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Ghosh I, Khan S, Banerjee G, Dziarski A, Vinyard DJ, Debus RJ, Brudvig GW. Insights into Proton-Transfer Pathways during Water Oxidation in Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Sahr Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gourab Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alisha Dziarski
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - David J. Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Richard J. Debus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex photoassembly displays an inverse H/D solvent isotope effect under chloride-limiting conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18917-18922. [PMID: 31484762 PMCID: PMC6754581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910231116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal clusters play important roles in a wide variety of proteins. In cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, photosystem II uses light energy to oxidize water and release O2 at an active site that contains 1 calcium and 4 manganese atoms. This cluster must be built within the protein environment through a process known as photoassembly. Through experiments and simulations, we found that the efficiency of photoassembly was highly dependent on protons and chloride. Surprisingly, when the solvent was switched from H2O to deuterated water, D2O, the yield of photoassembly was higher. These results provide insights into the stepwise mechanism of photoassembly that can inform synthesis and repair strategies being developed for artificial photosynthesis technologies. Photosystem II (PSII) performs the solar-driven oxidation of water used to fuel oxygenic photosynthesis. The active site of water oxidation is the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), a Mn4CaO5 cluster. PSII requires degradation of key subunits and reassembly of the OEC as frequently as every 20 to 40 min. The metals for the OEC are assembled within the PSII protein environment via a series of binding events and photochemically induced oxidation events, but the full mechanism is unknown. A role of proton release in this mechanism is suggested here by the observation that the yield of in vitro OEC photoassembly is higher in deuterated water, D2O, compared with H2O when chloride is limiting. In kinetic studies, OEC photoassembly shows a significant lag phase in H2O at limiting chloride concentrations with an apparent H/D solvent isotope effect of 0.14 ± 0.05. The growth phase of OEC photoassembly shows an H/D solvent isotope effect of 1.5 ± 0.2. We analyzed the protonation states of the OEC protein environment using classical Multiconformer Continuum Electrostatics. Combining experiments and simulations leads to a model in which protons are lost from amino acid that will serve as OEC ligands as metals are bound. Chloride and D2O increase the proton affinities of key amino acid residues. These residues tune the binding affinity of Mn2+/3+ and facilitate the deprotonation of water to form a proposed μ-hydroxo bridged Mn2+Mn3+ intermediate.
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Mullins CS, Pecoraro VL. Reflections on Small Molecule Manganese Models that Seek to Mimic Photosynthetic Water Oxidation Chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2008; 252:416-443. [PMID: 19081816 PMCID: PMC2597837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of the Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PSII) include structural information attained from several X-ray crystallographic (XRD) and spectroscopic (XANES and EXAFS) investigations. The possible structural features gleaned from these studies have enabled synthetic chemists to design more accurate model complexes, which in turn, offer better insight into the possible pathways used by PSII to drive photosynthetic water oxidation catalysis. Mononuclear model compounds have been used to advance the knowledge base regarding the physical properties and reactivity of high-valent (Mn(IV) or Mn(V)) complexes. Such investigations have been especially important in regard to the manganyl (Mn(IV)=O or Mn(V)≡O) species, as there are no reports, to date, of any structural characterized multinuclear model compounds that incorporate such a functionality. Dinuclear and trinuclear model compounds have also been thoroughly studied in attempts to draw further comparison to the physical properties observed in the natural system and to design systems of catalytic relevance. As the reactive center of the OEC has been shown to contain an oxo-Mn(4)Ca cluster, exact structural models necessitate a tetranuclear Mn core. The number of models that make use of Mn(4) clusters has risen substantially in recent years, and these models have provided evidence to support and refute certain mechanistic proposals. Further work is needed to adequately address the rationale for Ca (and Cl) in the OEC and to determine the sequence of events that lead to O(2) evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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4
