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Jiang W, Chen J, Duan X, Li Y, Tao Z. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Two WRKY Transcription Factors Positively Regulating Polysaccharide Biosynthesis in Polygonatum cyrtonema. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12943. [PMID: 37629123 PMCID: PMC10454705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema (P. cyrtonema) is a valuable rhizome-propagating traditional Chinese medical herb. Polysaccharides (PCPs) are the major bioactive constituents in P. cyrtonema. However, the molecular basis of PCP biosynthesis in P. cyrtonema remains unknown. In this study, we measured the PCP contents of 11 wild P. cyrtonema germplasms. The results showed that PCP content was the highest in Lishui Qingyuan (LSQY, 11.84%) and the lowest in Hangzhou Lin'an (HZLA, 7.18%). We next analyzed the transcriptome profiles of LSQY and HZLA. Through a qRT-PCR analysis of five differential expression genes from the PCP biosynthesis pathway, phosphomannomutase, UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (galE), and GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase were determined as the key enzymes. A protein of a key gene, galE1, was localized in the chloroplast. The PCP content in the transiently overexpressed galE1 tobacco leaves was higher than in the wild type. Moreover, luciferase and Y1H assays indicated that PcWRKY31 and PcWRKY34 could activate galE1 by binding to its promoter. Our research uncovers the novel regulatory mechanism of PCP biosynthesis in P. cyrtonema and is critical to molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaojing Duan
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Yaping Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Zhengming Tao
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
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Mukherjee S, Jana S, Khawas S, Kicuntod J, Marschall M, Ray B, Ray S. Synthesis, molecular features and biological activities of modified plant polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Saeidy S, Petera B, Pierre G, Fenoradosoa TA, Djomdi D, Michaud P, Delattre C. Plants arabinogalactans: From structures to physico-chemical and biological properties. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107771. [PMID: 33992708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are plant heteropolysaccharides with complex structures occasionally attached to proteins (AGPs). AGs in cell matrix of different parts of plant are freely available or chemically bound to pectin rhamnogalactan. Type I with predominantly β-d-(1 → 4)-galactan and type II with β-d-(1 → 3) and/or (1 → 6)-galactan structural backbones construct the two main groups of AGs. In the current review, the chemical structure of AGs is firstly discussed focusing on non-traditional plant sources and not including well known industrial gums. After that, processes for their extraction and purification are considered and finally their techno-functional and biological properties are highlighted. The role of AG structure and function on health advantages such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-ulcer- anti-diabetic and other activites and also the immunomodulatory effects on in-vivo model systems are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saeidy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - B Petera
- Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Antsiranana, BP O 201 Antsiranana, Madagascar; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Pierre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - T A Fenoradosoa
- Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Antsiranana, BP O 201 Antsiranana, Madagascar
| | - Djomdi Djomdi
- Department of Renewable Energy, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, University of Maroua, Cameroon
| | - P Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - C Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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Jana S, Mukherjee S, Ali I, Ray B, Ray S. Isolation, structural features, in vitro antioxidant activity and assessment of complexation ability with β-lactoglobulin of a polysaccharide from Borassus flabellifer fruit. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05499. [PMID: 33294661 PMCID: PMC7700886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was intended to investigate the structural feature, antioxidative activity and interaction with β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) of a polysaccharide (P) isolated from Borassus flabellifer fruit thru aqueous extraction, protein elimination and chromatographic techniques. Polysaccharide P (molecular weight: 21,000 g mol−1) was constituted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and rhamnose in a 50:24:20:6 M ratio alongside 9% (w/w) galacturonic acid. It encompassed a petite backbone entailing galacturonopyranosyl and rhamnopyranosyl units substituted with sizable side chains comprising of arabinofuranosyl, galactopyranosyl and esterified coumaric acid (CA) residues. Various series of oligosaccharides including (i) Gal1,2,4-9Ac5-29, (ii) Ara2-3Ac6-8, (iii) Gal3Ara1-3Ac13-17, (iv) Gal4-6Ara2Ac18-24, (v) Gal6Ara1Ac22 and (vi) Gal1Ara2CA1Ac7 and Gal1Ara3CA1Ac9 epitomizing polysaccharide structure were generated and characterised. Fraction P exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity and possessed a strong β-lactoglobulin binding capability. Accordingly, B. flabellifer fruit offers an antioxidative polysaccharide having novel structure that can associate with β-lg and, hence, useful in formulating novel food possessing adjustable composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Jana
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Imran Ali
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
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Ghosh D, Karmakar P. Insight into anti-oxidative carbohydrate polymers from medicinal plants: Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of actions and interactions with bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1022-1034. [PMID: 33166557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, research associated with natural anti-oxidants leads to the chemical characterization of many compounds possessing strong anti-oxidant activity. Among these anti-oxidants, naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers containing pectic arabinogalactans esterified with phenolic acids in monomeric and dimeric forms are noteworthy. The presence of highly branched arabinogalactan type II side chains and sugar linked phenolic acid residues have been resolved as important parameters. The anti-oxidant activity of these compounds depend on their ability to convert free radicals into stable by-products and themselves oxidized to more stable and less reactive resonance stabilized radicals. Moreover, these carbohydrate polymers form water soluble stable complexes with protein. Such findings support their applications in a diversity of fields including food industry and pharmacy. This review highlights experimental evidences supporting that the carbohydrate polymers containing phenolic polysaccharides may become promising drug candidate for the prevention of aging and age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Bhatar Girls' High School, Bhatar, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
| | - Parnajyoti Karmakar
- Government General Degree College at Kalna-I, Medgachi, Muragacha, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
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Banerjee P, Jana S, Mukherjee S, Bera K, Majee SK, Ali I, Pal S, Ray B, Ray S. The heteropolysaccharide of Mangifera indica fruit: Isolation, chemical profile, complexation with β-lactoglobulin and antioxidant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:93-99. [PMID: 32980416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A 91 kDa heteropolysaccharide (F2) was isolated from Mangifera indica fruit via extraction with H2O, purification by C2H5OH, starch removal and ion exchange chromatography. This polymer was made up mostly of Ara, Gal, Glc, Rha, Xyl, and GalA in a 37: 29: 9:3:2:19 molar proportion. It inherited a small backbone containing GalpA and Rhap units substituted with very large side chains containing differently linked Ara and Gal units plus esterified gallic acid (GA) residue. Several enzymes generated oligosaccharides including (i) Ara2-10Ac6-22, (ii) Gal1-8Ac5-26 and (iii) GA1Gal1Ac7 were characterized. This polysaccharide, which showed dose dependent antioxidant activity, exhibited synergism with gallic acid, and formed a complex (K = 1.2 × 106 M-1) with β-lactoglobulin. Accordingly, H2O treatment produces a polysaccharide with desired biochemical properties; this could be effective in designing innovative functional food with flexible makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Banerjee
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Subrata Jana
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Kaushik Bera
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sujay Kumar Majee
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Imran Ali
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Saikat Pal
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India.
