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Phosphorylation-mediated RNA/peptide complex coacervation as a model for intracellular liquid organelles. Nat Chem 2015; 8:129-37. [PMID: 26791895 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells are highly organized, with numerous subcellular compartments. Phosphorylation has been hypothesized as a means to control the assembly/disassembly of liquid-like RNA- and protein-rich intracellular bodies, or liquid organelles, that lack delimiting membranes. Here, we demonstrate that charge-mediated phase separation, or complex coacervation, of RNAs with cationic peptides can generate simple model liquid organelles capable of reversibly compartmentalizing biomolecules. Formation and dissolution of these liquid bodies was controlled by changes in peptide phosphorylation state using a kinase/phosphatase enzyme pair. The droplet-generating phase transition responded to modification of even a single serine residue. Electrostatic interactions between the short cationic peptides and the much longer polyanionic RNAs drove phase separation. Coacervates were also formed on silica beads, a primitive model for localization at specific intracellular sites. This work supports phosphoregulation of complex coacervation as a viable mechanism for dynamic intracellular compartmentalization in membraneless organelles.
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Zerfaß C, Braukmann S, Nietzsche S, Hobe S, Paulsen H. High yield recombinant production of a self-assembling polycationic peptide for silica biomineralization. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 108:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mildvan AS, Fry DC. NMR studies of the mechanism of enzyme action. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 59:241-313. [PMID: 3544711 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123058.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Constantinescu A, Diamond I, Gordon AS. Ethanol-induced translocation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the nucleus. Mechanism and functional consequences. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:26985-91. [PMID: 10480911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.38.26985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol induces translocation of the catalytic subunit (Calpha) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) from the Golgi area to the nucleus in NG108-15 cells. Ethanol also induces translocation of the RIIbeta regulatory subunit of PKA to the nucleus; RI and Cbeta are not translocated. Nuclear PKA activity in ethanol-treated cells is no longer regulated by cAMP. Gel filtration and immunoprecipitation analysis confirm that ethanol blocks the reassociation of Calpha with RII but does not induce dissociation of these subunits. Ethanol also reduces inhibition of Calpha by the PKA inhibitor PKI. Pre-incubation of Calpha with ethanol decreases phosphorylation of Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide) and casein but has no effect on the phosphorylation of highly charged molecules such as histone H1 or protamine. cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by Calpha is also increased in ethanol-treated cells. This increase in CREB phosphorylation is inhibited by the PKA antagonist (R(p))-cAMPS and by an adenosine receptor antagonist. These results suggest that ethanol affects a cascade of events allowing for sustained nuclear localization of Calpha and prolonged CREB phosphorylation. These events may account for ethanol-induced changes in cAMP-dependent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110-3518, USA
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Jacob J, Baker B, Bryant RG, Cafiso DS. Distance estimates from paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear relaxation in linear and flexible model peptides. Biophys J 1999; 77:1086-92. [PMID: 10423452 PMCID: PMC1300398 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The distance dependence of electron-nuclear dipole-dipole coupling was tested using a series of poly-L-proline based peptides of different length. The poly-proline based peptides were synthesized with a nitroxide spin label on the N-terminus and a tryptophan on the C-terminus, and paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates were measured for the aromatic protons on the tryptophan as a function of the number of proline spacers in the sequence. As expected, paramagnetic enhancements decrease with distance, but the distances deduced from the NMR relaxation rates were shorter than expected for every peptide studied compared to a rigid linear poly-L-proline type II helix structure. Calculations of cross-relaxation rates indicate that this difference is not the result of spin-diffusion or the creation of a spin-temperature gradient in the proton spins caused by the nitroxide. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to estimate dynamically averaged value of <r(-3)>(2). These weighted average distances were close to the experimentally determined distances, and suggest that molecular motion may account for differences between the rigid linear models and the distances implied by the NMR relaxation data. A poly-L-prolone peptide synthesized with a central glycine hinge showed dramatic relaxation rate enhancements compared to the peptide of the same length lacking the hinge. Molecular dynamics simulations for the hinged peptide support the notion that the NMR data is a representation of the weighted average distance, which in this case is much shorter than that expected for an extended conformation. These results demonstrate that intermoment distances based on NMR relaxation rates provide a sensitive indicator of intramolecular motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacob
