1
|
Lin F, Hossain MA, Post S, Karashchuk G, Tatar M, De Meyts P, Wade JD. Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of Biologically Active Drosophila Insulin-Like Peptide 2 (DILP2). Aust J Chem 2016; 70:208-212. [PMID: 29491510 DOI: 10.1071/ch16626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, there are eight insulin-like peptides (DILPs) with DILPs 1-7 interacting with a sole insulin-like receptor tyrosine kinase (DInR) while DILP8 interacts with a single G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Lgr3. Loss-of-function dilp mutation studies show that the neuropeptide DILP2 has a key role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as longevity and reproduction. A better understanding of the processes whereby DILP2 mediates its specific actions is required. Consequently we undertook to prepare DILP2 as part of a larger, detailed structure-function relationship study. Use of our well-established insulin-like peptide synthesis protocol that entails separate solid phase assembly of each of the A- and B-chains with selective cysteine S-protection followed by sequential S-deprotection and simultaneous disulfide bond formation produced DILP2 in good overall yield and high purity. The synthetic DILP2 was shown to induce significant DInR phosphorylation and downstream signalling, with it being more potent than human insulin. This peptide will be a valuable tool to provide further insights into its binding to the insulin receptor, the subsequent cell signalling and role in insect metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Galina Karashchuk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marc Tatar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Pierre De Meyts
- de Duve Institute, 1200 Brussels, Belgium and Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barlos KK, Gatos D, Vasileiou Z, Barlos K. An optimized chemical synthesis of human relaxin-2. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:200-11. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Tregear GW, Bathgate RAD, Hossain MA, Lin F, Zhang S, Shabanpoor F, Scott DJ, Ma S, Gundlach AL, Samuel CS, Wade JD. Structure and Activity in the Relaxin Family of Peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:5-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
4
|
Schwabe C, Büllesbach EE. Relaxin, the relaxin-like factor and their receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 612:14-25. [PMID: 18161478 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74672-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In 1926 Frederick Hisaw discovered a blood-borne factor in pregnant guinea pigs that would cause relaxation of the pubic symphysis in virgin females of the species. The relaxin-like factor gene (RLF), also known as insulin-like 3 (INSL3), was recovered from a library of testicular cDNA. The function of RLF as the mediator of testicular positioning in mice was discovered by gene deletion experiments. The report that deletion of a G-protein-coupled receptor in a mouse mutant caused cryptorchidism and that relaxin and RLF and their receptors were structurally and functionally similar may well have inspired Drs. Hsueh and Sherwood to put LGR7 and relaxin together and thus, after many agonizing years of uncertainty, the relaxin receptor had yielded its identity. LGR8 was recognized as the human version of the RLF receptor and together LGR7 and LGR8, with their respective ligands, opened to detailed investigation the large and important field of G-protein activated leucine-rich repeat receptors. In the process RLF and LGR8 have yielded some general information that might contribute to our knowledge of receptor/ligand interaction, in particular the enigmatic signal initiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, PO Box 250509, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bathgate RA, Ivell R, Sanborn BM, Sherwood OD, Summers RJ. International Union of Pharmacology LVII: recommendations for the nomenclature of receptors for relaxin family peptides. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:7-31. [PMID: 16507880 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the hormone relaxin was discovered 80 years ago, only in the past 5 years have the receptors for relaxin and three other receptors that respond to related peptides been identified with all four receptors being G-protein-coupled receptors. In this review it is suggested that the receptors for relaxin (LGR7) and those for the related peptides insulin-like peptide 3 (LGR8), relaxin-3 (GPCR135), and insulin-like peptide 5 (LGPCR142) be named the relaxin family peptide receptors 1 through 4 (RXFP1-4). RXFP1 and RXFP2 are leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors with complex binding characteristics involving both the large ectodomain and the transmembrane loops. RXFP1 activates adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and extracellular signaling regulated kinase (Erk1/2) and also interacts with nitric oxide signaling. RXFP2 activates adenylate cyclase in recombinant systems, but physiological responses are sensitive to pertussis toxin. RXFP3 and RXFP4 resemble more conventional peptide liganded receptors and both inhibit adenylate cyclase, and in addition RXFP3 activates Erk1/2 signaling. Physiological studies and examination of the phenotypes of transgenic mice have established that relaxin has roles as a reproductive hormone involved in uterine relaxation (some species), reproductive tissue growth, and collagen remodeling but also in the cardiovascular and renal systems and in the brain. The connective tissue remodeling properties of relaxin acting at RXFP1 receptors have potential for the development of agents effective for the treatment of cardiac and renal fibrosis, asthma, and scleroderma and for orthodontic remodelling. Agents acting at RXFP2 receptors may be useful for the treatment of cryptorchidism and infertility, whereas antagonists may be used as contraceptives. The brain distribution of RXFP3 receptors suggests that actions at these receptors have the potential for the development of antianxiety and antiobesity drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Bathgate