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He X, Fang J, Guo Q, Wang M, Li Y, Meng Y, Huang L. Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Banerjee P, Mukherjee S, Bera K, Ghosh K, Ali I, Khawas S, Ray B, Ray S. Polysaccharides from Thymus vulgaris leaf: Structural features, antioxidant activity and interaction with bovine serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:580-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chemical characterization and complement modulating activities of an arabinogalactan-protein-rich fraction from an aqueous extract of avocado leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:513-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Khawas S, Sivová V, Anand N, Bera K, Ray B, Nosáľová G, Ray S. Chemical profile of a polysaccharide from Psidium guajava leaves and it’s in vivo antitussive activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:681-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhong S, Liu XD, Nie YC, Gan ZY, Yang LQ, Huang CQ, Lai KF, Zhong NS. Antitussive activity of the Schisandra chinensis fruit polysaccharide (SCFP-1) in guinea pigs models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:378-385. [PMID: 27497637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis), locally known as "Wuweizi", has been used in the treatment of chronic cough as prescription medications of Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. However, the components of antitussive activity of S. chinensis and the mechanism are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the antitussive activity of polysaccharides extracted from S. chinensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS S. chinensis fruit polysaccharide-1 (SCFP-1) was extracted by 95% ethanol and distilled water successively, and then the water extraction was isolated with chromatographic columns. The preliminary characterization of SCFP-1 was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and some other recognized chemical methods. Antitussive potential of SCFP-1 was estimated at dose of 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg respectively by peroral administration in a guinea pigs model with cough hypersensitivity induced by cigarette smoke (Chronic cough model) or acute cough guinea model induced by citric acid (Acute cough model). Also, the time-dependent antitussive effect of SCFP-1 were evaluated with acute cough model, and compared with codeine. RESULTS The molecular of SCFP-1 was 3.18×104Da, mainly being composed of glucose and arabinose (66.5% and 29.4%, respectively). Peroral administration of SCFP-1 at 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg showed remarkable suppressive effects respectively on cough in both of chronic cough model and acute cough model. Meanwhile, inflammatory cell in BALF and some typical characteristics of nonspecific airway inflammation in animals exposed to CS was significantly attenuated after pretreatment with SCFP-1. The cough suppression of SCFP-1 (500 mg/kg) stablly lasted during the whole 5 h of time-dependent experiment, while no positive effect was observed after 300 min of oral administration of codeine. CONCLUSIONS SCFP-1 is one of the antitussive components of S. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Qin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Fang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
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Haidara M, Bourdy G, De Tommasi N, Braca A, Traore K, Giani S, Sanogo R. Medicinal Plants Used in Mali for the Treatment of Malaria and Liver Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, ethno-pharmacology is a very important resource in order to discover new therapies for the current diseases. Moreover, another good justification for the ethno-pharmacological approach is to obtain new, effective, less expensive and simple therapies, limiting at the same time the cost of pharmaceutical research. Two major anti-malarial drugs widely used today, i.e. quinine and artemisinin, came respectively from Peruvian and Chinese ancestral treatments reported in the traditional medicines. In this contest, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs, due to the critical epidemiological situation of this disease and to the growth of resistances. In Mali, malaria and liver diseases remain one of the leading public health problems. Many medicinal plants are often used, in local traditional medicine, for the treatment at the same time of malaria and liver diseases, including hepatic syndromes, jaundice, hepatitis and other hepatic disorders. Moreover, in the local language Bamanan, the word “ Sumaya” is used both for malaria and some liver diseases. In addition, we noted that some of the improved traditional phytomedicines produced by the Department of Traditional Medicine are prescribed by modern doctors both for malaria and liver diseases. In this review, pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical data on Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), Cochlospermum tinctorium Perr. ex A. Rich (Cochlospermaceae), Combretum micranthum G.Don (Combretaceae), Entada africana Guillet Perr. (Mimosaceae), Erythrina senegalensis A. DC (Fabaceae), Mitragyna inermis (Willd) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), Nauclea latifolia Smith syn. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce (Rubiaceae), Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae), Trichilia emetica Vahl. (Meliaceae), and Vernonia colorata (Willd) Drake (Asteraceae) are reported. Some of the collected data could be used to improve the actual herbal drugs and to propose new phytomedicines for the management of malaria and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamane Haidara
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
| | - Geneviève Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie et Pharmacologie pour le Développement (PharmaDev) de Toulouse, France
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Rokia Sanogo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
- Département Médecine Traditionnelle, Bamako, Mali
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13
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Raja W, Bera K, Ray B. Polysaccharides from Moringa oleifera gum: structural elements, interaction with β-lactoglobulin and antioxidative activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13279k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural highlights of an antioxidative arabinogalactan from Moringa oleifera gum that interacts with β-lactoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washim Raja
- Natural Products Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Burdwan
- Golapbag
- India
| | - Kaushik Bera
- Natural Products Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Burdwan
- Golapbag
- India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Burdwan
- Golapbag
- India
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14
