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Barrero AF, del Pino MMH, Arteaga JF, González-Delgado JA. Occurrence and Chemical Synthesis of Apocarotenoids from Mucorales: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are metabolites originated by degradation of carotenes through the loss of carbon atoms placed at the side chain of their structure as consequence of oxydative reactions. We present here the first review of apocarotenoids in the fungi mucorales Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Blakeslea trispora and Mucor mucedo. This review is divided into two parts: the first one presents their structures and sources, whereas the second part is dedicated to their chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Mar Herrador del Pino
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Arteaga
- CIQSO-Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Campus de El Carmen, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limón MC. Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1781. [PMID: 27792173 PMCID: PMC5133782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Alcalde E, Medina HR, Herrador MM, Barrero AF, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Cyclofarnesoids and methylhexanoids produced from β-carotene in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 124:38-45. [PMID: 26854131 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative cleavage of β-carotene in the Mucorales produces three fragments of 18, 15, and 7 carbons, respective heads of three families of apocarotenoids: the methylhexanoids, the trisporoids, and the cyclofarnesoids (named after their 1,6-cyclofarnesane skeleton). The apocarotenoids are easily recognized because they are absent in white mutants unable to produce β-carotene. In cultures of Phycomyces blakesleeanus we detected thirty-two apocarotenoids by LC, UV absorbance, and MS. With additional IR and NMR we identified two methylhexanoids and the eight most abundant cyclofarnesoids. Four of them were previously-unknown natural compounds, including 4-dihydrocyclofarnesine S, the most abundant cyclofarnesoid in young cultures. We arranged the apocarotenoids of the Mucorales in a scheme that helps classifying and naming them and suggests possible metabolites and biosynthetic pathways. We propose specific biosynthetic pathways for cyclofarnesoids and methylhexanoids based on structural comparisons, the time course of appearance of individual compounds, and the bioconversion of β-apo-12-carotenol, an early precursor, to three more oxygenated cyclofarnesoids by the white mutants. Some of the reactions occur spontaneously in the increasingly acidic culture media. Mating increased the contents of methylhexanoids and cyclofarnesoids by ca. threefold in young cultures and ca. twelvefold in old ones (five days); cyclofarnesine S, the most abundant cyclofarnesoid in old cultures, increased over one hundredfold. We found no differences between the sexes and no activity as sexual pheromones, but we suggest that methylhexanoids and cyclofarnesoids could mediate species-specific physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Alcalde
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Humberto R Medina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Mar Herrador
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandro F Barrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain.
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Avalos J, Carmen Limón M. Biological roles of fungal carotenoids. Curr Genet 2014; 61:309-24. [PMID: 25284291 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are terpenoid pigments widespread in nature, produced by bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. They are also found in animals, which usually obtain them through the diet. Carotenoids in plants provide striking yellow, orange or red colors to fruits and flowers, and play important metabolic and physiological functions, especially relevant in photosynthesis. Their functions are less clear in non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Different fungi produce diverse carotenoids, but the mutants unable to produce them do not exhibit phenotypic alterations in the laboratory, apart of lack of pigmentation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functional basis for carotenoid production in fungi. Different lines of evidence support a protective role of carotenoids against oxidative stress and exposure to visible light or UV irradiation. In addition, the carotenoids are intermediary products in the biosynthesis of physiologically active apocarotenoids or derived compounds. This is the case of retinal, obtained from the symmetrical oxidative cleavage of β-carotene. Retinal is the light-absorbing prosthetic group of the rhodopsins, membrane-bound photoreceptors present also in many fungal species. In Mucorales, β-carotene is an intermediary in the synthesis of trisporoids, apocarotenoid derivatives that include the sexual hormones the trisporic acids, and they are also presumably used in the synthesis of sporopollenin polymers. In conclusion, fungi have adapted their ability to produce carotenoids for different non-essential functions, related with stress tolerance or with the synthesis of physiologically active by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain,
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Vereshchagina OA, Tereshina VM. Trisporoids and carotenogenesis in Blakeslea trispora. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2013; 30:57-76. [PMID: 24027347 PMCID: PMC3734967 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x666259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the traditional classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial. Since then only single clades have been investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes.
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A minor dihydropyran apocarotenoid from mated cultures of Blakeslea trispora. Molecules 2012; 17:12553-9. [PMID: 23095897 PMCID: PMC6268977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterocyclic C15 apocarotenoid 1 was isolated from mated cultures of the strains F986 (+) and F921 (−) of Blakeslea trispora. This new compound formed during sexual interaction is a minor constituent of the culture media and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data, including 2D-NMR. A plausible biosynthetic pathway involving a double degradation of β-carotene, followed by several oxidations of the resulting monocyclofarnesane C15 fragment is proposed.
