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Sookhoo JRV, Schiffman Z, Ambagala A, Kobasa D, Pardee K, Babiuk S. Protein Expression Platforms and the Challenges of Viral Antigen Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1344. [PMID: 39772006 PMCID: PMC11680109 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Several protein expression platforms exist for a wide variety of biopharmaceutical needs. A substantial proportion of research and development into protein expression platforms and their optimization since the mid-1900s is a result of the production of viral antigens for use in subunit vaccine research. This review discusses the seven most popular forms of expression systems used in the past decade-bacterial, insect, mammalian, yeast, algal, plant and cell-free systems-in terms of advantages, uses and limitations for viral antigen production in the context of subunit vaccine research. Post-translational modifications, immunogenicity, efficacy, complexity, scalability and the cost of production are major points discussed. Examples of licenced and experimental vaccines are included along with images which summarize the processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. V. Sookhoo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.R.V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (Z.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.R.V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (Z.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Keith Pardee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada;
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.R.V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
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Deng J, Xu W, Jie Y, Chong Y. Subcellular localization and relevant mechanisms of human cancer-related micropeptides. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23270. [PMID: 37994683 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301019rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in high-quality sequencing and bioinformatics have invalidated the argument that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are junk transcripts that do not encode proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that small open reading frames (sORFs) in ncRNAs can encode micropeptides and polypeptides within 100 amino acids in length. Several micropeptides have been characterized and proven to have various functions in human physiology and pathology, particularly in cancer. The present review mainly highlights the latest studies on ncRNA-encoded micropeptides in different cancers and categorizes them based on their subcellular localization, thereby providing a theoretical basis for micropeptide applications in the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and as therapeutic targets. However, considering the inherent characteristics of micropeptides and the limitations of the assay technology methods, more detailed information is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutian Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Saha P, Moitra P, Bhattacharjee U, Bhattacharya S. Selective pathological and intracellular detection of human serum albumin by photophysical and electrochemical techniques using a FRET-based molecular probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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