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Bera K, Nosalova G, Sivova V, Ray B. Structural Elements and Cough Suppressing Activity of Polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale Rhizome. Phytother Res 2016; 30:105-11. [PMID: 26522239 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale is used for the management of fever, bronchial asthma and cough for thousands of years. While the link to a particular indication has been established in human, the active principle of the formulation remains unknown. Herein, we have investigated a water extracted polysaccharides (WEP) containing fraction from its rhizome. Utilizing a traditional aqueous extraction protocol and using chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods a fraction containing a branched glucan and polygalaturonan in a ratio of 59:1 was characterized. This glucan, which has a molecular mass of 36 kDa, is made up of terminal-, (1,4)- and (1,4,6)-linked α-Glcp residues. Oral administration of WEP in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight significantly inhibited the number of citric acid-induced cough efforts in guinea pigs. It does not alter the specific airway smooth muscle reactivity significantly. Thus, traditional aqueous extraction method provides molecular entities, which induces antitussive activity without addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bera
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India
| | - G Nosalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Sklabinska 26, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - V Sivova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Sklabinska 26, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - B Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India
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15
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Wangensteen H, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Medicinal plants from Mali: Chemistry and biology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:429-437. [PMID: 26596257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mali is one of the countries in West Africa where the health system rely the most on traditional medicine. The healers are mainly using medicinal plants for their treatments. The studies performed being the basis for this review is of importance as they will contribute to sustaining the traditional knowledge. They contribute to evaluate and improve locally produced herbal remedies, and the review gives also an overview of the plant preparations that will have the most potential to be evaluated for new Improved Traditional Medicines. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to give an overview of the studies performed related to medicinal plants from Mali in the period 1995-2015. These studies include ethnopharmacology, chemistry and biological studies of the plants that were chosen based on our interviews with the healers in different regions of Mali, and contribute to sustainable knowledge on the medicinal plants. The Department of Traditional Medicine, Bamako, Mali, is responsible for registering the knowledge of the traditional healers on their use of medicinal plants and also identifying compounds in the plants responsible for the bioactivities claimed. The studies reported aimed at getting information from the healers on the use of medicinal plants, and study the biology and chemistry of selected plants for the purpose of verifying the traditional use of the plants. These studies should form the basis for necessary knowledge for the development of registered Improved Traditional Medicines in Mali. MATERIALS AND METHODS The healers were the ethnopharmacological informants. Questions asked initially were related to wound healing. This was because the immune system is involved when wounds are healed, and additionally the immune system is involved in the majority of the illnesses common in Mali. Based on the results of the interviews the plant material for studies was selected. Studies were performed on the plant parts the healers were using when treating their patients. Conventional chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used for the isolation and structural elucidation of compounds. The compounds to study were selected based on the bioassays performed concomitant with the fractionation. RESULTS Our results show that plants traditionally used as wound healing agents contain polysaccharides basically of pectin nature with immunomodulating activities. These pectins all have different and new structures. Several of the plants also contain compounds with effects related to antioxidant properties. These compounds are mainly of polyphenolic nature. Three of these are new compounds from Nature, while 32 was for the first time described from the plant they were isolated from. This review gives an overview of the most important results obtained during the 20 year long collaboration between Department of Traditional Medicine, Bamako, Mali, and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway. CONCLUSION Our studies showed that ethnopharmacological information is important for the determination of screening and chemical methods to be used for studies of plants used in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Wangensteen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, division Pharmacognosy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Berit Smestad Paulsen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, division Pharmacognosy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Ghosh K, Ray S, Bera K, Ray B. Isolation and structural elements of a water-soluble free radical scavenger from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:20-6. [PMID: 25749618 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) are used in Ayurvedic medicine for the management of a range of diseases, but reports on its phytochemicals and pharmacological properties are inadequate. Herein, we report purification of an antioxidative polysaccharide (F2) extracted from its leaves by water. The presence of a highly branched polysaccharide (75 kDa) containing esterified phenolic acids was revealed by chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. Particularly, ESMS analysis of per acetylated oligomeric fragments derived by Smith degradation provides important structural information on a spectrum of glycerol tagged oligosaccharides. This polysaccharide showed dose dependent free radical scavenging capacity as evidenced by DPPH and Ferric reducing power assay. This pharmacologically active compound (F2) formed a water soluble complex with bovine serum albumin over pH 4.0-7.4. Accordingly, traditional aqueous extraction method provides a molecular entity that induces a pharmacological effect: this could epitomize a smart approach in phytotherapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Ghosh
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Kaushik Bera
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India.