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amphlett G, Cacia J, Callahan W, Cannova-Davis E, Chang B, Cleland JL, Darrington T, DeYoung L, Dhingra B, Everett R, Foster L, Frenz J, Garcia A, Giltinan D, Gitlin G, Gombotz W, Hageman M, Harris R, Heller D, Herman A, Hershenson S, Hora M, Ingram R, Janes S, Watanabe C. A compendium and hydropathy/flexibility analysis of common reactive sites in proteins: reactivity at Asn, Asp, Gln, and Met motifs in neutral pH solution. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 9:1-140. [PMID: 8914190 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47452-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Amphlett
- Department of pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen TH, Shire SJ. Stability and characterization of recombinant human relaxin. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 9:247-74. [PMID: 8914194 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47452-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- J D Wade
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Patapoff TW, Overcashier D, Hsu C, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Effects of reducing sugars on the chemical stability of human relaxin in the lyophilized state. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:873-7. [PMID: 8863280 DOI: 10.1021/js950456s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and polyols have been used routinely with lyophilized proteins and peptides as bulking agents, cryoprotectants, and lyoprotectants. However, reducing sugars may present a problem as excipients since they are potentially reactive with proteins. In this stability study of recombinant human relaxin (Rix) with various sugars as excipients in lyophilized formulations, we observed rapid covalent modifications of the protein in the presence of glucose. Analysis of the protein by LC/MS and tryptic mapping indicated two major degradation pathways. Covalent adducts of glucose with amino groups on the side chains of the protein (i.e., Lys and Arg) formed via the Maillard reaction. In addition, a significant amount of Ser cleavage from the C-terminal of the B-chain of relaxin was also identified when glucose was used as the excipient. It was observed that the latter reaction occurred to a greater extent in the solid state than in solution. We proposed a mechanism for this reaction involving an initial reaction of the Ser hydroxyl group with glucose followed by subsequent hydrolysis of the Trp-Ser amide bond via a cyclic intermediate. In contrast to glucose, mannitol (polyhydric alcohol) and trehalose (nonreducing sugar) produced stable, lyophilized formulations of Rix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Simons Research Laboratories, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
In this study, hydrogen peroxide was used to study the oxidation of rhRlx under various conditions. Oxidation of rhRlx occurred at both of the two methionines on the B chain, Met B(4) and Met B(25), as expected from the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, which shows that these two residues are located on the surface of the molecule and exposed to solvent. The reaction produced three different oxidized forms of rhRlx containing either Met B(4) sulfoxide, Met B(25) sulfoxide, or both residues oxidized. The corresponding sulfone was not formed under these conditions. The oxidation at the two methionines proceeded independently from each other but Met B(25) was oxidized at a significantly faster rate than Met B(4). The fact that the rate of oxidation at Met B(25) was identical to the rate of oxidation of free methionine and that of two model peptides mimicking the residues around Met B(4) and Met B(25) suggests that the lower reactivity at Met B(4) was due to steric hindrance, and at least in this case, neighboring groups do not influence the oxidation kinetics of methionine residues. The reaction was independent of pH, ionic strength, and buffer concentration in the range studied. The enthalpy of activation for the reaction was approximately 10-14 kcal mol-1, with an entropy of activation of the order of -30 cal K-1 mol-1. These data are consistent with previously published mechanisms for organic sulfide oxidation by alkyl hydroperoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen SA, Perlman AJ, Spanski N, Peterson CM, Sanders SW, Jaffe R, Martin M, Yalcinkaya T, Cefalo RC, Chescheir NC. The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human relaxin in nonpregnant women after intravenous, intravaginal, and intracervical administration. Pharm Res 1993; 10:834-8. [PMID: 8257492 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018901009062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human relaxin (rhRlx) after intravenous (iv) bolus administration and the absorption of rhRlx after intracervical or intravaginal administration were determined in nonpregnant women. The study was conducted in two parts. In part I, 25 women received 0.01 mg/kg rhRlx iv. After a minimum 7-day washout period, these women were dosed intracervically (n = 10) or intravaginally (n = 15) with 0.75 or 1.5 mg rhRlx, respectively, in 3% methylcellulose gel. Part II was a double-blind, randomized, three-way crossover study in 26 women. At 1-month intervals, each woman received one of three intravaginal treatments consisting of 0 (placebo), 1, or 6 mg rhRlx in 3% methylcellulose gel. The serum concentrations of relaxin following iv administration were described as the sum of three exponentials. The mean (+/- SD) initial, intermediate, and terminal half-lives were 0.09 +/- 0.04, 0.72 +/- 0.11, and 4.6 +/- 1.2 hr, respectively. Most of the area under the curve was associated with the intermediate half-life. The weight-normalized clearance was 170 +/- 50 mL/hr/kg. The observed peak concentration was 98 +/- 29 ng/mL, and the weight-normalized initial volume of distribution was 78 +/- 40 mL/kg, which is approximately equivalent to the serum volume. If central compartment elimination was assumed, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss/W) was 280 +/- 100 mL/kg, which is approximately equivalent to extracellular fluid volume. Vss/W could be as large as 1300 +/- 400 mL/kg without this assumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4990
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|