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Polaino S, Gonzalez-Delgado JA, Arteaga P, Herrador MM, Barrero AF, Cerdá-Olmedo E. Apocarotenoids in the sexual interaction of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3002-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrero AF, Herrador MM, Arteaga P, Gil J, González JA, Alcalde E, Cerdá-Olmedo E. New apocarotenoids and β-carotene cleavage in Blakeslea trispora. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7190-5. [PMID: 21858318 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05712j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed cultures of strains of opposite sex ("mated" cultures) of Blakeslea trispora contain trisporic acids and other apocarotenoids, some of which mediate the sexual responses of this fungus and other Mucorales. In mated cultures of the wild-type strains F986 and F921 we identified eleven apocarotenoids: two C(18) trisporoids, three C(15) compounds with a monocyclofarnesane skeleton, a C(13) compound, and five C(7) compounds with a 2-methylhexane skeleton. Six of them are new natural products and two others are new for Blakeslea. Their structures were established by NMR and mass spectra and those of the C(7) and C(13) compounds were confirmed by chemical synthesis. The finding of these compounds and the presence of approximately equimolecular amounts of the C(18), C(15), and C(7) families led to the conclusion that β-carotene is initially split in three fragments by cleavage of its 13,14 and 11',12' double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Papaioannou E, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M. Substrate contribution on carotenoids production in Blakeslea trispora cultivations. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J. Carotene derivatives in sexual communication of zygomycete fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1867-1875. [PMID: 19665150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition between mating partners, early sexual morphogenesis and development are regulated by a family of beta-carotene derived signal compounds, the trisporoids, in zygomycete fungi. Mating type-specific precursors are released from the hyphae and exert their physiological effects upon compatible mating partners. In a cooperative synthesis pathway, later intermediates and finally trisporic acid are formed. All trisporoids occur in a number of derivatives. Trisporic acid and some precursors directly influence the transcription of genes involved in sexual development. This has been demonstrated for TSP3, encoding the carotene oxygenase involved in sexually induced cleavage of beta-carotene. Species specificity of mating despite a common and commonly recognized signaling system is maintained by several factors. Specific distribution and recognition patterns of the trisporoid derivatives and the proposed divergence in trisporoid synthesis pathways in diverse species play a role. The derivatives elicit vastly differing, partially mating type-specific responses during early sexual development. Another specificity factor is the realization of different regulation levels for the trisporoid synthesis enzymes in different species. Enzymes in the trisporoid synthesis pathway show remarkable variations in mating type-specific activity and the exact activation time during sexual development. This allows for the observed complex network of possible interactions, but at the same time forbids successful mating between dissimilar partners because the necessary transcripts or gene products are not available at the appropriate developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Hoffmann K, Voigt K. Absidia parricida plays a dominant role in biotrophic fusion parasitism among mucoralean fungi (Zygomycetes): Lentamyces, a new genus for A. parricida and A. zychae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11:537-554. [PMID: 19538392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Within the order Mucorales (Zygomycetes), the facultative parasites Parasitella parasitica, Chaetocladium brefeldii, Chaetocladium jonesii and Absidia parricida are known to initiate biotrophic fusion parasitic interactions on a wide variety of other mucoralean hosts. Their phylogenetic relationship within the Mucorales and their ability to form parasitic structures with several known host species was examined. Together with interspecific reactions between the mycoparasites, this study found: (i) no evident differences in the spectrum of non-parasitic hosts tested within the study; (ii) A. parricida parasitises all other fusion parasites; (iii) A. parricida is ancestral to all other parasites; (iv) A. parricida is reported for the first time as phylogenetically basal to all other mucoralean fungi except the Umbelopsidaceae and (v) based on phylogenetic analyses and physiological and morphological characteristics, the slow-growing species A. parricida and Absidia zychae are removed from the genus Absidia and reclassified in the newly described genus Lentamyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoffmann
- University of Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Fungal Reference Centre, Jena, Germany
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Schachtschabel D, David A, Menzel KD, Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J, Boland W. Cooperative Biosynthesis of Trisporoids by the (+) and (−) Mating Types of the ZygomyceteBlakeslea trispora. Chembiochem 2008; 9:3004-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schachtschabel D, Boland W. Efficient Generation of a Trisporoid Library by Combination of Synthesis and Biotransformation. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1366-72. [PMID: 17243721 DOI: 10.1021/jo062236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trisporic acids and their biosynthetic precursors represent a family of powerful fungal pheromones and morphogenetic factors. A highly flexible synthetic protocol is described that (i) provides rapid access to nonfunctionalized early trisporoids from beta-ionone, (ii) includes a regiospecific oxidative functionalization of beta-ionone leading to 1-acetoxy-beta-ionone giving access to functionalized trisporoids, and (iii) utilizes a biotransformation of early synthetic trisporoids by growing cells of Blakeslea trispora to prepare late trisporoids including trisporic acids. The same protocol also provides deuterium-labeled trisporoids such as trisporin B [2H3]-19. Administration of [2H3]-19 to growing cells of the (-)-mating type of B. trispora resulted in the formation of the labeled trisporols [2H3]-20 and [2H3]-21. Growing cultures containing both mating types can be used to prepare trisporic acids from early precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schachtschabel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Feofilova EP. Heterothallism of mucoraceous fungi: A review of biological implications and uses in biotechnology. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683806050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Schachtschabel D, Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J, Boland W. Biological activity of trisporoids and trisporoid analogues in Mucor mucedo (-). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1358-65. [PMID: 15913673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the course of their sexual interactions, zygomycete fungi communicate via an elaborate series of carotene-derived compounds, namely trisporic acid and its biosynthetic progenitors. A novel building-block strategy allowed the systematic generation of structurally modified trisporoids along with putative early biosynthetic precursors for physiological tests. The impact of discrete structural elements was documented by the ability of individual compounds to induce sexually committed hyphae in Mucor mucedo. The activity screening contributed to establish general structure-function relationships for trisporoid action. Most crucial for activity were the dimension of the longer side chain, the polarity of functional groups at C(4) and C(13), and the number of conjugated double bonds in the side chain. The presence of an oxygen substituent at the cyclohexene ring is not essential for function. The overall biological activity apparently results from the combination of the various structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schachtschabel
- Abteilung Bioorganische Chemie, Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Okologie, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Schimek C, Kleppe K, Saleem AR, Voigt K, Burmester A, Wöstemeyer J. Sexual reactions in Mortierellales are mediated by the trisporic acid system. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:736-47. [PMID: 12951800 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several species of Mortierella (Mortierellales, Zygomycota) were examined for substances regulating their sexual reactions. Compounds isolated from both mated and single growing Mortierella strains were purified by thin layer chromatography. Some of these compounds showed UV absorbance-characteristics similar to those of trisporoids, a group of compounds involved in sexual regulation in Mucorales. A compound with a 4-dihydromethyltrisporate-like absorbance spectrum was detected. To test for the interspecific sexual responses typically induced by trisporoids, the compounds extracted from Mortierella spp. were tested against the Mucorales Mucor mucedo and Phycomyces blakesleeanus and were found to induce sexual reactions in both tester strains. A gene encoding 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase was identified in several Mortierella species and the activity of the gene product was shown using a histochemical assay. We suggest that the regulation of sexual processes by trisporoids is common to both Mucorales and Mortierellales and may be more widespread within the Zygomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- Department of General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Enhanced synthesis of trisporic acid and β-carotene production in Blakeslea trispora by addition of a non-ionic surfactant, Span 20. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)89253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Bacigaluppo J, Colombo MI, Preite MD, Zinczuk J, Rúveda EA, Sieler J. Enantioselective syntheses and resolution of the key white intermediate for the synthesis of trisporic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Enantioselective synthesis of the white key intermediate for the synthesis of trisporic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)86255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Gooday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Hänfler J, Teepe H, Weigel C, Kruft V, Lurz R, Wöstemeyer J. Circular extrachromosomal DNA codes for a surface protein in the (+) mating type of the zygomycete Absidia glauca. Curr Genet 1992; 22:319-25. [PMID: 1394515 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A small protein with a molecular mass of 15 kDa, which is specifically found on the hyphal surface of a (+) mating-type strain of the model zygomycete Absidia glauca, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and partially sequenced. The corresponding gene was cloned by means of an oligonucleotide probe deduced from the protein sequence. It could be localized on an extrachromosomal circular DNA element with a total length of 1250 bp. Electron microscopic analysis of A. glauca DNA showed that small extrachromosomal DNAs with varying length are a common feature of this zygomycete. There are no indications of additional chromosomal copies of the gene for this surface protein, and the plasmid is absent from DNA preparations of the (-) mating type. The copy number ranges around three per haploid genome, and a single transcript with a length of 400 bp, coding for the surface protein, could be found by employing a hybridization probe which spans the complete fungal plasmid. This is the first report of naturally occurring extrachromosomal DNA in a Mucor-like fungus, and the only example where an integral protein of the cell wall is encoded by a plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hänfler
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
The facultatively parasitic zygomycete Parasitella simplex was transformed to neomycin resistance by a vector, which had been developed primarily for transformation of its host Absidia glauca. This plasmid, pAmNEF21, contained the bacterial resistance gene for neomycin (NPTII) under the control of the promoter region from the gene for elongation factor 1 (tef) isolated from A. glauca. Both flanking regions of the marker gene contain parts of the structural tef gene. DNA isolated from two Parasitella transformants was re-transformed in E. coli and the resulting plasmids, pAt21 and pAt35, were analyzed. The restriction map and Southern blot analysis show that both plasmids are rearranged. They had lost the structural tef information and were found to contain new DNA fragments, which were identical in both cases. Southern blot analysis of the transformants indicates that the rearranged plasmids are present in the fungal transformants and that the changes are not the result of re-transformation in E. coli. Plasmids were only recovered after growth under selective conditions. Southern blot analysis and re-transformation with undigested transformant DNA shows that the plasmids are replicated autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burmester
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH, Federal Republic of Germany
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