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Majee SK, Ray S, Ghosh K, Micard V, Ray B. Isolation and structural features of an antiradical polysaccharide of Capsicum annuum that interacts with BSA. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang P, Zhang L, Yao J, Shi Y, Li P, Ding K. An arabinogalactan from flowers of Panax notoginseng inhibits angiogenesis by BMP2/Smad/Id1 signaling. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 121:328-35. [PMID: 25659706 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an essential role in tumor development. Blocking angiogenesis in tumor has become a promising tactic in limiting cancer progression. Here, an arabinogalactan polysaccharide, RN1 was isolated from flowers of Panax notoginseng. Its structure was determined to possess a backbone of 1,6-linked Galp branched at C3 by side 1,3-linked Galp, with branches attached at position O-3 of it. The branches mainly contained 1,5-linked, 1,3,5-linked, terminal Arabinose and terminal Galactose. RN1 could inhibit microvessel formation in the BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell xenograft tumor in nude mice. The antiangiogenesis assay showed that RN1 could reduce the migratory activity of endothelial cells and their ability of tube formation on matrigel, but no effect on endothelial cells growth. Further studies revealed that RN1 could inhibit BMP2/Smad1/5/8/Id1 signaling. All those data indicated the RN1 had an antiangiogenic effect via BMP2 signaling and could be a potential novel inhibitor of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yikang Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Antitussive arabinogalactan of Andrographis paniculata demonstrates synergistic effect with andrographolide. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Inngjerdingen KT, Thöle C, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Hensel A. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by aqueous extracts and pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. and Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Fitoterapia 2014; 95:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Continuous free radical assault upsets cellular homeostasis and dysregulates associated signaling pathways to promote stress-induced cell death. In spite of the continuous development and implementation of effective therapeutic strategies, limitations in treatments for stress-induced toxicities remain. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential therapeutic efficacy of bacterial fucose polysaccharides against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced stress in human lung fibroblast (WI38) cells and to understand the associated molecular mechanisms. In two different fermentation processes, Bacillus megaterium RB-05 biosynthesized two non-identical fucose polysaccharides; of these, the polysaccharide having a high-fucose content (∼42%) conferred the maximum free radical scavenging efficiency in vitro. Structural characterizations of the purified polysaccharides were performed using HPLC, GC-MS, and 1H/13C/2D-COSY NMR. H2O2 (300 µM) insult to WI38 cells showed anti-proliferative effects by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by disrupting mitochondrial membrane permeability, followed by apoptosis. The polysaccharide (250 µg/mL) attenuated the cell death process by directly scavenging intracellular ROS rather than activating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. This process encompasses inhibition of caspase-9/3/7, a decrease in the ratio of Bax/Bcl2, relocalization of translocated Bax and cytochrome c, upregulation of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family and a decrease in the phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen activated protein kinases). Furthermore, cellular homeostasis was re-established via stabilization of MAPK-mediated Nrf2/Keap1 signaling and transcription of downstream cytoprotective genes. This molecular study uniquely introduces a fucose-rich bacterial polysaccharide as a potential inhibitor of H2O2-induced stress and toxicities.
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Tvete Inngjerdingen K, Ballo N, Zhang BZ, Malterud KE, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. A comparison of bioactive aqueous extracts and polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild and cultivated Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:136-143. [PMID: 23582214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Malian traditional medicine the roots of Cochlospermum tinctorium are used in the treatment of gastric ulcer, but extending harvesting is causing a growing concern of a dramatic reduction in the wild plant population. In the present study cultivation of C. tinctorium is evaluated, and structural components and bioactive properties of crude water extracts and isolated polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild and cultivated C. tinctorium are compared. The crude water extracts were shown to contain starch, pectin- and inulin-type polysaccharides, in addition to phenolic substances and protein, while the isolated acidic polysaccharide fractions contained mainly monosaccharides typical for pectins. The monosaccharide compositions of the polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild versus cultivated plants were comparable, albeit the yields in the cultivated roots were lower. Furthermore, the crude extracts and isolated polysaccharide fractions from wild and cultivated roots exhibited similar complement fixating activities, but were not able to activate macrophages. The crude extracts from cultivated roots were also shown to be moderate radical scavengers. The present study has shown that roots of cultivated C. tinctorium contain the same types of bioactive polysaccharides as the wild roots. However, in order to utilize roots of cultivated C. tinctorium in traditional medicine the cultivation method should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Antitussive Activity of the Water-Extracted Carbohydrate Polymer from Terminalia chebula on Citric Acid-Induced Cough. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:650134. [PMID: 23878602 PMCID: PMC3708419 DOI: 10.1155/2013/650134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Terminalia chebula, a medicinal plant, is widely used in the management of various diseases. As the water extract of its dried ripe fruit is a frequently used preparation, we decided to look for bioactive polysaccharide in this extract. We demonstrate that the obtained polysaccharide fraction, CP, contained a highly branched arabinogalactan protein having a (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)- and (1 → 3, 6)-linked β-D-Galp together with (1 → 5)- and (1 → 3)-linked α-L-Araf and nonreducing end units of α-L-Araf. This polymer possesses strong antitussive property. Our results showed that the number of citric acid-induced cough efforts decreased significantly after the oral application of polysaccharide fraction in a dose of 50 mg kg−1 body weight. Its antitussive efficacy was higher than cough suppressive effect of standard drug codeine. Therefore, traditional aqueous extraction method provides a major polysaccharide, which induces a pharmacological effect: this could represent an attractive approach in phytotherapeutic managements.
