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Liu YJ. Understanding the complete bioluminescence cycle from a multiscale computational perspective: A review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Grinstead K, Joel S, Zingg JM, Dikici E, Daunert S. Enabling Aequorin for Biotechnology Applications Through Genetic Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015:149-179. [PMID: 26475468 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, luminescent proteins have been studied for their potential application in a variety of detection systems. Bioluminescent proteins, which do not require an external excitation source, are especially well-suited as reporters in analytical detection. The photoprotein aequorin is a bioluminescent protein that can be engineered for use as a molecular reporter under a wide range of conditions while maintaining its sensitivity. Herein, the characteristics of aequorin as well as the engineering and production of aequorin variants and their impact on signal detection in biological systems are presented. The structural features and activity of aequorin, its benefits as a label for sensing and applications in highly sensitive detection, as well as in gaining insight into biological processes are discussed. Among those, focus has been placed on the highly sensitive calcium detection in vivo, in vitro DNA and small molecule sensing, and development of in vivo imaging technologies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Grinstead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Smita Joel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Comparison of Luminescent Immunoassays Using Biotinylated Proteins of Aequorin, Alkaline Phosphatase and Horseradish Peroxidase as Reporters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:3310-3. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ca2+-regulated photoproteins: effective immunoassay reporters. SENSORS 2010; 10:11287-300. [PMID: 22163526 PMCID: PMC3231056 DOI: 10.3390/s101211287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-regulated photoproteins of luminous marine coelenterates are of interest and a challenge for researchers as a unique bioluminescent system and as a promising analytical instrument for both in vivo and in vitro applications. The proteins are comprehensively studied as to biochemical properties, tertiary structures, bioluminescence mechanism, etc. This knowledge, along with available recombinant proteins serves the basis for development of unique bioluminescent detection systems that are “self-contained”, triggerable, fast, highly sensitive, and non-hazardous. In the paper, we focus on the use of photoproteins as reporters in binding assays based on immunological recognition element—bioluminescent immunoassay and hybridization immunoassay, their advantages and prospects.
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Inouye S, Sato JI. Recombinant aequorin with a reactive cysteine residue for conjugation with maleimide-activated antibody. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:105-7. [PMID: 18417074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mutated recombinant aequorin with a reactive cysteine residue (Cys-aequorin) was highly purified and then conjugated with a maleimide-activated antibody without significant loss of luminescence activity. The conjugate ratio of Cys-aequorin to heavy chain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) was estimated to be 1:1. To test the bioluminescent immunoassay with aequorin-labeled antibody, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a serological marker of liver cancer, was used as a model analyte. The measurable range of AFP was 0.02 to 200 ng/ml with the coefficient of variation between 2.1 and 4.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, Chisso Corporation, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8605, Japan.
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Rowe L, Deo S, Shofner J, Ensor M, Daunert S. Aequorin-based homogeneous cortisol immunoassay for analysis of saliva samples. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1772-7. [PMID: 17941683 DOI: 10.1021/bc070039u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous assays are attractive because they are performed in only one phase, namely, the liquid phase, and thus, they do not require separation of phases as their heterogeneous counterparts do. As opposed to heterogeneous assays, the signal generation in a homogeneous assay is a direct result of analyte binding, which allows the multiple washing and incubation steps required in an indirect heterogeneous assay format to be eliminated. Moreover, homogeneous assays are usually fast and amenable to miniaturization and automation. In this article, we describe the development of a homogeneous assay for the hormone cortisol using the bioluminescent photoprotein aequorin as a reporter molecule. A cortisol derivative was chemically conjugated to the lysine residues of a genetically modified aequorin in order to prepare an aequorin-cortisol conjugate capable of binding anticortisol antibodies. The binding of anticortisol antibodies to the aequorin-cortisol conjugate resulted in a linear response reflected in the emission of bioluminescence by aequorin. A competitive binding assay was developed by simultaneously incubating the aequorin-cortisol conjugate, the anticortisol antibodies, and the sample containing free cortisol. Dose-response curves were generated relating the intensity of the bioluminescence signal with the concentration of free cortisol in the sample. The optimized homogeneous immunoassay produced a detection limit of 1 x 10 (-10) M of free cortisol, with a linear dynamic range spanning from 1 x 10 (-5) to 1 x 10 (-9) M. Both serum and salivary levels of cortisol fall well within this assay's linear range (3.0 x 10 (-7) M to 7.5 x 10 (-7) M and 1.0 x 10 (-8) M to 2.5 x 10 (-8) M, respectively), thereby making this assay attractive for the analysis of this hormone in biological samples. To that end, it was demonstrated that the assay can be reliably used to measure the concentration of free cortisol in saliva without significant pretreatment of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Frank L, Markova S, Remmel N, Vysotski E, Gitelson I. Bioluminescent signal system: bioluminescence immunoassay of pathogenic organisms. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:215-20. [PMID: 17286244 DOI: 10.1002/bio.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-regulated photoprotein obelin has been examined as a label for bioluminescence immunoassay of infective agents. The hepatitis B virus (HbsAg) and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were chosen as model antigens. Chemically synthesized obelin-corresponding antibody conjugates were used in a solid-phase microplate immunoassay. The sensitivities achieved by the assay were 0.25 ng/mL for S. sonnei LPS and 0.375 ng/mL for HbsAg. A novel, filter-based immunoassay to determine bacterial admixtures in the environment was proposed. The NanoCeram filters were effectively applied to 'trap' and pre-concentrate pathogens from samples under study for the purposes of further detection and measurement of the absorbed material by bioluminescence immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frank
- Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
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Glynou K, Ioannou PC, Christopoulos TK. Affinity capture-facilitated preparation of aequorin- oligonucleotide conjugates for rapid hybridization assays. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:1024-9. [PMID: 13129407 DOI: 10.1021/bc0341021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a general procedure for the preparation of biomolecular conjugates that combine the molecular recognition properties of oligonucleotides with the high detectability of the photoprotein aequorin. Central to the conjugation protocols is the use of recombinant aequorin fused to a hexahistidine tag. In one protocol, an amino-modified oligonucleotide was treated with a homobifunctional cross-linker carrying two N-hydroxysuccinimide ester groups, and the derivative was allowed to react with (His)(6)-aequorin. A second strategy involved the introduction of protected sulfhydryl groups into (His)(6)-aequorin and subsequent reaction with a heterobifunctional linker containing a N-hydroxysuccinimide and a maleimide group. The strong, but reversible, binding of (His)(6)-aequorin to Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose enabled the rapid and effective removal of the unreacted oligonucleotide, which otherwise diminishes the performance of the hybridization assay by competing with the conjugate for the complementary target sequence. Aequorin-oligo conjugates prepared by affinity capture showed similar performance with those purified by anion-exchange HPLC. The conjugates were applied to the development of rapid bioluminometric hybridization assays. The analytical range extended from 2 to 2000 pmol/L of target DNA. The reproducibility was less than 10%. The conjugate obtained from a reaction of 10 nmol of (His)(6)-aequorin is sufficient for about 5000 hybridization assays. The proposed conjugation strategy is general because a variety of reporter proteins can be fused to hexahistidine tag by using suitable vectors that are commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Glynou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 15771
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Mirasoli M, Deo SK, Lewis JC, Roda A, Daunert S. Bioluminescence immunoassay for cortisol using recombinant aequorin as a label. Anal Biochem 2002; 306:204-11. [PMID: 12123657 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of hormones in saliva is a powerful tool in the assessment of a patient's endocrine function, since it allows multiple noninvasive samplings. Since salivary levels of most hormones are 10 to 50 times lower than plasma levels, accurate and highly sensitive assays are needed for saliva measurements. Herein, we describe the development of a solid-phase competitive immunoassay for cortisol in saliva, in which a mutant of the photoprotein aequorin has been used as a label. We have chemically conjugated cortisol to aequorin at different molar ratios. The various cortisol-aequorin conjugates were characterized in terms of bioluminescent activity and affinity for the anti-cortisol antibody. The conjugate that gave the best analytical performance was used for the development of the immunoassay and the analysis of cortisol in saliva samples. The conjugates were stable for at least 6 months when stored at 4 degrees C. The method fulfilled all the standard requirements of precision and accuracy. The optimized immunoassay gave a detection limit of 300 fmol/tube, corresponding to 3 nmol/L, with a linear dynamic range of 10-1000 nmol/L. Therefore, cortisol can be detected down to 0.1 ng in 100 microl of saliva sample using this assay, without any sample pretreatment. This detection limit is almost one order of magnitude lower than the physiological levels of salivary cortisol, which are reported to be 10-25 nmol/L. This allows the quantification of salivary cortisol to be performed in the linear range of the calibration curve, which is most reliable for quantification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0055, USA
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Lewis JC, Daunert S. Bioluminescence immunoassay for thyroxine employing genetically engineered mutant aequorins containing unique cysteine residues. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3227-33. [PMID: 11476219 DOI: 10.1021/ac0101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered one-to-one conjugates between an analyte and a protein label have been demonstrated to yield assays with better detection limits and performance characteristics than those prepared by conventional chemical conjugation methods. To date, the preparation of these conjugates has been limited to fusion techniques where a peptide analyte is fused in frame to the protein label. To further expand the range of analytes that can be detected by using genetic engineering techniques coupled with bioanalytical methods, we have employed site-directed mutagenesis to prepare one-to-one analyte-label conjugates that include nonpeptidic analytes such as drugs, vitamins, and hormones. Specifically, we have prepared mutants of the photoprotein aequorin containing single cysteine residues suitable for site-specific conjugation. Aequorin is a photoprotein that emits light at 469 nm and has been employed as a highly sensitive bioluminescent label in the development of binding assays for important biomolecules. We have performed polymerase chain reaction-based site-directed mutagenesis on apoaequorin to yield four mutant aequorins containing unique cysteine residues at positions 5, 53, 71, and 84 in the polypeptide chain for the purpose of site-specific conjugation to a model analyte. A maleimide-activated thyroxine was selected as the model analyte and site-specifically conjugated to the mutants through their unique cysteine residues. A heterogeneous assay for thyroxine was then developed by employing the genetically engineered aequorin mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
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