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Danielsen MB, Wengel J. Cationic oligonucleotide derivatives and conjugates: A favorable approach for enhanced DNA and RNA targeting oligonucleotides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1828-1848. [PMID: 34386102 PMCID: PMC8329367 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the ability of binding to endogenous nucleic acid targets, thereby inhibiting the gene expression. Although ASOs have great potential in the treatment of many diseases, the search for favorable toxicity profiles and distribution has been challenging and consequently impeded the widespread use of ASOs as conventional medicine. One strategy that has been employed to optimize the delivery profile of ASOs, is the functionalization of ASOs with cationic amine groups, either by direct conjugation onto the sugar, nucleobase or internucleotide linkage. The introduction of these positively charged groups has improved properties like nuclease resistance, increased binding to the nucleic acid target and improved cell uptake for oligonucleotides (ONs) and ASOs. The modifications highlighted in this review are some of the most prevalent cationic amine groups which have been attached as single modifications onto ONs/ASOs. The review has been separated into three sections, nucleobase, sugar and backbone modifications, highlighting what impact the cationic amine groups have on the ONs/ASOs physiochemical and biological properties. Finally, a concluding section has been added, summarizing the important knowledge from the three chapters, and examining the future design for ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias B Danielsen
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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2
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Gholivand MB, Kashanian S, Peyman H. DNA-binding, DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity studies of two anthraquinone derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 87:232-240. [PMID: 22192418 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of native calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with two anthraquinones including quinizarin (1,4-dihydroxy anthraquinone) and danthron (1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone) in a mixture of 0.04M Brittone-Robinson buffer and 50% of ethanol were studied at physiological pH by spectrofluorometric and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The former technique was used to calculate the binding constants of anthraquinones-DNA complexes at different temperatures. Thermodynamic study indicated that the reactions of both anthraquinone-DNA systems are predominantly entropically driven. Furthermore, the binding mechanisms on the reaction of the two anthraquinones with DNA and the effect of ionic strength on the fluorescence property of the system have also been investigated. The results of the experiments indicated that the binding modes of quinizarin and danthron with DNA were evaluated to be groove binding. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of both compounds against human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line and DNA cleavage were investigated. The results indicated that these compounds slightly cleavage pUC18 plasmid DNA and showed minor antitumor activity against K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gholivand
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center & Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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3
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DNA-binding study of anthraquinone derivatives using Chemometrics methods. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2630-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Mori K, Kodama T, Baba T, Obika S. Bridged nucleic acid conjugates at 6'-thiol: synthesis, hybridization properties and nuclease resistances. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5272-9. [PMID: 21643564 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The bridged nucleic acid (BNA) containing a thiol at the 6'-position in the bridged structure was synthesized from the disulfide-type BNA and conjugated with various functional molecules via the thioether or the disulfide linkage post-synthetically and efficiently in solution phase. The disulfide-linked conjugate was cleaved under reductive conditions derived from glutathione and an oligonucleotide bearing a free thiol was released smoothly. Conjugated functional molecules had great effects on duplex stability with the DNA complement. In contrast, the molecules little influenced the stability with the RNA complement. Moreover, the oligonucleotides with functional groups at the 6'-position had as high or higher resistances against 3'-exonuclease than phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (S-oligo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Matsuda A. [Development of highly nuclease-resistant chemically-modified oligonucleotides]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:285-98. [PMID: 21297374 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of therapeutic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) is necessary to avoid not only degradation by endo- and exo-nucleases but also recognition by sensors such as an innate immune system. We have been developing modified nucleosides having an aminoalky linker at the pyrimidine nucleobase or sugar moiety. ODNs containing 5-N-(6-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2'-deoxyuridine (7) were thermally stabilized about 3°C per modification and were about 160 times more stable to hydrolysis by snake venom phosphodiesterase (a 3'-exonuclease) than unmodified ODNs, but not by endonucleases. On the other hand, ODNs containing 4'-C-(aminoethyl)thymidine (14b), which was synthesized by a newly developed radical cyclization-ring-enlargement reaction by us, were 87 times more stable to hydrolysis by DNase I (an endonuclease) and 133 times more stable in 50% human serum than unmodified ODNs. The highly stereoselective synthesis of 4'-thioribonuclesides ((S)Ns) was also developed using a Pummerer reaction. Human thrombin RNA aptamer (CII-1-37) containing 4'-thiouridine and 4'-thiocytidine was obtained by SELEX with a K(d) value of 4.7 nM, while a previously known RNA aptamer (RNA-24) has a K(d) value of 85 nM. Studies of the modification pattern-RNAi activity relationships by using (S)Ns have been carried out against luciferase genes. We found that siRNAs, which have 4 residues of (S)Ns on both ends of the sense strand and 4 residues on the 3'-end of the antisense strand, were the most effective. 4'-ThioRNA is about 1100 times more stable in 50% human plasma than unmodified RNA. However, oligoribonucleotides ((SM)ONs) containing 2'-O-methyl-4'-thioribonucleosides were 9800 times more stable in 50% human plasma than unmodified RNA. Since (SM)ON duplexes were thermally more stable than unmodified ON duplexes, therefore they would be quite suitable to use for oligonucleotide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.
