1
|
Marques HM. The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids - an update. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112154. [PMID: 36871417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids, derivatives of vitamin B12, is reviewed, with particular emphasis on equilibrium constants for, and kinetics of, their axial ligand substitution reactions. The role the corrin ligand plays in controlling and modifying the properties of the metal ion is emphasised. Other aspects of the chemistry of these compounds, including their structure, corrinoid complexes with metals other than cobalt, the redox chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids and their chemical redox reactions, and their photochemistry are discussed. Their role as catalysts in non-biological reactions and aspects of their organometallic chemistry are briefly mentioned. Particular mention is made of the role that computational methods - and especially DFT calculations - have played in developing our understanding of the inorganic chemistry of these compounds. A brief overview of the biological chemistry of the B12-dependent enzymes is also given for the reader's convenience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quadruple fortification of salt for the delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 to vulnerable populations. J FOOD ENG 2021; 300:110525. [PMID: 34219855 PMCID: PMC7985676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A process for simultaneous delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 through salt as a potential and holistic approach to ameliorate anaemia and reduce maternal and infant mortality is presented. Two approaches for adding folic acid and B12 to salt during double fortification with iron and iodine were investigated. Attempts to add both micronutrients through the iodine spray solution were unsuccessful. Hence, folic acid was added through a stabilized iodine solution, and B12 was added through the iron premix. Four approaches used to incorporate B12 into the iron premix were investigated: (1) co-extruding B12 with iron, (2) spraying B12 on the surface of the iron extrudate, (3) adding B12 to the colour masking agent, and (4) adding B12 to the outer coating. Of these approaches, coextrusion (1) was the best, based on the ease of production and stability of fortificants. The salt formulated with the solid iron-B12 premix and sprayed iodine and folic acid solution contained 1000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, 25 ppm folic acid, and 0.25 ppm B12. Over 98% of B12, 93% folic acid, and 94% iodine were retained after 6-month storage in the best formulation. This technology can simultaneously deliver iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in a safe and stable salt enabling public health measures for improved health at a minimal additional cost. The process developed simultaneously delivers iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 through salt. The chemistry of interaction among the micronutrients guided the process development. Iron and vitamin B12 were added as encapsulated particles (premix), while iodine and folic acid were added as a solution. Vitamin B12 and folic acid had different pH range requirements; hence, they were incompatible in solution. Of the four iron-B12 premix designs evaluated, the coextrusion of iron and vitamin B12 was the best design for the process. The additional cost of adding these micronutrients to salt is about $0.30 per year per person; hence, very cost effective.
Collapse
|
3
|
Salnikov DS, Makarov SV. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of cyanocobalamin with potassium hydroxide in non-aqueous media. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01361j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) was studied in isopropyl alcohol (iPrOH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) under anaerobic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Salnikov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology
- 153000 Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - S. V. Makarov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology
- 153000 Ivanovo
- Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pugina RA, Denisova EA, Ivlev PA, Salnikov DS, Makarov SV. Synthesis of vitamin B12 derivatives with sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618501092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) with sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (HMS) was studied over a wide range of pH (4–11) under aerobic conditions. CNCbl is destroyed in the presence of HMS in aqueous solution to form uncolored substances. The accumulation of stable yellow corrinoids (SYCs) preceded these changes at pH [Formula: see text] 8. The major stable yellow corrinoid is (15R)-Co[Formula: see text], Coß — dicyano-13-dehydro-15-hydro-l5-hydroxycob(III)alamin. The yield of this SYC is 25%, and the stability of this compound decreases significantly with increasing concentrations of HMS, pH and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raida A. Pugina
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Elena A. Denisova
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Ivlev
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Denis S. Salnikov