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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Glass DB, Trewhella J, Mitchell RD, Walsh DA. Conformationally constrained analogs of protein kinase inhibitor (6-22)amide: effect of turn structures in the center of the peptide on inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Protein Sci 1995; 4:405-15. [PMID: 7795524 PMCID: PMC2143090 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high-affinity interaction between protein kinase inhibitor (PKI)(6-22)amide(Thr6-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Phe-Ile-Ala-Ser-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly- Arg-Arg-Asn- Ala-Ile22-NH2) and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase requires both the N-terminal Thr6 to Ile11 sequence of the inhibitor peptide and its C-terminal pseudosubstrate site comprised of Arg15 to Ile22. Small angle X-ray scattering data indicate that PKI(6-22)amide has a compact, rather than extended, structure in solution (Reed J et al., 1989, Biochem J 264:371-380). CD spectroscopic analysis of the PKI peptide led to the suggestion that a beta-turn structure might be located in the -Ala12-Ser-Gly-Arg15-connecting sequence in the middle of the molecule (Reed J, Kinzel V, Cheng HC, Walsh DA, 1987, Biochemistry 26:7641-7647). To investigate this possibility further, conformationally constrained and flexible analogs of PKI(6-22)amide were synthesized and used to study the structure-function relationships of this central portion of the inhibitor. (Des12-14)PKI(6-22) amide exhibited over a 200-fold loss in inhibitory activity. Replacement of the omitted -Ala12-Ser-Gly14-sequence with aminocaprylic acid yielded an analog that regained more than 90% of the lost binding energy. The D-alanine14 PKI analog was as potent as the parent peptide, whereas the beta-alanine14 and the sarcosine14 analogs were only 10-fold less active. Several peptides that promoted a beta-turn structure at residues 12-15 showed about 200-fold decreases in inhibitory activity. Two constrained analogs that could not assume a beta-turn conformation were only 30-fold less potent than PKI(6-22)amide. Thus, the structure of the central connecting portion of the PKI peptide, encompassing residues 12-15, greatly influences its ability to effectively bind to and inhibit the catalytic subunit. We conclude, however, that a formal beta-turn at this position is not required and is actually detrimental for a high-affinity interaction of PKI(6-22)amide with the enzyme. These results are interpreted in light of the Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the peptide analogs and the crystal structure of the peptide bound at the active site of the protein kinase (Knighton DR et al., 1991b, Science 253:414-420).
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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9
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Siligardi G, Drake AF. The importance of extended conformations and, in particular, the PII conformation for the molecular recognition of peptides. Biopolymers 1995; 37:281-92. [PMID: 7540055 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360370406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic, isotopic labeling nmr and transferred nuclear Overhauser effect studies have highlighted the extended conformation as a very important element of secondary structure at the binding site of many peptide/protein complexes including peptide inhibitors-enzymes, B-cell epitopes-antibodies, and T-cell epitopes-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of class I and II complexes. This paper discusses the peptide ligand conformation consequences of these findings particularly in view of the identification of the PII conformation (left-handed extended polyproline II) in free solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Siligardi
- Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
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10
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Synthesis and separation of a diastereomeric pair of phosphonopeptide inhibitors of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zheng J, Knighton DR, ten Eyck LF, Karlsson R, Xuong N, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM. Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase complexed with MgATP and peptide inhibitor. Biochemistry 1993; 32:2154-61. [PMID: 8443157 DOI: 10.1021/bi00060a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a ternary complex of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, MgATP, and a 20-residue inhibitor peptide was determined at a resolution of 2.7 A using the difference Fourier technique starting from the model of the binary complex (Knighton et al., 1991a). The model of the ternary complex was refined using both X-PLOR and TNT to an R factor of 0.212 and 0.224, respectively. The orientation of the nucleotide and the interactions of MgATP with numerous conserved residues at the active site of the enzyme are clearly defined. The unique protein kinase nucleotide binding site consists of a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with the base buried in a hydrophobic site along beta-strands 1 and 2 and fixed by hydrogen bonds to the N6 amino and N7 nitrogens. The small lobe secures the nucleotide via a glycine-rich loop and by ion pairing with Lys72 and Glu91. While the small lobe fixes the nontransferable alpha- and beta-phosphates in this inhibitor complex, the gamma-phosphate is secured by two Mg2+ ions and interacts both directly and indirectly with several residues in the large lobe--Asp184, Asn171, Lys168. Asp166 is positioned to serve as a catalytic base. The structure is correlated with previous chemical evidence, and the features that distinguish this nucleotide binding motif from other nucleotide binding proteins are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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12
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Knighton DR, Zheng JH, Ten Eyck LF, Xuong NH, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM. Structure of a peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. Science 1991; 253:414-20. [PMID: 1862343 DOI: 10.1126/science.1862343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a 20-amino acid peptide inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and its interactions with the enzyme, are described. The x-ray crystal structure of the complex is the basis of the analysis. The peptide inhibitor, derived from a naturally occurring heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor, contains an amphipathic helix that is followed by a turn and an extended conformation. The extended region occupies the cleft between the two lobes of the enzyme and contains a five-residue consensus recognition sequence common to all substrates and peptide inhibitors of the catalytic subunit. The helical portion of the peptide binds to a hydrophobic groove and conveys high affinity binding. Loops from both domains converge at the active site and contribute to a network of conserved residues at the sites of magnesium adenosine triphosphate binding and catalysis. Amino acids associated with peptide recognition, nonconserved, extend over a large surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Knighton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0654
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Miller WT. Peptide-based affinity labeling of adenosine cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. Methods Enzymol 1991; 200:500-8. [PMID: 1956334 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)00166-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The actions of several hormones and neurotransmitters evoke signal transduction pathways which rapidly elevate the cytosolic concentrations of the intracellular messengers, cAMP and cGMP. The cyclic-nucleotide dependent protein kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), are the major intracellular receptors of cAMP and cGMP. These enzymes become active upon binding respective cyclic nucleotides and modulate a diverse array of biochemical events through the phosphorylation of specific substrate proteins. The focus of this review is to describe the progress made in understanding the structure and function of both PKA and PKG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Scott
- Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research L-474, Portland, OR 97201-3098
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15
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Lee R, Fowler A, McGinnis J, Lolley R, Craft C. Amino acid and cDNA sequence of bovine phosducin, a soluble phosphoprotein from photoreceptor cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Prorok M, Lawrence DS. Intrasubstrate steric interactions in the active site control the specificity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 158:136-40. [PMID: 2912444 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit phosphorylates serine residues more efficiently than threonine residues in synthetic peptides. In marked contrast, both amino acids are phosphorylated at similar rates when contained within the appropriate intact protein substrate. The structural basis for the discriminatory behavior observed in small peptides has been investigated and found to be a result of intrapeptide steric interactions in the vicinity of the threonine alcohol moiety. Leu-Arg-Arg-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly, which is nearly free of these interactions, is phosphorylated at a rate that is almost comparable to its serine-containing counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prorok
