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Seidi F, Zhong Y, Xiao H, Jin Y, Crespy D. Degradable polyprodrugs: design and therapeutic efficiency. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6652-6703. [PMID: 35796314 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs are developed to increase the therapeutic properties of drugs and reduce their side effects. Polyprodrugs emerged as highly efficient prodrugs produced by the polymerization of one or several drug monomers. Polyprodrugs can be gradually degraded to release therapeutic agents. The complete degradation of polyprodrugs is an important factor to guarantee the successful disposal of the drug delivery system from the body. The degradation of polyprodrugs and release rate of the drugs can be controlled by the type of covalent bonds linking the monomer drug units in the polymer structure. Therefore, various types of polyprodrugs have been developed based on polyesters, polyanhydrides, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyketals, polymetallodrugs, polyphosphazenes, and polyimines. Furthermore, the presence of stimuli-responsive groups, such as redox-responsive linkages (disulfide, boronate ester, metal-complex, and oxalate), pH-responsive linkages (ester, imine, hydrazone, acetal, orthoester, P-O and P-N), light-responsive (metal-complex, o-nitrophenyl groups) and enzyme-responsive linkages (ester, peptides) allow for a selective degradation of the polymer backbone in targeted tumors. We envision that new strategies providing a more efficient synergistic therapy will be developed by combining polyprodrugs with gene delivery segments and targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand.
| | - Yajie Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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2
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Shen Y, Yang X, Song Y, Tran DK, Wang H, Wilson J, Dong M, Vazquez M, Sun G, Wooley KL. Complexities of Regioselective Ring-Opening vs Transcarbonylation-Driven Structural Metamorphosis during Organocatalytic Polymerizations of Five-Membered Cyclic Carbonate Glucose Monomers. JACS AU 2022; 2:515-521. [PMID: 35253000 PMCID: PMC8889557 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous investigations of the organobase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) of a series of five-membered cyclic carbonate monomers derived from glucose revealed that competing transcarbonylation reactions scrambled the regiochemistries of the polycarbonate backbones. Regioirregular poly(2,3-α-d-glucose carbonate) backbone connectivities were afforded by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD)-catalyzed ROPs of three monomers having different cyclic acetal protecting groups through the 4- and 6-positions. Small molecule studies conducted upon isolated unimers and dimers indicated a preference for Cx-O2 vs Cx-O3 bond cleavage from tetrahedral intermediates along the pathways of addition-elimination mechanisms when the reactions were performed at room temperature. Furthermore, treatment of isolated 3-unimer or 2-unimer, having the carbonate linkage in the 3- or 2-position as obtained from either Cx-O2 or Cx-O3 bond cleavage, respectively, gave the same 74:26 (3-unimer:2-unimer) ratio, confirming the occurrence of transcarbonylation reactions with a preference for 3-unimer vs. 2-unimer formation in the presence of organobase catalyst at room temperature. In contrast, unimer preparation at -78 °C favored Cx-O3 bond cleavage to afford a majority of 2-unimer, presumably due to a lack of transcarbonylation side reactions. Computational studies supported the experimental findings, enhancing fundamental understanding of the regiochemistry resulting from the ring-opening and subsequent transcarbonylation reactions during ROP of glucose carbonates. These findings are expected to guide the development of advanced carbohydrate-derived polymer materials by an initial monomer design via side chain acetal protecting groups, with the ability to evolve the properties further through later-stage structural metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Shen
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- High
Performance
Research Computing − Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Yue Song
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - David K. Tran
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Hai Wang
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Jaye Wilson
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Mei Dong
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Mariela Vazquez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Guorong Sun
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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3
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Abstract
In recent years, the circular economy and sustainability have gained attention in the food industry aimed at recycling food industrial waste and residues. For example, several plant-based materials are nowadays used in packaging and biofuel production. Among them, by-products and waste from coffee processing constitute a largely available, low cost, good quality resource. Coffee production includes many steps, in which by-products are generated including coffee pulp, coffee husks, silver skin and spent coffee. This review aims to analyze the reasons why coffee waste can be considered as a valuable source in recycling strategies for the sustainable production of bio-based chemicals, materials and fuels. It addresses the most recent advances in monomer, polymer and plastic filler productions and applications based on the development of viable biorefinery technologies. The exploration of strategies to unlock the potential of this biomass for fuel productions is also revised. Coffee by-products valorization is a clear example of waste biorefinery. Future applications in areas such as biomedicine, food packaging and material technology should be taken into consideration. However, further efforts in techno-economic analysis and the assessment of the feasibility of valorization processes on an industrial scale are needed.
