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Miao G, Zhuo D, Han X, Yao W, Liu C, Liu H, Cao H, Sun Y, Chen Z, Feng T. From degenerative disease to malignant tumors: Insight to the function of ApoE. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114127. [PMID: 36516696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein involved in lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism, mediating lipid distribution/redistribution in tissues and cells. It can also regulate inflammation and immune function, maintain cytoskeleton stability, and improve neural tissue Function. Due to genetic polymorphisms of ApoE (ε2, ε3, and ε4), its three common structural isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4) are also associated with the risk of many diseases, especially degenerative diseases, such as vascular degenerative diseases including atherosclerosis (AS), coronary heart disease (CHD), and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of the ε4 allele and APOE variants were significantly higher than that of the ε2 and ε3 alleles in the patients with CHD or AD. In recent years, ApoE has frequently appeared in tumor research and become a tumor biomarker gradually. It has been found that ApoE is highly expressed in most solid tumor tissues, such as glioblastoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma, etc. Studies illustrated that ApoE could regulate the polarization changes of macrophages, participate in the construction of tumor immune microenvironment, regulate tumor inflammation and immune response and play a role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Of course, many functions of ApoE and its relationship with diseases are still under research. By reviewing the structure and function of ApoE from degeneration diseases to tumor neoplasms, we hope to better understand such a biomarker and further explore the value of ApoE in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, Jiangsu, China; Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danping Zhuo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Guarracino DA, Riordan JA, Barreto GM, Oldfield AL, Kouba CM, Agrinsoni D. Macrocyclic Control in Helix Mimetics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9915-9949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Guarracino
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Jacob A. Riordan
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Gianna M. Barreto
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Alexis L. Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Christopher M. Kouba
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Desiree Agrinsoni
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
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Zeng H, Wu X. Alzheimer's disease drug development based on Computer-Aided Drug Design. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 121:851-863. [PMID: 26415837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the excessive deposition of amyloids in the brain. The pathological features mainly include the extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which are the production of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processed by the α-, β- and γ-secretases. Based on the amyloid cascade hypotheses of AD, a large number of amyloid-β agents and secretase inhibitors against AD have been recently developed by using computational methods. This review article describes pathophysiology of AD and the structure of the Aβ plaques, β- and γ-secretases, and discusses the recent advances in the development of the amyloid agents for AD therapy and diagnosis by using Computer-Aided Drug Design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahui Zeng
- Science & Technology Department, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Wu
- Science & Technology Department, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Morgan DM, Dong J, Jacob J, Lu K, Apkarian RP, Thiyagarajan P, Lynn DG. Metal switch for amyloid formation: insight into the structure of the nucleus. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:12644-5. [PMID: 12392395 DOI: 10.1021/ja0273086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of Zn2+ in pre-organizing Abeta(10-21) amyloid formation is shown to preferentially alter the relative rate of fibril nucleation and to have little influence on fibril propagation. Fibril morphology, as determined by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was unchanged in the presence and absence of Zn2+ in Abeta(10-21), as well as in a series of site-specifically altered variants. The metal-independence of the Abeta(10-21)H13Q peptide suggested that the increase in nucleation rate in Abeta(10-21) is due to Zn2+-mediated inter-sheet interactions, involving both histidine 13 and histidine 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morgan