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Makarov
- Department of Food Chemistry, State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mutti E, Hunger M, Fedosov S, Nexo E, Kräutler B. Organometallic DNA-B 12 Conjugates as Potential Oligonucleotide Vectors: Synthesis and Structural and Binding Studies with Human Cobalamin-Transport Proteins. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2280-2291. [PMID: 28881087 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of Co-(dN)25 -Cbl (Cbl: cobalamin; dN: deoxynucleotide) and Co-(dN)39 -Cbl, which are organometallic DNA-B12 conjugates with single DNA strands consisting of 25 and 39 deoxynucleotides, respectively, and binding studies of these two DNA-Cbl conjugates to three homologous human Cbl transporting proteins, transcobalamin (TC), intrinsic factor (IF), and haptocorrin (HC), are reported. This investigation tests the suitability of such DNA-Cbls for the task of eventual in vivo oligonucleotide delivery. The binding of DNA-Cbl to TC, IF, and HC was investigated in competition with either a fluorescent Cbl derivative and Co-(dN)25 -Cbl, or radiolabeled vitamin B12 (57 Co-CNCbl) and Co-(dN)25 -Cbl or Co-(dN)39 -Cbl. Binding of the new DNA-Cbl conjugates was fast and tight with TC, but poorer with HC and IF, which extends a similar original finding with the simpler DNA-Cbl, Co-(dN)18 -Cbl. The contrasting affinities of TC versus IF and HC for the DNA-Cbl conjugates are rationalized herein by a stepwise mechanism of Cbl binding. Critical contributions to overall affinity result from gradual conformational adaptations of the Cbl-binding proteins to the DNA-Cbl, which is first bound to the respective β domains. This transition is fast with TC, but slow with IF and HC, with which weaker binding results. The invariably tight interaction of the DNA-Cbl conjugates with TC makes the Cbl moiety a potential natural vector for the specific delivery of oligonucleotide loads from the blood into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mutti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hunger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergey Fedosov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Science Park Gustav WiedsVej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prieto L, Neuburger M, Spingler B, Zelder F. Inorganic Cyanide as Protecting Group in the Stereospecific Reconstitution of Vitamin B12 from an Artificial Green Secocorrinoid. Org Lett 2016; 18:5292-5295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Prieto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstr. 51, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Zelder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santoro G, Beltrami R, Kottelat E, Blacque O, Bogdanova AY, Zobi F. N-Nitrosamine-{cis-Re[CO]2}2+ cobalamin conjugates as mixed CO/NO-releasing molecules. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1504-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed CO/NO-releasing molecules were prepared by conjugation of the 17-electron rhenium dicarbonyl cis-[Re(CO)2Br4]2− complex to N-nitrosamine modified cyanocobalamin (B12) bio-vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Santoro
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zürich
- CH-8057 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Ruben Beltrami
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Kottelat
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zürich
- CH-8057 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Anna Yu. Bogdanova
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology
- University of Zürich
- CH-8057 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zelder F, Sonnay M, Prieto L. Antivitamins for Medicinal Applications. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1264-78. [PMID: 26013037 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antivitamins represent a broad class of compounds that counteract the essential effects of vitamins. The symptoms triggered by such antinutritional factors resemble those of vitamin deficiencies, but can be successfully reversed by treating patients with the intact vitamin. Despite being undesirable for healthy organisms, the toxicities of these compounds present considerable interest for biological and medicinal purposes. Indeed, antivitamins played fundamental roles in the development of pioneering antibiotic and antiproliferative drugs, such as prontosil and aminopterin. Their development and optimisation were made possible by the study, throughout the 20th century, of the vitamins' and antivitamins' functions in metabolic processes. However, even with this thorough knowledge, commercialised antivitamin-based drugs are still nowadays limited to antagonists of vitamins B9 and K. The antivitamin field thus still needs to be explored more intensely, in view of the outstanding therapeutic success exhibited by several antivitamin-based medicines. Here we summarise historical achievements and discuss critically recent developments, opportunities and potential limitations of the antivitamin approach, with a special focus on antivitamins K, B9 and B12 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zelder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
| | - Marjorie Sonnay