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Zhou R, Liu J, Jia L, Lü X, Song Z. CH3CH2ONa-initiated condensation copolymerization of DEC (diethyl carbonate) and flexible aliphatic diol for semi-crystalline high-molecular-weight poly(alkylene carbonate). INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Lonnecker AT, Lim YH, Felder SE, Besset CJ, Wooley KL. Four Different Regioisomeric Polycarbonates Derived from One Natural Product, d-Glucose. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Lonnecker
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Young H. Lim
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Simcha E. Felder
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Céline J. Besset
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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6
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Wacker KT, Kristufek SL, Lim SM, Kahn S, Wooley KL. Bio-based polycarbonates derived from the neolignan honokiol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Honokiol, a highly functional phenolic- and alkenyl-containing neolignan natural product isolated fromMagnoliaplants, is an interesting bio-based resource which is shown to be useful as a monomer for the synthesis of poly(honokiol carbonate) (PHC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Wacker
- Departments of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
- The Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions
- Texas A&M University
| | - Samantha L. Kristufek
- Departments of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
- The Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions
- Texas A&M University
| | - Soon-Mi Lim
- Departments of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
- The Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions
- Texas A&M University
| | - Sarosh Kahn
- Departments of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
- The Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions
- Texas A&M University
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
- The Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions
- Texas A&M University
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Galbis JA, García-Martín MDG, de Paz MV, Galbis E. Synthetic Polymers from Sugar-Based Monomers. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1600-36. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Galbis
- Department of Organic and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Seville, 41071 Seville, Spain
| | | | - M. Violante de Paz
- Department of Organic and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Seville, 41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Elsa Galbis
- Department of Organic and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Seville, 41071 Seville, Spain
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8
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Hao X, Huang Q, Shen G, Wu X, Hu G, Ban C. Separation and Purification of (−)-Shikimic Acid and (−)-Quinic Acid by the Phase Diagrams of the Ternary System of (−)-Shikimic Acid + (−)-Quinic Acid + H2O and the Quaternary System of (−)-Shikimic Acid + (−)-Quinic Acid + Ethanol (φ ∼ 50%,φ ∼ 75%) + H2O. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Guopeng Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoru Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Guoqin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Ban
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
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9
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Preparation of POSS-poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-β-cyclodextrin/Fe3O4 hybrid magnetic micelles for removal of bisphenol A from water. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 113:353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Link LA, Lonnecker AT, Hearon K, Maher CA, Raymond JE, Wooley KL. Photo-cross-linked poly(thioether-co-carbonate) networks derived from the natural product quinic acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17370-17375. [PMID: 25289727 DOI: 10.1021/am506087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate networks derived from the natural product quinic acid that can potentially return to their natural building blocks upon hydrolytic degradation are described herein. Solvent-free thiol-ene chemistry was utilized in the copolymerization of tris(alloc)quinic acid and a variety of multifunctional thiol monomers to obtain poly(thioether-co-carbonate) networks with a wide range of achievable thermomechanical properties including glass transition temperatures from -18 to +65 °C and rubbery moduli from 3.8 to 20 MPa. The network containing 1,2-ethanedithiol expressed an average toughness at 25 and 63 °C of 1.08 and 2.35 MJ/m(3), respectively, and an order-of-magnitude increase in the average toughness at 37 °C of 15.56 MJ/m(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Link
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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11
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Noel A, Borguet YP, Raymond JE, Wooley KL. Poly(carbonate-amide)s Derived from Bio-Based Resources: Poly(ferulic acid- co-tyrosine). Macromolecules 2014; 47:2974-2983. [PMID: 24839309 PMCID: PMC4020594 DOI: 10.1021/ma500454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a bio-based resource found in fruits and vegetables, was coupled with a hydroxyl-amino acid to generate a new class of monomers to afford poly(carbonate-amide)s with potential to degrade into natural products. l-Serine was first selected as the hydroxyl-amino partner for FA, from which the activated p-nitrophenyl carbonate monomer was synthesized. Unfortunately, polymerizations were unsuccessful, and the elimination product was systematically obtained. To avoid elimination, we revised our strategy and used l-tyrosine ethyl ester, which lacks an acidic proton on the α position of the ethyl ester. Four new monomers were synthesized and converted into the corresponding poly(carbonate-amide)s with specific regioselectivities. The polymers were fully characterized through thermal and spectroscopic analyses. Preliminary fluorescent studies revealed interesting photophysical properties for the monomers and their corresponding poly(carbonate-amide)s, beyond the fluorescence characteristics of l-tyrosine and FA, making these materials potentially viable for sensing and/or imaging applications, in addition to their attractiveness as engineering materials derived from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Noel