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6
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Yamada H, Kitauchi Y, Tanabe K, Ito T, Nishimoto SI. Anthraquinone-sensitized photooxidation of 5-methylcytosine in DNA leading to piperidine-induced efficient strand cleavage. Chemistry 2011; 17:2225-35. [PMID: 21294186 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One-electron photooxidations of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (d(m)C) and 5-trideuteriomethyl-2'-deoxycytidine ([D(3)]d(m)C) by sensitization with anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives were investigated. Photoirradiation of an aerated aqueous solution containing d(m)C and anthraquinone 2-sulfonate (AQS) afforded 5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine (d(f)C) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (d(hm)C) in good yield through an initial one-electron oxidation process. The deuterium isotope effect on the AQS-sensitized photooxidation of d(m)C suggests that the rate-determining step in the photosensitized oxidation of d(m)C involves internal transfer of the C5-hydrogen atom of a d(m)C-tetroxide intermediate to produce d(f)C and d(hm)C. In the case of a 5-methylcytosine ((m)C)-containing duplex DNA with an AQ chromophore that is incorporated into the backbone of the DNA strand so as to be immobilized at a specific position, (m)C underwent efficient direct one-electron oxidation by the photoexcited AQ, which resulted in an exclusive DNA strand cleavage at the target (m)C site upon hot piperidine treatment. In accordance with the suppression of the strand cleavage at 5-trideuterio-methylcytosine observed in a similar AQ photosensitization, it is suggested that deprotonation at the C5-methyl group of an intermediate (m)C radical cation may occur as a key elementary reaction in the photooxidative strand cleavage at the (m)C site. Incorporation of an AQ sensitizer into the interior of a strand of the duplex enhanced the one-electron photooxidation of (m)C, presumably because of an increased intersystem crossing efficiency that may lead to efficient piperidine-induced strand cleavage at an (m)C site in a DNA duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Yamada
- Advanced Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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7
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Abou-Elkhair RAI, Dixon DW, Netzel TL. Synthesis and Electrochemical Evaluation of Conjugates between 2′-Deoxyadenosine and Modified Anthraquinone: Probes for Hole-Transfer Studies in DNA. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4712-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dabney W. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098
| | - Thomas L. Netzel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098
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8
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Bouquin N, Malinovskii VL, Häner R. Anthraquinones as Artificial DNA Building Blocks. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Mathé C, Périgaud C. Recent Approaches in the Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Nucleoside Analogues. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mathé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS – UM 1 – UM 2, Université Montpellier 2, Case Courrier 1705, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpelliercedex 05, France, Fax: +33‐4‐67042029
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS – UM 1 – UM 2, Université Montpellier 2, Case Courrier 1705, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpelliercedex 05, France, Fax: +33‐4‐67042029
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10
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Juan ECM, Kondo J, Kurihara T, Ito T, Ueno Y, Matsuda A, Takénaka A. Crystal structures of DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-modified uracils reveal the basis for properties as antigene and antisense molecules. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:1969-77. [PMID: 17341465 PMCID: PMC1874594 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-modified uracils have promising features for applications as antigene and antisense therapies. Relative to unmodified DNA, oligonucleotides containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2′-deoxyuridine (NU) or 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2′-O-methyluridine (NUm), respectively exhibit increased binding affinity for DNA and RNA, and enhanced nuclease resistance. To understand the structural implications of NU and NUm substitutions, we have determined the X-ray crystal structures of DNA:DNA duplexes containing either NU or NUm and of DNA:RNA hybrid duplexes containing NUm. The aminohexyl chains are fixed in the major groove through hydrogen bonds between the carbamoyl amino groups and the uracil O4 atoms. The terminal ammonium cations on these chains could interact with the phosphate oxygen anions of the residues in the target strands. These interactions partly account for the increased target binding affinity and nuclease resistance. In contrast to NU, NUm decreases DNA binding affinity. This could be explained by the drastic changes in sugar puckering and in the minor groove widths and hydration structures seen in the NUm containing DNA:DNA duplex structure. The conformation of NUm, however, is compatible with the preferred conformation in DNA:RNA hybrid duplexes. Furthermore, the ability of NUm to render the duplexes with altered minor grooves may increase nuclease resistance and elicit RNase H activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takanori Ito
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido Universitym, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ueno
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido Universitym, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido Universitym, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akio Takénaka
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +81 45 924 5709+81 45 924 5748
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11
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Kodama T, Matsuda A, Shuto S. Synthesis of 1′-fluorouracil nucleosides as potential antimetabolites. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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13