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Sehlbach M, König S, Mormann M, Sendker J, Hensel A. Arabinogalactan protein cluster from Jatropha curcas seed embryo contains fasciclin, xylogen and LysM proteins. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:522-31. [PMID: 23987377 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An non-GPI-anchored AGP cluster (Y2) was isolated from the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) composed of 4.8% polypeptides (mainly Ala, Ser, Gly, Hyp, Glu) and a carbohydrate moiety composed of Gal, Ara, GlcA, Rha, Man and GlcN. Besides the typical structural features of arabinogalactan proteins, typical N-glycan linker of the complex type (GlcNAc4Man3Gal2Fuc1Xyl1) were identified. O-glycosylation occurred mainly via Hyp and to a lesser extent via Thr and Ser. N-glycans from the complex type, carrying at the innermost GlcNAc at position O-3 one α-Fuc-residue, were also present. MS analysis of the tryptic digest assigned peptides of three major protein groups: fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, xylogen-like proteins and LysM domain-containing proteins. They could not be separated further and it is indicated that various homologous protein forms co-exist. Histological investigation of J. curcas seeds revealed the presence of AGPs in the vessels of cotyledons and in the procambium ring of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sehlbach
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), Hittorfstrasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Peyer’s patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of Citrus unshiu. Food Chem 2013; 138:1079-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ghosh D, Ray S, Ghosh K, Micard V, Chatterjee UR, Ghosal PK, Ray B. Antioxidative Carbohydrate Polymer from Enhydra fluctuans and Its Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1761-8. [PMID: 23635005 DOI: 10.1021/bm4001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Kanika Ghosh
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Valérie Micard
- MontpellierSupAgro-INRA-UMII-CIRAD, UMR IATE,
2, Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - Udipta R. Chatterjee
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Pradyot K. Ghosal
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
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Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:681-723. [PMID: 23395623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Vernonia genus has about one thousand species and members of the genus are widely used as food and medicine. The aim of this review is to analyze published data on the ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic uses of plants of the Vernonia genus. This will help to identify the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge in regard to this genus and to propose future research priorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major scientific databases including SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar were queried for information on Vernonia genus using various keyword combinations. The International Plant Name Index was also used to verify the names of species and authors. RESULTS A total of 109 Vernonia species were reported in the literature to have medicinal properties. One hundred and five (105) plants were linked to the treatment or management of 44 human diseases or health conditions. Plants of the genus also feature in ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic practices. A total of 12 vernonia species were identified to be used in ethnoveterinary medicine while 2 species are used in self medication practices by chimpanzees and gorillas. In vitro and in vivo research studies reporting the validation of the medicinal properties of some species were also reviewed. One hundred and three bioactive compounds isolated from various Vernonia species were also identified. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as the most frequently used member of the Vernonia genus. The Vernolides, a class of sesquiterpene lactone were identified as the most studied compounds from the genus and show interesting bioactivity in antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antischistosomial, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory assays. CONCLUSION On the basis of results from a combination of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicity studies reported, Vernonia amygdalina holds the most promise for development into a nutraceutical against diabetes and malaria while Vernonia cinerea has potential against cancer and inflammatory conditions. Vernolide A is so far the most promising single agent from a Vernonia species that has potential for development into an anticancer agent. The other Vernonia species and isolated compounds require further studies to ascertain their medicinal potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngeh J Toyang
- Virgin Botanicals & Biotech Inc. Columbia, MD, USA; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Cazander G, Jukema GN, Nibbering PH. Complement activation and inhibition in wound healing. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:534291. [PMID: 23346185 PMCID: PMC3546472 DOI: 10.1155/2012/534291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is needed to restore tissue injury; however, inappropriate activation of complement, as seen in chronic wounds can cause cell death and enhance inflammation, thus contributing to further injury and impaired wound healing. Therefore, attenuation of complement activation by specific inhibitors is considered as an innovative wound care strategy. Currently, the effects of several complement inhibitors, for example, the C3 inhibitor compstatin and several C1 and C5 inhibitors, are under investigation in patients with complement-mediated diseases. Although (pre)clinical research into the effects of these complement inhibitors on wound healing is limited, available data indicate that reduction of complement activation can improve wound healing. Moreover, medicine may take advantage of safe and effective agents that are produced by various microorganisms, symbionts, for example, medicinal maggots, and plants to attenuate complement activation. To conclude, for the development of new wound care strategies, (pre)clinical studies into the roles of complement and the effects of application of complement inhibitors in wound healing are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Cazander
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Wan D, Jiao L, Yang H, Liu S. Structural characterization and immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides isolated from the Panax ginseng roots. PLANTA 2012; 235:1289-1297. [PMID: 22183124 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (designated as WGOS) with a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 were obtained from warm-water extract of Panax ginseng roots, and fractionated into five purified fractions (i.e., WGOS-0, WGOS-1, WGOS-2, WGOS-3, and WGOS-4) by gel-filtration chromatography. In order to ascertain the monosaccharide residues in the WGOS, a technique that combines acid hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography was employed. It was found that only glucose residues were present in the WGOS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry provided the sequence, linkage, and configuration information. It is noteworthy that α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp, α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-Glcp, α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-Glcp, and other six malto-oligosaccharides (i.e., maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose, maltononaose, and maltodecaose) were detected in ginseng. Preliminary immunological tests in vitro indicated that WGOS were potent B and T-cell stimulators and WGOS-1 has the highest immunostimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation among those purified fractions. It is hoped that the WGOS will be developed into functional food or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Wan
