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Zhou Q, Xiang J, Qiu N, Wang Y, Piao Y, Shao S, Tang J, Zhou Z, Shen Y. Tumor Abnormality-Oriented Nanomedicine Design. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10920-10989. [PMID: 37713432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic efficacy. Nanomedicines responsive to the pathological abnormalities in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are expected to overcome the biological limitations of conventional nanomedicines, enhance the therapeutic efficacies, and further reduce the side effects. This Review aims to quantitate the various pathological abnormalities in the TME, which may serve as unique endogenous stimuli for the design of stimuli-responsive nanomedicines, and to provide a broad and objective perspective on the current understanding of stimuli-responsive nanomedicines for cancer treatment. We dissect the typical transport process and barriers of cancer drug delivery, highlight the key design principles of stimuli-responsive nanomedicines designed to tackle the series of barriers in the typical drug delivery process, and discuss the "all-into-one" and "one-for-all" strategies for integrating the needed properties for nanomedicines. Ultimately, we provide insight into the challenges and future perspectives toward the clinical translation of stimuli-responsive nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yechun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Hunyady J. The Result of Vitamin C Treatment of Patients with Cancer: Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084380. [PMID: 35457200 PMCID: PMC9030840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose. All known physiological and biochemical functions of AA are due to its action as an electron donor. Ascorbate readily undergoes pH-dependent autoxidation creating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In vitro evidence suggests that vitamin C functions at low concentrations as an antioxidant while high concentration is pro-oxidant. Thus, both characters of AA might be translated into clinical benefits. In vitro obtained results and murine experiments consequently prove the cytotoxic effect of AA on cancer cells, but current clinical evidence for high-dose intravenous (i.v.) vitamin C's therapeutic effect is ambiguous. The difference might be caused by the missing knowledge of AA's actions. In the literature, there are many publications regarding vitamin C and cancer. Review papers of systematic analysis of human interventional and observational studies assessing i.v. AA for cancer patients' use helps the overview of the extensive literature. Based on the results of four review articles and the Cancer Information Summary of the National Cancer Institute's results, we analyzed 20 publications related to high-dose intravenous vitamin C therapy (HAAT). The analyzed results indicate that HAAT might be a useful cancer-treating tool in certain circumstances. The AA's cytotoxic effect is hypoxia-induced factor dependent. It impacts only the anoxic cells, using the Warburg metabolism. It prevents tumor growth. Accordingly, discontinuation of treatment leads to repeated expansion of the tumor. We believe that the clinical use of HAAT in cancer treatment should be reassessed. The accumulation of more study results on HAAT is desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Hunyady
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Wang K, Liu X, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Xu M, Xie D, Chen J, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhang Y. Small fluorescent albumin nanoparticles for targeted photothermal therapy via albumin-Binding protein pathways. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang XF, Yang XT, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zou L, Yang ZJ, Zhang LH. Solid phase synthesis of peptide–siRNA conjugates containing disulfide bond unit. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang X, Huang Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Jin H, Zheng Y, Du Q, Yang Z, Zhang L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of peptide-siRNA conjugates with phosphodiester unit as linker. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Szablewski L. Expression of glucose transporters in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan SX, Luo XM, Zhou SH, Bao YY, Fan J, Lu ZJ, Liao XB, Huang YP, Wu TT, Wang QY. Effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides glucose transporter-1 on enhancement of radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1375-86. [PMID: 23983599 PMCID: PMC3753417 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Laryngeal carcinomas always resist to radiotherapy. Hypoxia is an important factor in radioresistance of laryngeal carcinoma. Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) is considered to be a possible intrinsic marker of hypoxia in malignant tumors. We speculated that the inhibition of GLUT-1 expression might improve the radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma. METHODS We assessed the effect of GLUT-1 expression on radioresistance of laryngeal carcinoma and the effect of GLUT-1 expressions by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) on the radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS After transfection of GLUT-1 AS-ODNs: MTS assay showed the survival rates of radiation groups were reduced with the prolongation of culture time (p<0.05); Cell survival rates were significantly reduced along with the increasing of radiation dose (p<0.05). There was significant difference in the expression of GLUT-1mRNA and protein in the same X-ray dose between before and after X-ray radiation (p<0.05). In vivo, the expressions of GLUT-1 mRNA and protein after 8Gy radiation plus transfection of GLUT-1 AS-ODNs were significant decreased compared to 8Gy radiation alone (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Radioresistance of laryngeal carcinoma may be associated with increased expression of GLUT-1 mRNA and protein. GLUT-1 AS-ODNs may enhance the radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma mainly by inhibiting the expression of GLUT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Xiang Yan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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Raeisi E, Mir LM. 2-NBDG, a Fluorescent Analogue of Glucose, as a Marker for Detecting Cell Electropermeabilization In Vitro. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:633-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Granchi C, Minutolo F. Anticancer agents that counteract tumor glycolysis. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1318-50. [PMID: 22684868 PMCID: PMC3516916 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Can we consider cancer to be a "metabolic disease"? Tumors are the result of a metabolic selection, forming tissues composed of heterogeneous cells that generally express an overactive metabolism as a common feature. In fact, cancer cells have increased needs for both energy and biosynthetic intermediates to support their growth and invasiveness. However, their high proliferation rate often generates regions that are insufficiently oxygenated. Therefore, their carbohydrate metabolism must rely mostly on a glycolytic process that is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic switch, also known as the Warburg effect, constitutes a fundamental adaptation of tumor cells to a relatively hostile environment, and supports the evolution of aggressive and metastatic phenotypes. As a result, tumor glycolysis may constitute an attractive target for cancer therapy. This approach has often raised concerns that antiglycolytic agents may cause serious side effects toward normal cells. The key to selective action against cancer cells can be found in their hyperbolic addiction to glycolysis, which may be exploited to generate new anticancer drugs with minimal toxicity. There is growing evidence to support many glycolytic enzymes and transporters as suitable candidate targets for cancer therapy. Herein we review some of the most relevant antiglycolytic agents that have been investigated thus far for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
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Liu Y, Wang XF, Chen Y, Zhang LH, Yang ZJ. A solid-phase method for peptide–siRNA covalent conjugates based on click chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00198e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Luo XM, Zhou SH, Fan J. Glucose transporter-1 as a new therapeutic target in laryngeal carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1885-92. [PMID: 21226991 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for laryngeal carcinoma, one of the most common head and neck malignancies, consist of radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy or a combination thereof. The functional treatment of laryngeal carcinoma poses a considerable challenge because of its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and its tendency for local recurrence. Finding ways to inhibit the energy supply of malignant tumours is becoming an increasingly attractive proposition. Glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1; encoded by the SLC2A1 gene in humans) is the main transporter of glucose in solid carcinomas and has become a focus of cancer research. Recently, it was shown that the increased expression of SLC2A1 in head and neck carcinomas is correlated with lymph node metastasis, poor survival and clinical stage, and revealed that the suppression of SLC2A1 expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides decreased glucose uptake and inhibited the proliferation of Hep-2 cells. Thus, the authors propose the suppression of SLC2A1 expression as a new therapeutic target for laryngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-M Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Effects of suppressing glucose transporter-1 by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:72-7. [PMID: 21269938 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), a key rate-limiting factor in the transport and metabolism of glucose in cancer cells, is over-expressed in many human cancer cells and this over-expression is correlated with poor biological behavior. The increased levels of Glut-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells functionally affect tumorigenicity. This study was undertaken to investigate effects of suppressing Glut-1 by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cells. METHODS We used AS-ODN targeting against the Glut-1 gene in a HepG-2 cell line. There were four experimental groups: empty pcDNA3.1 vector (mock transfection), pcDNA3.1-anti-Glut (+), pcDNA3.1-Glut (+), and non-transfected HepG-2 cells. The Glut-1 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR and the Glut-1 protein expression by Western blotting after cell culture, and the glucose uptake was detected after glucose stimulation in each group. RESULTS Compared with non-transfected HepG-2 or Glut-1 pcDNA3.1, a down-regulation of Glut-1 mRNA in HepG-2 cells transfected with anti-Glut-1 pcDNA3.1 was noted (P<0.05). Glut-1 protein in HepG-2 cells transfected with Glut-1 AS-ODN was decreased compared