down to the nanoscale, drastically changing material properties. Despite developments in fabricating such nanoscale devices, the proper manipulation and characterization of phonons continues to be challenging. However, a fundamental understanding of these processes could enable the realization of key applications in diverse fields such as topological phononics, information technologies, sensing, and quantum electrodynamics, especially when integrated with existing electronic and photonic devices. Here, we highlight seven of the available methods for the excitation and detection of acoustic phonons and vibrations in solid materials, as well as advantages, disadvantages, and additional considerations related to their application. We then provide perspectives towards open challenges in nanophononics and how the additional understanding granted by these techniques could serve to enable the next generation of phononic technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Cespedes
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Poblet
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juliana Jaramillo-Fernandez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Omar Florez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peng Xiao
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Madiot G, Correia F, Barbay S, Braive R. Random number generation with a chaotic electromechanical resonator. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:475204. [PMID: 35926377 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac86da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chaos enables the emergence of randomness in deterministic physical systems. Therefore it can be exploited for the conception of true random number generators mandatory in classical cryptography applications. Meanwhile, nanomechanical oscillators, at the core of many on-board functionalities such as sensing, reveal as excellent candidates to behave chaotically. This is made possible thanks to intrinsic mechanical nonlinearities emerging at the nanoscale. Here we present a platform gathering a nanomechanical oscillator and its integrated capacitive actuation. Using a modulation of the resonant force induced by the electrodes, we demonstrate chaotic dynamics and study how it depends on the dissipation of the system. The randomness of a binary sequence generated from a chaotic time trace is evaluated and discussed such that the generic parameters enabling successful random number generation can be established. This demonstration makes use of concepts which are sufficiently general to be applied to the next generation of nano-electro-optomechanical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Madiot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Franck Correia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvain Barbay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Remy Braive
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|