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, 130022 Changchun, China
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Pereira LDP, da Silva RO, Bringel PHDSF, da Silva KES, Assreuy AMS, Pereira MG. Polysaccharide fractions of Caesalpinia ferrea pods: potential anti-inflammatory usage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:642-648. [PMID: 22178173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Caesalpinia ferrea (Caesalpinioideae), known as pau-ferro or juca, has been used in the traditional medicine in North and Northeast of Brazil in inflammatory disorder, among others. Thus, experimental evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and fraction polysaccharides of Caesalpinia ferrea pods, and correlation with its anti-inflammatory activity and popular use is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total polysaccharides (TPL) were applied to ion exchange chromatography and eluted stepwise. Paw edema was induced s.c. by λ-carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin, compound 48/80, bradykinin, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) or L-arginine and analyzed by plethysmometry and protein leakage by spectrophotometry. Peritonitis was induced i.p. by carrageenan or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and analyzed 4 h later for leukocyte migration and protein leakage. Animals were treated i.v. with TPL or polysaccharide fractions (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg) 30 min before stimuli in both models. Toxicity (variation of body/organ mass and hematological/biochemical parameters) was evaluated after the seven-day treatment with the most active polysaccharide fraction (1 mg/kg; i.v.). RESULTS Chromatography of TPL (2.8% yield) provided three major polysaccharide fractions (FI, FII, FIII). At 1 mg/kg, TPL inhibited the paw edema induced by carrageenan (60%) and FIII (fraction presenting high carbohydrate and low protein content) inhibited the inflammatory parameters in the paw edema induced by the following stimuli: carrageenan (70%), dextran (53%), histamine (65%), serotonin (62%), bradykinin (60%), PGE(2) (63%), nitric oxide (61%) and compound 48/80 (36%). Additionally, FIII at 1 mg/kg inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema in animals with intact mast cells, but only the late phase of those with degranulated mast cells elicited by compound 48/80. Moreover, FIII inhibited cell migration and protein leakage in the model of peritonitis elicited by carrageenan (88%) and fMLP (64%), being well tolerated by animals. CONCLUSIONS Extracts and polysaccharide fractions of Caesalpinia ferrea pods exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity via negative modulation of histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, PGE(2) and NO released in the carrageenan-induced edema, showing involvement of mast cells. FIII could be interfering not only in the vascular, but also in cellular inflammatory events, revealing to be an important active component of traditionally prepared remedies used to treat inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de Paulo Pereira
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Inngjerdingen KT, Meskini S, Austarheim I, Ballo N, Inngjerdingen M, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:350-358. [PMID: 22107838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Malian traditional medicine the roots of Vernonia kotschyana are used for treating gastric ulcer and gastritis. In 2006, 9000kg of roots from Vernonia kotschyana were used to produce Gastrosedal, an ameliorated traditional medicine in Mali. Harvesting from the wild, the main source of raw material, is causing a growing concern of diminishing populations of the plant, and Vernonia kotschyana is now being cultivated in several areas around Mali. In the current study the structures and bioactive properties of isolated polysaccharides from wild and cultivated Vernonia kotschyana were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pectin- and inulin-type polysaccharides were isolated from the roots of cultivated and wild Vernonia kotschyana. The isolated polysaccharides were investigated regarding their chemical compositions, and for their abilities to fixate human complement and activate macrophages from a mouse macrophage cell line. RESULTS No significant differences in the carbohydrate composition of the fractions isolated from the cultivated versus the wild roots were observed. A previously reported pectic arabinogalactan Vk2a was found in both the cultivated and the wild roots in this study, and exhibited potent complement fixation activity, and a moderate activation of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The present study has shown that the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana contain the same types of bioactive polysaccharides as the wild roots. It is therefore preliminarily feasible for the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana to be used as a herbal medicine to replace the wild roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Chlubnová I, Sylla B, Nugier-Chauvin C, Daniellou R, Legentil L, Kralová B, Ferrières V. Natural glycans and glycoconjugates as immunomodulating agents. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:937-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Peters M, Kauth M, Scherner O, Gehlhar K, Steffen I, Wentker P, von Mutius E, Holst O, Bufe A. Arabinogalactan isolated from cowshed dust extract protects mice from allergic airway inflammation and sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:648-56.e1-4. [PMID: 20621350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extract from cowshed dust (CDE) is a source of immunomodulating substances. We have previously shown that such substances protect from experimental allergic disorders in a mouse model of asthma. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify immunomodulatory molecules in extracts of dust from an allergy protective farming environment. METHODS Polysaccharides were isolated from CDE and plants by chromatography and precipitation with specific reagents. Polysaccharides were then characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, the allergy-protective potential of isolated polysaccharides was tested in a mouse model of asthma. RESULTS The authors demonstrate that plant arabinogalactans are contained in CDE in high concentrations. The source of this arabinogalactan is fodder, in particular a prevalent grass species known as Alopecurus pratensis. Treatment of murine dendritic cells with grass arabinogalactan resulted in autocrine IL-10 production. Interestingly, these dendritic cells were not able to induce an allergic immune response. Furthermore, intranasal application of grass arabinogalactan protected mice from developing atopic sensitization, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in a mouse model of allergic asthma. This allergy-protective effect is specific for grass arabinogalactan because control experiments with arabinogalactan from gum arabic and larch revealed that these molecules do not show allergy-protective properties. This is likely because of structural differences because we were able to show by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that although they are predominantly composed of arabinose and galactose, the molecules differ in structure. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that grass arabinogalactans are important immunomodulatory substances that contribute to the protection from allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and atopic sensitization in a mouse model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Peters