with non-transfected HepG-2, Glut-1 pcDNA3.1, or empty vectors. Glucose uptake by the HepG-2 cells transfected with AS-ODN was decreased at 1 hour after glucose stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The application of Glut-1 AS-ODN can down-regulate the expression of Glut-1 at mRNA and protein, and inhibit glucose uptake partially in HepG-2 cells. The Glut-1 gene maybe a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Lu K, Duan QP, Ma L, Zhao DX. Chemical strategies for the synthesis of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:187-202. [PMID: 19856957 DOI: 10.1021/bc900158s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetic oligonucleotides and their mimics to inhibit gene expression by hybridizing with their target sequences has been hindered by their poor cellular uptake and inability to reach the nucleus. Covalent postsynthesis or solid-phase conjugation of peptides to oligonucleotides offers a possible solution to these problems. As feasible chemistry is a prerequisite for biological studies, development of efficient and reproducible approaches for convenient preparation of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates has become a subject of considerable importance. The present review gives an account of the main synthetic methods available to prepare covalent conjugation of peptides to oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Zhou SH, Fan J, Chen XM, Cheng KJ, Wang SQ. Inhibition of cell proliferation and glucose uptake in human laryngeal carcinoma cells by antisense oligonucleotides against glucose transporter-1. Head Neck 2010; 31:1624-33. [PMID: 19441091 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant cells show increased glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo, which is thought to be mediated by glucose transporters. In this study, we investigated the effect of plasmid-derived antisense RNA against the Glut-l gene on proliferation and glucose uptake in laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells. METHODS The expression plasmids pcDNA3.1(+)-Glut-1 and pcDNA3.1(+)-anti Glut-1 were constructed. The MTT method was used to assess cell growth inhibition. The expression of Glut-1 mRNA and protein was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS After transfection, Glut-1 AS clearly inhibited glucose uptake and cell growth in Hep-2 cells, and we observed a decrease in the expression of Glut-1 mRNA and protein in Hep-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Glut-1 AS decreases glucose uptake and inhibits the proliferation of Hep-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lönnberg H. Solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates useful for delivery and targeting of potential nucleic acid therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1065-94. [PMID: 19175328 DOI: 10.1021/bc800406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olignucleotide-based drugs show promise as a novel form of chemotherapy. Among the hurdles that have to be overcome on the way of applicable nucleic acid therapeutics, inefficient cellular uptake and subsequent release from endosomes to cytoplasm appear to be the most severe ones. Covalent conjugation of oligonucleotides to molecules that expectedly facilitate the internalization, targets the conjugate to a specific cell-type or improves the parmacokinetics offers a possible way to combat against these shortcomings. Since workable chemistry is a prerequisite for biological studies, development of efficient and reproducible methods for preparation of various types of oligonucleotide conjugates has become a subject of considerable importance. The present review summarizes the advances made in the solid-supported synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates aimed at facilitating the delivery and targeting of nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Grandas A, Marchán V, Debéthune L, Pedroso E. Stepwise solid-phase synthesis of nucleopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 4:Unit 4.22. [PMID: 18428976 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0422s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiester-linked peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (nucleopeptides) are obtained by stepwise solid-phase procedures. The peptide is first assembled on a suitably derivatized solid matrix and the oligonucleotide is subsequently elongated at the free hydroxyl group of the linking amino acid. Temporary acid-labile and permanent base-labile protecting groups are combined. Careful choice of the protection scheme is required to prevent and minimize side reactions that may degrade the target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grandas
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Venkatesan N, Kim BH. Peptide conjugates of oligonucleotides: synthesis and applications. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3712-61. [PMID: 16967918 DOI: 10.1021/cr0502448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Venkatesan