- Center for the Analysis of SupraMolecular Self-assemblies, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Gordon DJ, Tappe R, Meredith SC. Design and characterization of a membrane permeable N-methyl amino acid-containing peptide that inhibits Abeta1-40 fibrillogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2002; 60:37-55. [PMID: 12081625 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.11002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion diseases are part of a growing list of diseases associated with formation of beta-sheet containing fibrils. In a previous publication, we demonstrated that the self-association of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide is inhibited by peptides homologous to the central core domain of Abeta, but containing N-methyl amino acids at alternate positions. When these inhibitor peptides are arrayed in an extended, beta-strand conformation, the alternating position of N-methyl amino acids gives the peptide two distinct faces, one exhibiting a normal pattern of peptide backbone hydrogen bonds, but the other face having limited hydrogen-bonding capabilities due to the replacement of the amide protons by N-methyl groups. Here, we demonstrate, through two-dimensional NMR and circular dichroic spectroscopy, that a pentapeptide with two N-methyl amino acids, Abeta16-20m or Ac-K(Me)LV(Me)FF-NH2, does indeed have the intended structure of an extended beta-strand. This structure is remarkably stable to changes in solvent conditions and resists denaturation by heating, changes in pH (from 2.5 to 10.5), and addition of denaturants such as urea and guanindine-HCl. We also show that this peptide, despite its hydrophobic composition, is highly water soluble, to concentrations > 30 mm, in contrast to the nonmethylated congener, Abeta16-20 (Ac-KLVFF-NH2). The striking water solubility, in combination with the hydrophobic composition of the peptide, suggested that the peptide might be able to pass spontaneously through cell membranes and model phospholipid bilayers such as unilamellar vesicles. Thus, we also demonstrate that this peptide is indeed able to pass spontaneously through both synthetic phospholipid bilayer vesicles and cell membranes. Characterization of the biophysical properties of the Abeta16-20m peptide may facilitate the application of this strategy to other systems as diverse as the HIV protease and chemokines, in which there is dimerization through beta-strand domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Condon SM, Darnbrough S, Burns CJ, Bobko MA, Morize I, Uhl J, Jariwala NU, Burke K, Labaudiniere RF. Analogues of human parathyroid hormone (1-31)NH(2): further evaluation of the effect of conformational constraint on biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:731-6. [PMID: 11814862 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally-restricted analogues of hPTH was prepared, based on the parent peptide agonist, cyclo(Lys(18)-Asp(22))[Ala(1),Nle(8),Lys(18),Asp(22),Leu(27)]hPTH(1-31)NH(2) (2, EC(50)=0.29nM). Truncation of 2 at either the N- or C-termini resulted in peptides with reduced agonist activity as measured by stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in the rat osteosarcoma cell line (ROS 17/2.8). Alanine- and glycine-scanning at the N-terminus of 2 was consistent with data previously obtained on linear hPTH(1-34). Other locations within the primary sequence of hPTH(1-31)NH(2) were evaluated by the placement of the [i, i+4] lactam constraining element. Ring size and lactam orientations at the 18-22 positions were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Condon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Research and Development, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Raussens V, Mah MK, Kay CM, Sykes BD, Ryan RO. Structural characterization of a low density lipoprotein receptor-active apolipoprotein E peptide, ApoE3-(126-183). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38329-36. [PMID: 10986285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005732200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a critical role in lipoprotein particle clearance from blood plasma through its interaction with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and other related receptors. Here, we studied a 58-residue peptide encompassing the receptor binding region of apoE. ApoE3-(126-183) was generated by cyanogen bromide cleavage of recombinant apoE3-(1-183), purified by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectrometry. Far UV CD spectroscopy of the peptide showed that it is unstructured in aqueous solution. The addition of trifluoroethanol or dodecylphosphocholine induces the peptide to adopt an alpha-helical conformation. ApoE3-(126-183) efficiently transforms dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) vesicles into peptide-lipid complexes. Analysis of apoE3-(126-183). DMPG complexes by electron microscopy revealed disc-shaped particles with an average diameter of 13 +/- 3 nm. Flotation equilibrium analysis yielded a particle molecular mass of 252 kDa. Far UV CD analysis of apoE3-(126-183).DMPG discs provided evidence that the peptide adopts a helical conformation. Competition binding experiments with (125)I-labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) were conducted to assess the ability of apoE3-(126-183).DMPG complexes to bind to the LDL receptor. Both N-terminal apoE and the peptide, when complexed with DMPG, competed with (125)I-LDL for binding sites on the surface of cultured human skin fibroblasts. Under the conditions employed, apoE3-(126-183).DMPG complexes were similar to apoE3-(1-183).DMPG discs in their ability to bind to the receptor, demonstrating that the peptide represents a good model to study the interaction between apoE and the LDL receptor. Preliminary NMR results indicated that a high resolution structure of the apoE3-(126-183) peptide is obtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raussens
- Lipid Biology Research Group and Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 327 HMRC, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Peptide model of a highly conserved, N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein E is able to modulate lipoprotein binding to a member of the class A scavenger receptor family. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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