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Baek SH, Lee JG, Park SY, Bae ON, Kim DH, Park JH. Pectic Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the Antirotavirus Principals in Ginseng. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2044-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100397p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Wismar R, Brix S, Frøkiaer H, Laerke HN. Dietary fibers as immunoregulatory compounds in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1190:70-85. [PMID: 20388138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) classified as dietary fibers have been reported to possess immunoregulatory properties. The fibers reported to activate or by other means modulate immune responses originate from both plant, fungal, and microbial sources and constitute highly distinct structures. In order to enhance our understanding of factors important for the immunoregulatory activities, this article addresses the importance of chemical structure, origin, and purity of fibers for their capacity to interact with key regulatory immune cells. Furthermore, we assess bioavailability, and discuss possible mechanisms involved. The binding of some NSPs to carbohydrate receptors on immune cells is well established and this event leads to activation or other changes. Especially, certain beta-glucans and some mannans have demonstrated immunomodulatory capacity with the specific structure being important for the activity. Within beta-glucans the activity varies according to structure, molecular weight, and solubility. As many of the preparations tested constitute crude extracts or partly purified NSPs, the risk of contaminants holding immunoregulatory activities should not be ignored. To what extent NSPs enter systemic circulation has been difficult to assess, partly due to lack of sensitive analytical methods. The presence of NSPs in blood and Peyer's patches in the gut has been demonstrated, supporting encounter between NSPs and immune cells, but bioavailability studies still constitute a major challenge. Studies demonstrating in vivo effects of beta-glucans on microbial infections and cancer treatment strongly indicate an immunoregulatory mechanism behind the effects. However, the potential of NSPs as immunoregulatory food ingredients is still far from fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Wismar
- Nutritional Immunology Group, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Gao T, Bi H, Ma S, Lu J. The Antitumor and Immunostimulating Activities of Water Soluble Polysaccharides from Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Lateralis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharides of Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Lateralis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, were extracted and fractionated into four fractions of each material. The FT-IR and chemical analyses indicated the water-soluble polysaccharides of the three materials were all mainly composed of starch, non-starch type α-D-glucans and pectic polysaccharides with different molecular weight distributions and monosaccharide composition ratios. The antitumor assay showed that all the non-starch type polysaccharide fractions had good antitumor activities, and the tumor growth inhibition ratios were 37.24-70.42%. Specifically the inhibition ratios of pectic polysaccharides were over 60%. Moreover, the immunological tests using the Cyclophosphamide (Cy) induced immunosuppressive mice, including phagocytosis of macrophage, NK cell activity, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T-cell proliferation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell proliferation, quantitative haemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response assays, exhibited that all the non-starch type polysaccharides, especially the pectic polysaccharide fractions, not only had remarkable immunostimulating activities including nonspecific immunity, cellular immunity and humoral immunity, but also could restore the antitumor drug-suppressed immune function. Therefore, the polysaccharides from Aconitum species might be conveniently exploited to be good immune stimulating modifiers and had the potential to apply in the tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Oncosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Jingmei Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
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Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Schepetkin IA, Xie G, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Complement-fixing activity of fulvic acid from Shilajit and other natural sources. Phytother Res 2009; 23:373-84. [PMID: 19107845 PMCID: PMC2650748 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shilajit has been used traditionally in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of disorders, including syndromes involving excessive complement activation. Extracts of Shilajit contain significant amounts of fulvic acid (FA), and it has been suggested that FA is responsible for many therapeutic properties of Shilajit. However, little is known regarding the physical and chemical properties of Shilajit extracts, and nothing is known about their effects on the complement system. To address this issue, extracts of commercial Shilajit were fractionated using anion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. One neutral (S-I) and two acidic (S-II and S-III) fractions were isolated, characterized and compared with standardized FA samples. The most abundant fraction (S-II) was further fractionated into three sub-fractions (S-II-1 to S-II-3). The van Krevelen diagram showed that the Shilajit fractions are the products of polysaccharide degradation, and all fractions, except S-II-3, contained type II arabinogalactan. All Shilajit fractions exhibited dose-dependent complement-fixing activity in vitro with high potency. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between the complement-fixing activity and carboxylic group content in the Shilajit fractions and other FA sources. These data provide a molecular basis to explain at least part of the beneficial therapeutic properties of Shilajit and other humic extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Gang Xie
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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Bussy C, Verhoef R, Haeger A, Morra M, Duval J, Vigneron P, Bensoussan A, Velzenberger E, Cascardo G, Cassinelli C, Schols H, Knox JP, Nagel M. Modulatingin vitrobone cell and macrophage behavior by immobilized enzymatically tailored pectins. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:597-606. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Structural patterns of rhamnogalacturonans modulating Hsp-27 expression in cultured human keratinocytes. Molecules 2008; 13:1207-18. [PMID: 18560339 PMCID: PMC6245184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/19/1995] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide extracts were obtained from chestnut bran (Castanea sativa), grape marc (Vitis vinifera) and apple marc (Malus spp.) and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography after endopolygalacturonase degradation. Compositional and linkage analyses by GC and GC-MS showed the characteristic rhamnogalacturonan structure with specific arabinan (apple marc) and type II arabinogalactan (chestnut bran, grape marc) side chains. Type II arabinogalactan rhamnogalacturonan from chestnut bran significantly stimulated the in vitro differentiation of human keratinocytes, giving evidence of a tight structure-function relationship. This molecule comprises short and ramified 3- and 3,6-beta- D-galactan and 5- and 3,5-alpha-L-arabinan side chains, but also contains significant amounts of t-Xyl and 4-Xyl with a characteristic 2:1 ratio. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this polysaccharide produced fragments of lower molecular weight with unchanged xylose content which conserved the same ability to stimulate human keratinocyte differentiation. It could be then speculated that dimeric xylosyl-xylose and/or longer oligomeric xylose side chains attached to a galacturonan and closely associated to hairy rhamno-galacturonan domains are essential patterns that could determine the biological activity of pectins.