- Laboratory for Modified Nucleic Acid Systems, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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O'Neil RG, Wu L, Mullani N. Uptake of a fluorescent deoxyglucose analog (2-NBDG) in tumor cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2006; 7:388-92. [PMID: 16284704 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-005-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A new fluorescent analog of D -glucose was recently developed by [Yoshioka K, Takahashi H, Homma T, Sato M, Ki Bong O, Nemoto Y, Matsuoka H (1996) A novel fluorescent derivative of glucose applicable to the assessment of glucose uptake activity of Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta 1289:5-9] and shown to be transported into normal cells. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the use of this fluorescent 2-deoxyglucose analog, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diaxol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), as a sensitive probe for monitoring glucose uptake into malignant tumor cells. PROCEDURES MCF-7 breast cancer epithelial cells were grown and plated on coverslips for analysis of 2-NBDG uptake via fluorescence imaging microscopy. RESULTS Steady-state fluorescence analysis of 2-NBDG uptake displayed rapid uptake for the first one to five minutes, then slowed, reaching an apparent maximum uptake near 20-30 minutes. Addition of 5 mM D -glucose to the media markedly reduced 2-NBDG uptake. Uptake of 2-NBDG in nonmalignant epithelial cells (M-1 epithelial cells) was slow, averaging less than 20% of that observed for tumorigenic cells, the MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the HepG2 liver cancer cell line. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary data clearly demonstrate a rapid uptake of 2-NBDG into tumor cells that can be monitored by fluorescence imaging analysis. The uptake displays saturation and competition with D -glucose, all properties expected for 2-NBDG uptake and retention in cancer cells. Additional studies, including comparisons among other malignant cell lines and control cells, will be needed to fully characterize the kinetic properties of 2-NBDG uptake and the potential use of this 2-DG analog as a probe for glucose uptake in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G O'Neil
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Sumbatyan NV, Mandrugin VA, Deroussent A, Bertrand JR, Majer Z, Malvy C, Korshunova GA, Hollosi M, Gottikh MB. The solution synthesis of antisense oligonucleotide-peptide conjugates directly linked via phosphoramide bond by using a fragment coupling approach. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 23:1911-27. [PMID: 15628748 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To improve antisense oligonucleotide penetration inside cells, conjugates of oligonucleotides and cell-penetrating peptides, covalently linked through a phosphoramide bond, were prepared by a fragment coupling approach in the liquid phase. Two methods were used for this synthesis, i.e., phosphorylation of a peptide amino group by an oligonucleotide terminal phosphate 1-hydroxybenzotriazole ester in aqueous media or condensation of phosphate and amino groups in presence of triphenylphosphine, 2,2'-dithiopyridine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine in organic media. Several oligonucleotides, including a 18-mer antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide complementary to an internal coding region of the reporter gene of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were prepared. Peptides derived from the third helix of the homeodomain of Antennapedia, the influenza envelope hemagglutinin subunit as well as melittin and polymyxin B were used for the conjugates' synthesis. The peptides with various amino acid composition were chosen to confirm that these coupling methods are of a general use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya V Sumbatyan
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Chan KK, Chan JYW, Chung KKW, Fung KP. Inhibition of cell proliferation in human breast tumor cells by antisense oligonucleotides against facilitative glucose transporter 5. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:1134-42. [PMID: 15449313 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, successful examples of antisense oligonucleotide (AS) therapy for genetic diseases have stimulated scientists to investigate its application on cancer diseases. AS can be used to down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression by annealing to specific region of the target mRNA which is responsible for the malignancy. Glucose transporter 5 (Glut5) is a tissue specific transporter that can be found on breast cancer tissues but not on normal breast tissues. Therefore, it is of clinical interest to investigate whether AS against Glut5 mRNA can tackle breast cancer. In this study, two cell lines, MCF-7 which is estrogen-receptor positive and MDA-MB-231 which is estrogen-receptor negative, were used to mimic breast cancer tissues at early and late stages, respectively. A 15-base sequence around the start codon of Glut5 was used. It was found that AS against Glut5 exerted anti-proliferative effect on both of these two breast tumor cell lines and seemed to exert its effect via the suppression of expression of Glut5 proteins in the cells. AS against Glut5 exhibited no effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells which do not possess any Glut5. The results imply an alternative way in treating breast tumor as the AS against Glut5, unlike tamoxifen, takes effect on breast tumor cells via suppressing the expression of Glut5 that they specifically possess, and regardless whether the breast tumors are estrogen dependent or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Grandas A, Marchán V, Debéthune L, Pedroso E. Stepwise Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Nucleopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0422s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Virta P, Katajisto J, Niittymäki T, Lönnberg H. Solid-supported synthesis of oligomeric bioconjugates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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