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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Tinker DA, Krebs EA, Feltham IC, Attah-Poku SK, Ananthanarayanan VS. Synthetic beta-turn peptides as substrates for a tyrosine protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bhatnagar D, Glass DB, Roskoski R, Lessor RA, Leonard NJ. Synthetic peptide analogues differentially alter the binding affinities of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases for nucleotide substrates. Biochemistry 1988; 27:1988-94. [PMID: 2837278 DOI: 10.1021/bi00406a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of a synthetic heptapeptide substrate corresponding to the sequence around a phosphorylation site in histone H2B [Glass, D. B. & Krebs, E. G. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 1196-1200] were used to assess interactions between the peptide substrate and the ATP binding sites of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The affinity of each protein kinase for lin-benzo-ADP was determined in the absence and presence of substrate peptide by fluorescence anisotropy titrations [Bhatnagar, D., Roskoski, R., Jr., Rosendahl, M. S., & Leonard, N. J. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6310-6317]. The Kd values of cGMP-dependent protein kinase for lin-benzo-ADP in the absence and presence of cGMP were 7.6 and 9.7 microM, respectively. Histone H2B(29-35) (Arg-Lys-Arg-Ser-Arg-Lys-Glu) had no effect on nucleotide affinity in either the absence or presence of cGMP. However, when lysine-34 located two residues after the phosphorylatable serine is replaced with an alanyl residue, the resulting [Ala34]histone H2B(29-35) and its analogue peptides interact with cGMP-dependent protein kinase and/or the nucleotide in a fashion that decreases nucleotide binding affinity approximately 3-fold. This amino acid replacement had previously been shown to cause an increase in Vmax and a decrease in the pH optimum for the phosphotransferase reaction. Replacement of positively charged residues at positions 30 and 31 of the peptide also decreased nucleotide affinity. Other analogues of histone H2B(29-35) failed to affect binding of lin-benzo-ADP to the active site of the cGMP-dependent enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bhatnagar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, Louisiana 70179
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Dephosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (type II) by calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. Determinants of substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Dynamics of a proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva: a 360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(86)90017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Scott JD, Glaccum MB, Fischer EH, Krebs EG. Primary-structure requirements for inhibition by the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:1613-6. [PMID: 3456605 PMCID: PMC323133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) was determined recently [Scott, J. D., Fischer, E. H., Takio, K., Demaille, J. G. & Krebs, E. G. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5732-5736]. An earlier report [Scott, J. D., Fischer, E.H., Demaille, J. G. & Krebs, E. G. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4379-4383] showed that at least part of the inhibitory domain of PKI is located in a 20-residue segment extending from residue 11 to residue 30: Ile-Ala-Ser-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile-His-Asp-Ile-Leu-Val-Ser- Ser-Ala . In the present study, we further mapped the inhibitory region of PKI by addition or deletion of residues at both ends of this peptide and by substitutions for specific amino acids. The results show that (i) deletion of residues 25-30 did not change inhibitory activity but addition of residues toward the amino terminus increased the inhibitory potency up to 150-fold (Ki 4.8 nM), to a level approaching that of PKI; (ii) replacement of alanine-21 by serine converted the inhibitor into a substrate having a relatively low affinity (Km 280 microM) for the enzyme; (iii) replacement of alanine-21 by phosphoserine or alpha-aminobutyric acid decreased inhibitory activity by a factor of 120 and 20, respectively; (iv) replacement of serine-13 had essentially no effect, whereas substitution of threonine-16 decreased inhibitory activity. The greatest decreases of inhibitory potency occurred with replacements of the arginines in positions 18 and 19.
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Bramson HN, Thomas NE, Kaiser ET. The use of N-methylated peptides and depsipeptides to probe the binding of heptapeptide substrates to cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Fry DC, Fox T, Lane MD, Mildvan AS. NMR studies of the exchange of the amide protons of d-biotin and its derivatives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 447:140-51. [PMID: 3860170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb18434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Mildvan AS, Rosevear PR, Fry DC, Bramson HN, Kaiser ET. NMR studies of the mechanism of action and regulation of protein kinase. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1985; 27:133-44. [PMID: 3004816 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152827-0.50018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Martensen TM. The role of substrate structure in recognition and regulation of enzymatic interconversion of proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1985; 27:171-81. [PMID: 2868839 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152827-0.50021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Temperature dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rates and exchange rates of the amide protons in peptide substrates of protein kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(85)90271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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