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Togola A, Inngjerdingen M, Diallo D, Barsett H, Rolstad B, Michaelsen TE, Paulsen BS. Polysaccharides with complement fixing and macrophage stimulation activity from Opilia celtidifolia, isolation and partial characterisation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:423-31. [PMID: 18053663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed to determine the bioactivity and structure of polysaccharides present in the leaves from the Malian medicinal plant Opilia celtidifolia [Guill. & Perr. Endl. ex Walp (Opiliaceae)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The polysaccharides from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia were isolated from water extracts of the leaves using gelfiltration and anion exchange chromatography giving the fractions Oc50A1 and Oc50A2. Monosaccharide composition was determined by gas chromatography of the derived TMS-derivatives of the methyl-glycosides. Linkages were determined of the partly methylated, partly acetylated alditol acetates obtained after a process including reduction, methylation, hydrolysis, reduction and acetylation followed by GC-MS. Effects on the complement system and the macrophages were determined using specific methods aimed for studying those activities. RESULTS The polysaccharide fractions isolated from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia has high complement fixing activity and induce nitrite oxide release from macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The fractions had an ICH50 of 0.5 and 0.9 microg/ml respectively in the complement fixing assay. They induced the release of 7.2 and 7.3 microM of nitrite oxide from macrophages respectively at a dose of 100 microg/ml. The monosaccharide composition in Oc50A1 and Oc50A2, analysed, showed the presence of arabinose (26.7 and 13.2%), galactose (31.5 and 28%) and galacturonic acid (5.3 and 7.8%) respectively. The Yariv test confirmed the presence of arabinogalactan type II in both fractions. Structural analyses did also show the presence of terminal and 1-4 linked galacturonic acid and terminal and 1-2 linked rhamnose. Endo-polygalacturonanase treatment was performed to isolate the heavily substituted parts of the polysaccharides. These parts contained the same monosaccharides in similar proportion, and showed stronger dose dependent complement fixing activity and also stimulated macrophages to release nitrite oxide. CONCLUSIONS The leaves of Opilia celtidifola contains polysaccharides of pectic type that have both complement fixing and macrophage stimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiaratou Togola
- Section of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Inngjerdingen KT, Patel TR, Chen X, Kenne L, Allen S, Morris GA, Harding SE, Matsumoto T, Diallo D, Yamada H, Michaelsen TE, Inngjerdingen M, Paulsen BS. Immunological and Structural Properties of a Pectic Polymer from Glinus Oppositifolius. Glycobiology 2007; 17:1299-310. [PMID: 17726087 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to further elucidate the structure and the immunomodulating properties of the pectic polymer GOA2, previously isolated from Glinus oppositifolius. Enzymatic treatment of GOA2 by endo-alpha-d-(1 --> 4)-polygalacturonase led to the isolation of three pectic subunits, GOA2-I, GOA2-II, and GOA2-III, in addition to oligogalacturonides. GOA2-I was shown to consist of 1,2-linked Rhap and 1,4-linked GalpA in an approximately 1:1 ratio, and NMR-analysis showed that the monomers were linked together in a strictly alternating manner. The galactose units in GOA2-I were found as terminal-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,4-, 1,3,4-, and 1,3,6-linked residues, while the arabinofuranosyl existed mainly as terminal- and 1,5-linked units. A rhamnogalacturonan-I type structure was suggested being the predominant part of GOA2-I. According to linkage analysis GOA2-II and GOA2-III contained glycosidic linkages characteristic for rhamnogalacturonan-II type structures. GOA2 was shown by sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge, to have a broad degree of polydispersity with a mode s(20,w) value of approximately 1.9 S, results reinforced by atomic force microscopy measurements. The polydispersity, as manifested by the proportion of material with s(20,w) > 3 S, decreased significantly with enzyme treatment. The abilities of GOA2, GOA2-I, GOA2-II, and GOA2-III to induce the proliferation of B cells, and to exhibit complement fixing activities were tested. In both test systems, GOA2-I showed significantly greater effects compared to its native pectin GOA2. GOA2-I was in addition shown to exhibit a more potent intestinal immune stimulating activity compared to GOA2. The ability of GOA2 to induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was examined. Marked upregulations in mRNA for IL-1beta from rat macrophages and IFN-gamma from NK cells were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari T Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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Patel TR, Harding SE, Ebringerova A, Deszczynski M, Hromadkova Z, Togola A, Paulsen BS, Morris GA, Rowe AJ. Weak self-association in a carbohydrate system. Biophys J 2007; 93:741-9. [PMID: 17483161 PMCID: PMC1913144 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of weak interactions between biological macromolecules (molar dissociation constants >10 microM) is now well recognized, particularly with regard to cell adhesion and immunological phenomena, and many weak interactions have been measured for proteins. The concomitant importance of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions has also been identified, although no weak interaction between pure carbohydrate systems has ever been measured. We now demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge using a powerful probe for weak interactions--sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge--that at least some carbohydrates (from the class of polysaccharides known as heteroxylans and demonstrated here to be biologically active) can show well-defined weak self-interactions of the "monomer-dimer" type frequently found in protein systems. The weak interaction between the heteroxylans is shown from a temperature dependence study to be likely to be hydrophobic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trushar R Patel
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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