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Fa-Shui H, Ling W, Ye T. Mechanism of LaCl3 on Increasing Photosystem II Activity of Spinach. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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CaCl2
inhibition of H2
O2
electron donation to photosystem II in submembrane preparations depleted in extrinsic polypeptides. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Virgin I, Styring S, Andersson B. Photosystem II disorganization and manganese release after photoinhibition of isolated spinach thylakoid membranes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of TCA-depletion of extrinsic polypeptides on electron transport on oxidizing side of PS II. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02882441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Evidence for two forms of the g = 4.1 signal in the S2 state of photosystem II. Two magnetically isolated manganese dimers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ahmed A, Tajmir-Riahi HA, Carpentier R. A quantitative secondary structure analysis of the 33 kDa extrinsic polypeptide of photosystem II by FTIR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 1995; 363:65-8. [PMID: 7729557 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00282-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplast photosystem II, the extrinsic polypeptide of 33 kDa is involved in the stabilization the Mn cluster in charge of water splitting and in the fulfilment of the Ca(2+)-cofactor requirement for oxygen evolution. The conformational analysis of the purified 33 kDa extrinsic polypeptide was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy with its self-deconvolution and second derivative resolution enhancement as well as curve-fitting procedures. The FTIR spectroscopic results showed that the isolated polypeptide is characterized by a major proportion beta-sheet conformation (36%) with 27% alpha-helix, 24% turn, and 13% beta-antiparallel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Centre de recherche en photobiophysique, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivières, Canada
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MacLachlan DJ, Nugent JH, Bratt PJ, Evans MC. The effects of calcium depletion on the O2-evolving complex in spinach PS II: The S∗1, S∗2 and S∗3 states and the role of the 17 kDa and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Bertagnolli H, Ertel TS. X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Amorphous Solids, Liquids, and Catalytic and Biochemical Systems?Capabilities and Limitations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Bertagnolli H, Ertel TS. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie an amorphen Festkörpern, Flüssigkeiten, katalytischen und biochemischen Systemen — Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Debus RJ. The manganese and calcium ions of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1102:269-352. [PMID: 1390827 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90133-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Debus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside 92521-0129
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MacLachlan DJ, Hallahan BJ, Ruffle SV, Nugent JH, Evans MC, Strange RW, Hasnain SS. An e.x.a.f.s. study of the manganese O2-evolving complex in purified Photosystem II membrane fractions. The S1 and S2 states. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 2):569-76. [PMID: 1637347 PMCID: PMC1132826 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Manganese K-edge X-ray spectra have been obtained for Photosystem II samples isolated using Triton X-100 detergent and samples further purified by n-heptyl beta-D-thioglucoside detergent treatment to remove light-harvesting polypeptides and low-affinity calcium. The structure of the manganese complex is very similar for the two detergent preparations used. Analysis of the e.x.a.f.s. spectra for samples in the S1 and S2 states indicate changes in bond lengths for the shells of oxygen/nitrogen atoms. For the S1 state, oxygen shells at 0.181 and 0.193 nm (1.81 and 1.93 A) were observed and one manganese shell at 0.270 nm (2.70A). In the S2 state the oxygen bond lengths are longer at 0.184 and 0.200 nm (1.84 and 2.00 A). Additionally a shell of scatterers at 0.37 nm (3.7 A) was observed in both states which could be fitted to models with calcium scatterers at this distance.