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering and the Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic
Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Yannick P. Borguet
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering and the Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic
Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Jeffery E. Raymond
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering and the Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic
Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments
of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering and the Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic
Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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12
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Hearon K, Nash LD, Rodriguez JN, Lonnecker AT, Raymond JE, Wilson TS, Wooley KL, Maitland DJ. A high-performance recycling solution for polystyrene achieved by the synthesis of renewable poly(thioether) networks derived from D-limonene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1552-8. [PMID: 24249666 PMCID: PMC4000729 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite polymers are prepared using a new sustainable materials synthesis process in which d-Limonene functions simultaneously both as a solvent for recycling polystyrene (PS) waste and as a monomer that undergoes UV-catalyzed thiol-ene polymerization reactions with polythiol comonomers to afford polymeric products composed of precipitated PS phases dispersed throughout elastomeric poly(thioether) networks. These blended networks exhibit mechanical properties that greatly exceed those of either polystyrene or the poly(thioether) network homopolymers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hearon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, 5045 Emerging Technologies, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
| | - Landon D. Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, 5045 Emerging Technologies, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, 5045 Emerging Technologies, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
| | - Alexander T. Lonnecker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | - Jeffery E. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550-9234, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, 5045 Emerging Technologies, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
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13
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Mikami K, Lonnecker AT, Gustafson TP, Zinnel NF, Pai PJ, Russell DH, Wooley KL. Polycarbonates Derived from Glucose via an Organocatalytic Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6826-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402319m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Mikami
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Alexander T. Lonnecker
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Tiffany P. Gustafson
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Nathanael F. Zinnel
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Pei-Jing Pai
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David H. Russell
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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14
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Beghdadi S, Abdelhedi Miladi I, Ben Romdhane H, Bernard J, Drockenmuller E. RAFT polymerization of bio-based 1-vinyl-4-dianhydrohexitol-1,2,3-triazole stereoisomers obtained via click chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:4138-45. [PMID: 23116054 DOI: 10.1021/bm301435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four 1-vinyl-4-dianhydrohexitol-1,2,3-triazole stereoisomers are prepared from isomannide, isoidide, and isosorbide using an alkylation/CuAAC-ligation/elimination three-step strategy. After characterization of the monomers by NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), the corresponding stereocontrolled poly(1-vinyl-4-dianhydrohexitol-1,2,3-triazole)s are obtained by RAFT polymerization using a xanthate chain transfer agent. A systematic investigation of the structure-properties relationship of both the monomers and polymers highlights the significant impact of the dianhydrohexitols stereochemistry on their physical properties (1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts, physical state, Tg, thermal stability and solubility). A particularly original and unexpected behavior is highlighted since the two different isosorbide-based poly(1-vinyl-4-dianhydrohexitol-1,2,3-triazole) stereoisomers exhibit contrasting solubility in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Beghdadi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP-UMR CNRS 5223), 15 Boulevard Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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15
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Zhang WQ, Cheng LF, Yu J, Gong LZ. A Chiral Bis(betaine) Catalyst for the Mannich Reaction of Azlactones and Aliphatic Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4085-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Zhang WQ, Cheng LF, Yu J, Gong LZ. A Chiral Bis(betaine) Catalyst for the Mannich Reaction of Azlactones and Aliphatic Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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