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Sun Z, Li M, Li W, Qiang Z. A review of the fluence determination methods for UV reactors: Ensuring the reliability of UV disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131488. [PMID: 34303911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) is a green and effective technique that has been widely applied in water disinfection. The reliability of UV disinfection is an important issue, in which the aim is to ensure the delivery of adequate real-time fluence in a UV reactor. Unlike chemical disinfection systems whose disinfection dose can be directly measured with disinfectant residuals, UV is a physical process and the determination of fluence is complicated in practical reactors. To date, several fluence determination methods have been developed, including conventional methods such as biodosimetry and model simulation, as well as emerging methods such as dyed microsphere method and the model-detector method. However, a systematic and comprehensive review of these methods is still needed to discuss the attributes and application scenarios of each method. In this review, we summarized the principal theories, procedures, applications, and pros/cons of these fluence determination methods. Further, the selection and application of appropriate fluence determination methods were discussed based on different purposes (e.g., feedbacks for reactor design, evidence for third-party validation, as well as on-site determination and long-term monitoring of fluence). Overall, this review could provide useful information and new insights regarding the application of current fluence determination methods to ensure the reliability of UV disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu-quan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu-quan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Shabat-Hadas E, Mamane H, Gitis V. Rhodamine B in dissolved and nano-bound forms: Indicators for light-based advanced oxidation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1020-1027. [PMID: 28658737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhodamine B (RhB) is a water-soluble fluorescent dye that is often used to determine flux and flow direction in biotechnological and environmental applications. In the current research, RhB in soluble (termed free) and virus-bound (termed nano-bound) forms was used as an efficiency indicator for three environmental processes. The degradation of free and nano-bound RhB by (i) direct UV photolysis and (ii) UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) was studied in a collimated beam apparatus equipped with medium-pressure mercury vapor lamp. The degradation by (iii) solar light-induced photocatalysis was studied in a solar simulator with titanium dioxide and bismuth photocatalysts. Results showed negligible RhB degradation by direct UV and solar light, and its nearly linear degradation by UV/H2O2 and photocatalysis/photosensitization in the presence of a solid catalyst. Considerable adsorption of free RhB on bismuth-based catalyst vs. no adsorption of nano-bound RhB on this catalyst or of any form of the dye on titanium dioxide produced two important conclusions. First, the better degradation of free RhB by the bismuth catalyst suggests that close proximity of a catalyst hole and the decomposing molecule significantly influences degradation. Second, the soluble form of the dye might not be the best option for its use as an indicator. Nano-bound RhB showed high potential as an AOP indicator, featuring possible separation from water after the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shabat-Hadas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Water Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Water Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vitaly Gitis
- Unit of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Radwan MO, Sonoda S, Ejima T, Tanaka A, Koga R, Okamoto Y, Fujita M, Otsuka M. Zinc-mediated binding of a low-molecular-weight stabilizer of the host anti-viral factor apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4398-4405. [PMID: 27475536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G, A3G), is a human anti-virus restriction protein which works deaminase-dependently and -independently. A3G is known to be ubiquitinated by HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein, leading to proteasomal degradation. A3G contains two zinc ions at the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain. Four lysine residues, K(297), K(301), K(303), and K(334), are known to be required for Vif-mediated A3G ubiquitination and degradation. Previously, we reported compound SN-1, a zinc chelator that increases steady-state expression level of A3G in the presence of Vif. In this study, we prepared Biotin-SN-1, a biotinylated derivative of SN-1, to study the SN-1-A3G interaction. A pull-down assay revealed that Biotin-SN-1 bound A3G. A zinc-abstraction experiment indicated that SN-1 binds to the zinc site of A3G. We carried out a SN-1-A3G docking study using molecular operating environment. The calculations revealed that SN-1 binds to the C-terminal domain through Zn(2+), H(216), P(247), C(288), and Y(315). Notably, SN-1-binding covers the H(257), E(259), C(288), and C(291) residues that participate in zinc-mediated deamination, and the ubiquitination regions of A3G. The binding of SN-1 presumably perturbs the secondary structure between C(288) and Y(315), leading to less efficient ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Radwan
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sonoda
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ejima
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Okamoto
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Shen C, Scheible OK, Chan P, Mofidi A, Yun TI, Lee CC, Blatchley ER. Validation of medium-pressure UV disinfection reactors by Lagrangian actinometry using dyed microspheres. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1370-1380. [PMID: 19138781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lagrangian actinometry (LA) has been demonstrated to represent an alternative to conventional biodosimetry for validation of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems used in drinking water treatment. However, previous applications of LA for this purpose have all involved monochromatic (lambda = 254 nm) UV reactor systems. To address this issue, dyed microspheres (DMS) were applied for quantification of dose distribution delivery by field-scale UV reactor systems based on medium-pressure Hg lamp (MP) technology. These MP reactor systems are characterized by polychromatic output. Dose distribution estimates developed by LA for these reactors were reported as equivalent 254 nm distributions. When combined with the UV(254) dose-response behavior for challenge organisms used in simultaneous or parallel biodosimetry experiments, the dose distribution estimates developed from the microspheres yielded estimates of challenge organism inactivation that were in agreement with measured values. For one of the reactors tested, biodosimetry tests were conducted with two challenge organisms that had different UV dose-response behavior; UV dose distribution estimates from LA yielded predictions of microbial inactivation that were in agreement with measured inactivation responses for both challenge organisms for all test conditions. It is likely that the agreement between LA results and biodosimetry data was related, in part, to the agreement between the action spectra of the microspheres and the challenge organisms. Because LA yields a measure of the UV dose distribution delivered by a reactor, the information from LA assays will eliminate many sources of uncertainty in the design and operation of UV systems, thereby allowing for implementation of UV reactor systems that are less expensive than their predecessors, yet more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shen
- HydroQual, Inc., 1200 MacArthur Blvd., Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA
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