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Preston C, Seibert M. The carboxyl modifier 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) inhibits half of the high-affinity Mn-binding site in photosystem II membrane fragments. Biochemistry 1991; 30:9615-24. [PMID: 1911747 DOI: 10.1021/bi00104a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The diphenylcarbazide(DPC)/Mn2+ assay [Hsu, B.-D., Lee, J.-Y., & Pan, R.-L. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 890, 89-96] was used to assess the amount of the high-affinity Mn-binding site in manganese-depleted photosystem II (PS II) membrane fragments from spinach and Scenedesmus obliquus. The assay mechanism at high DPC concentration was shown to involve noncompetitive inhibition of only half of the control level of DPC donation to PS II by micromolar concentrations of Mn at pH 6.5 (i.e., one of two DPC donation sites is inhibited). At low DPC concentration both DPC and Mn2+ donate to PS II additively. Treatment with the carboxyl amino acid modifier 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) inhibited half of the high-affinity Mn-binding site in spinach and Scenedesmus WT PS II membranes and all of the available site in Scenedesmus LF-1 mutant PS II membranes. A similar EDC concentration dependence was observed in all cases. Addition of 2 mM MnCl2 to the 10 mM EDC modification buffer provided complete protection for the Mn-binding site from modification. This protection was specific for Mn2+; six other divalent cations were ineffective. We conclude that EDC modifies that half of the high-affinity Mn-binding site that is insensitive to the histidine modifier diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) [Seibert, M., Tamura, N., & Inoue, Y. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 974, 185-191] and directly affects ligands that bind Mn. The effects of EDC and DEPC that influence the high-affinity site are mutually exclusive and are specific to the lumenal side of the PS II membrane. Removal of the two more loosely bound of the four functional Mn from PS II membranes uncovers that part of the high-affinity site associated with carboxyl but not histidyl residues. We suggest that carboxyl residues on reaction center proteins are associated with half of the high-affinity Mn-binding site in PS II and are involved along with histidine residues in binding Mn functional in the O2-evolving process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Preston
- Photoconversion Research Branch, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado 80401
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Hansson O, Wydrzynski T. Current perceptions of Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 23:131-162. [PMID: 24421057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1989] [Accepted: 06/05/1989] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of Photosystem II in oxygen-evolving organisms has increased significantly. The biochemical isolation and characterization of essential protein components and the comparative analysis from purple photosynthetic bacteria (Deisenhofer, Epp, Miki, Huber and Michel (1984) J Mol Biol 180: 385-398) have led to a more concise picture of Photosystem II organization. Thus, it is now generally accepted that the so-called D1 and D2 intrinsic proteins bind the primary reactants and the reducing-side components. Simultaneously, the nature and reaction kinetics of the major electron transfer components have been further clarified. For example, the radicals giving rise to the different forms of EPR Signal II have recently been assigned to oxidized tyrosine residues on the D1 and D2 proteins, while the so-called Q400 component has been assigned to the ferric form of the acceptor-side iron. The primary charge-separation has been meaured to take place in about 3 ps. However, despite all recent major efforts, the location of the manganese ions and the water-oxidation mechanism still remain largely unknown. Other topics which lately have received much attention include the organization of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane and the role of lipids and ionic cofactors like bicarbonate, calcium and chloride. This article attempts to give an overall update in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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Miller AF, Brudvig GW. Manganese and calcium requirements for reconstitution of oxygen-evolution activity in manganese-depleted photosystem II membranes. Biochemistry 1989; 28:8181-90. [PMID: 2557898 DOI: 10.1021/bi00446a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Mn complex of photosystem II and O2-evolution activity are reconstituted in Mn-depleted photosystem II membranes in a light-dependent process called photoactivation. Recovery of O2-evolution activity requires both Mn2+ and Ca2+ in the photoactivation medium. The Mn2+ and Ca2+ dependences of both the effective rate constant and yield of photoactivation have been determined. A comparison of these data with the predictions of mathematical models for photoactivation leads to the conclusion that photoactivation occurs in two stages. The first stage, photoligation of Mn, requires light and depends primarily on Mn2+. The second stage, binding of Ca2+, is required for expression of O2-evolution activity. This two-stage model affords an excellent fit to the data and provides dissociation constants and binding stoichiometries for Ca2+ and Mn2+. We conclude that one Mn2+ ion is bound and photooxidized in the rate-determining step(s) of photoactivation. On the basis of these results and data already in the literature, the molecular details of the elementary steps in photoactivation are discussed and a mechanism of photoactivation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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EPR relaxation measurements of Photosystem II reaction centers: influence of S-state oxidation and temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Suzuki M, Senda H, Kobayashi Y, Oshio H, Uehara A. Synthesis and Characterization of the Di(μ-oxo)Dimanganese(III,IV) Complex with Carboxylato Groups as a Terminal Ligand. CHEM LETT 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1988.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Pfxoraro VL. STRUCTURAL PROPOSALS FOR THE MANGANESE CENTERS OF THE OXYGEN EVOLVING COMPLEX: AN INORGANIC CHEMIST'S PERSPECTIVE. Photochem Photobiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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