1
|
Gentry PR, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Novel Allosteric Modulators of G Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19478-88. [PMID: 26100627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.662759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are allosteric proteins, because their signal transduction relies on interactions between topographically distinct, yet conformationally linked, domains. Much of the focus on GPCR allostery in the new millennium, however, has been on modes of targeting GPCR allosteric sites with chemical probes due to the potential for novel therapeutics. It is now apparent that some GPCRs possess more than one targetable allosteric site, in addition to a growing list of putative endogenous modulators. Advances in structural biology are also shedding new insights into mechanisms of allostery, although the complexities of candidate allosteric drugs necessitate rigorous biological characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Gentry
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- From Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barnes MJ, Burschka C, Büttner MW, Conroy R, Daiss JO, Gray IC, Hendrick AG, Tam LH, Kuehn D, Miller DJ, Mills JS, Mitchell P, Montana JG, Muniandy PA, Rapley H, Showell GA, Tebbe D, Tacke R, Warneck JBH, Zhu B. Silicon Analogues of the Nonpeptidic GnRH Antagonist AG-045572: Syntheses, Crystal Structure Analyses, and Pharmacological Characterization. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2070-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Heitman LH, Ijzerman AP. G protein-coupled receptors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: a case for Gnrh, LH, FSH, and GPR54 receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:975-1011. [PMID: 18561294 DOI: 10.1002/med.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, important in reproduction and sex hormone-dependent diseases, is regulated by a number of G protein-coupled receptors. The recently "deorphanized" GPR54 receptor activated by the peptide metastin is thought to be the key regulator of the axis, mainly by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. The latter decapeptide, through the activation of the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary, causes the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which subsequently activate their respective receptors on the gonadotrope cells. In this review we will discuss the small molecule agonists and antagonists that are currently being developed to intervene with the action of these four receptors. For GnRH receptors, 14 different chemical classes of non-peptidic antagonists have been reported, while for the LH receptor three classes of agonists have been described. Both agonists and antagonists have been introduced for the FSH receptor. Recently, the first non-peptidic agonist for GPR54 was reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen C, Wu D, Guo Z, Xie Q, Reinhart GJ, Madan A, Wen J, Chen T, Huang CQ, Chen M, Chen Y, Tucci FC, Rowbottom M, Pontillo J, Zhu YF, Wade W, Saunders J, Bozigian H, Struthers RS. Discovery of Sodium R-(+)-4-{2-[5-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-6-[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethylamino}butyrate (Elagolix), a Potent and Orally Available Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7478-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Dongpei Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Qiu Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Greg J. Reinhart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Ajay Madan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Jenny Wen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Takung Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Charles Q. Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Mi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Fabio C. Tucci
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Martin Rowbottom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Joseph Pontillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Yun-Fei Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Warren Wade
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - John Saunders
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Haig Bozigian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - R. Scott Struthers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Endocrinology, and Department of Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Betz SF, Zhu YF, Chen C, Struthers RS. Non-Peptide Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3331-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Betz
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Yun-Fei Zhu
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - R. Scott Struthers
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| |
Collapse
|