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Ito T, Ueno Y, Komatsu Y, Matsuda A. Synthesis, thermal stability and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis of the oligonucleotides containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2'-O-methyluridines. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:2514-23. [PMID: 12736300 PMCID: PMC156055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of oligonucleotides (ODNs) containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2'-O-methyluridine (D) is described, and thermal stability and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis of the ODNs are compared with ODNs containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2'-deoxyuridine (H). The ODNs containing D and the complementary RNA demonstrated a duplex thermal stabilization of 0.4-3.9 degrees C per modification depending on the position and the number, while the ODNs containing H with the RNA showed slightly less effective thermal stabilization. Further more, the ODNs containing D were found to be more resistant to nucleolytic hydrolysis, not only by snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVPD; a 3'-exonuclease) but also by DNase I (an endonuclease). The half-life of the 17mer containing five molecules of D against nucleolytic hydrolysis by SVPD was 240 times greater than the unmodified 17mer ODN, which is 1.8 times greater than the ODN containing 5Hs in the same sequence. Against DNase I, the same ODN containing 5Ds was 24 times greater stable than the unmodified 17mer and 15 times more stable than the ODN containing 5Hs. We also examined whether the duplexes formed by the ODNs containing D and the complementary RNAs could be a substrate of Escherichia coli RNase H. It was revealed that a minimum of five contiguous unmodified 2'-deoxyribonucleosides between Ds was required to constitute a substrate of E.coli RNase H. Thus, the ODN with Ds and at least five contiguous unmodified 2'-deoxyribonucleosides between Ds was found to be a candidate for a novel antisense molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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14
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Chattopadhyay A, Dhotare B, Hassarajani S. (R)-2,3-Cyclohexylideneglyceraldehyde: A Potential Intermediate for Convenient Synthesis of 2-C-Branched 2-Deoxypentofuranoses. J Org Chem 1999; 64:6874-6878. [PMID: 11674698 DOI: 10.1021/jo982130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Chattopadhyay
- Bio-organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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15
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Zamaratski E, Chattopadhyaya J. Synthesis of phenazine-tethered arabino and xylofuranosyl oligonucleotide conjugates: The thermal stability and fluorescence properties of their duplexes (DNA-DNA & DNA-RNA) & triplexes. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Ossipov D, Chattopadhyaya J. Synthesis of 1′-phenazine-tethered psicofuranosyl oligonucleotides: The thermal stability and fluorescence properties of their duplexes and triplexes. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Shuto S, Kanazaki M, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. A Novel Ring-Enlargement Reaction of (3-Oxa-2-silacyclopentyl)methyl Radicals into 4-Oxa-3-silacyclohexyl Radicals. Stereoselective Introduction of a Hydroxyethyl Group via Unusual 6-Endo-Cyclization Products Derived from 3-Oxa-4-silahexenyl Radicals and Its Application to the Synthesis of a 4‘-α-Branched Nucleoside1. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo970867o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Makiko Kanazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan
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18
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Nucleosides and nucleotides. 161. Incorporation of 5-(N-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl-2′-deoxycytidines into oligodeoxyribonucleotides by a convenient post-synthetic modification method. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Kang H, Rokita SE. Site-specific and photo-induced alkylation of DNA by a dimethylanthraquinone-oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:3896-902. [PMID: 8918789 PMCID: PMC146215 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.20.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A dialkyl-substituted anthraquinone derivative was synthesized and ligated to a sequence-directing oligodeoxynucleotide to examine its efficiency and specificity for cross-linking to complementary sequences of DNA. The anthraquinone appendage stabilized spontaneous hybridization of the target and probe sequences through non-covalent interactions, as indicated by thermal denaturation studies. Covalent modification of the target was induced by exposure to near UV light (lambda > 335 nm) to generate cross-linked duplexes in yields as great as 45%. Reaction was dependent on the first unpaired nucleotide extended beyond the duplex formed by association of the target and probe. A specificity of C > T > A = G was determined for modification at this position. The overall site and nucleotide selectivity seems to originate from the chemical requirements of cross-linking and does not likely reflect the dominant solution structure of the complex prior to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794, USA
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20
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Nucleosides and nucleotides. 147. Synthesis of DNA dodecamers containing oxetanocin A and (2R, 3R)-2-C-(adenin-9-yl)-1,4-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-3-C-hydroxymethyl-D-arabitol. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Behrens C, Petersen KH, Egholm M, Nielsen J, Buchard O, Dahl O. A new achiral reagent for the incorporation of multiple amino groups into oligonucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00315-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Oligodeoxynucleotide probes with multiple labels linked to the 4′-position of thymidine monomers: Excellent duplex stability and detection sensitivity. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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