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Lucas Prieto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giedyk M, ó Proinsias K, Kurcoń S, Sharina I, Martin E, Gryko D. Small alterations in cobinamide structure considerably influence sGC activation. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2344-50. [PMID: 25044578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Specially designed B-ring-modified cobalamin derivatives were synthesized and tested as potential activators of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Herein, we disclose the influence of substituents at the c- and d-positions in hydrophilic and hydrophobic cobyrinic acid derivatives on their capacities to activate sGC. The presence of the amide group at c-/d-position in cobyrinic acid derivatives strongly influence the level of sGC activation. Removal of the d-position altogether has a profound effect for hydrophobic compounds. In contrast, little differences were observed in hydrophilic ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Giedyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw (Poland), Fax: (+48) 22-632-6681
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oetterli RM, Prieto L, Spingler B, Zelder F. Synthesis of a B Ring Opened 7,8-seco-Vitamin B12 Derivative with Grob Fragmentation. Org Lett 2013; 15:4630-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René M. Oetterli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Prieto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Zelder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Tanioka Y, Bito T. Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6769-6775. [PMID: 23782218 DOI: 10.1021/jf401545z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The usual dietary sources of vitamin B12 are animal-source based foods, including meat, milk, eggs, fish, and shellfish, although a few plant-based foods such as certain types of dried lavers (nori) and mushrooms contain substantial and considerable amounts of vitamin B12, respectively. Unexpectedly, detailed characterization of vitamin B12 compounds in foods reveals the presence of various corrinoids that are inactive in humans. The majority of edible blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and certain edible shellfish predominately contain an inactive corrinoid known as pseudovitamin B12. Various factors affect the bioactivity of vitamin B12 in foods. For example, vitamin B12 is partially degraded and loses its biological activity during cooking and storage of foods. The intrinsic factor-mediated gastrointestinal absorption system in humans has evolved to selectively absorb active vitamin B12 from naturally occurring vitamin B12 compounds, including its degradation products and inactive corrinoids that are present in daily meal foods. The objective of this review is to present up-to-date information on various factors that can affect the bioactivity of vitamin B12 in foods. To prevent vitamin B12 deficiency in high-risk populations such as vegetarians and elderly subjects, it is necessary to identify plant-source foods that contain high levels of bioactive vitamin B12 and, in conjunction, to prepare the use of crystalline vitamin B12-fortified foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Watanabe
- Division of Applied Bioresources Chemistry, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kurcoń S, Proinsias KÓ, Gryko D. Cobryketone Derived from Vitamin B12via Palladium-Catalyzed Cleavage of the sp3–sp3 Carbon–Carbon Bond. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4115-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Kurcoń
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keith ó Proinsias
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruetz M, Gherasim C, Gruber K, Fedosov S, Banerjee R, Kräutler B. Access to organometallic arylcobaltcorrins through radical synthesis: 4-ethylphenylcobalamin, a potential "antivitamin B(12)". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2606-10. [PMID: 23404623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Locked B(12): 4-Ethylphenylcobalamin, a novel organometallic arylcobalamin, has been synthesized in a radical reaction. This vitamin B(12) antimetabolite features a strong Co-C bond, and represents a "locked" form of vitamin B(12) . It may be used in animal studies to induce functional vitamin B(12) deficiency artificially to help clarify still controversial issues related to the pathophysiology of vitamin B(12) deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruetz M, Gherasim C, Gruber K, Fedosov S, Banerjee R, Kräutler B. Zugang zu metallorganischen Arylcobaltcorrinen durch radikalische Synthese: 4-Ethylphenylcobalamin, ein potenzielles “Antivitamin B12”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Kräutler B. 7-Decarboxymethyl-cobyrinates: Vitamin B12-Derivatives that Lack the c-Side Chain. Chemistry 2012; 18:9032-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Ruetz M, Fedosov SN, Kräutler B. Wiederherstellung des B12-Makrocyclus durch radikalischen Ringschluss eines blauen Secocorrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Ruetz M, Fedosov SN, Kräutler B. Reconstitution of the B12Macrocycle by Radical Ring Closure of a Blue Secocorrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6780-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|