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Grigoras AG. Investigation of Cellulose-Based Materials Applied in Life Sciences Using Laser Light Scattering Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1170. [PMID: 38675089 PMCID: PMC11054383 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review emphasizes the practical importance of laser light scattering methods for characterizing cellulose and its derivatives. The physicochemical parameters like molecular weights, the radius of gyration, hydrodynamic radius, and conformation will be considered when the reproducibility of polymer behavior in solution is necessary for the subsequent optimization of the property profile of a designed product. Since there are various sources of cellulose, and the methods of cellulose extraction and chemical modification have variable yields, materials with variable molecular weights, and size polydispersity will often result. Later, the molecular masses will influence other physicochemical properties of cellulosic materials, both in solution and solid state. Consequently, the most rigorous determination of these quantities is imperative. In this regard, the following are presented and discussed in this review: the theoretical foundations of the light scattering phenomenon, the evolution of the specific instrumentation and detectors, the development of the detector-coupling techniques which include a light scattering detector, and finally, the importance of the specific parameters of polymers in solution, resulting from the data analysis of light scattering signals. All these aspects are summarized according to the chemical classification of the materials: celluloses, esters of cellulose, co-esters of cellulose, alkyl esters of cellulose, ethers of cellulose, and other heterogeneous cellulose derivatives with applications in life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Giorgiana Grigoras
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Analysis of celluloses, plant holocelluloses, and wood pulps by size-exclusion chromatography/multi-angle laser-light scattering. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117045. [PMID: 33142603 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser-light scattering and refractive index detection (SEC/MALLS/RI) provides the number- and weight-average molar masses, molar mass distributions, conformations, and linear/branched structures of polymers. In the case of pure celluloses including highly crystalline tunicate and alga celluloses, and hemicellulose-rich plant holocelluloses, soaking in ethylene diamine (EDA) and subsequent solvent exchange to N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) though methanol is effective for complete dissolution in ∼8% (w/w) LiCl/DMAc. SEC/MALLS/RI analysis can, therefore, be applied to pure celluloses, chemical wood pulps, and plant holocelluloses after dissolution in ∼8% (w/w) LiCl/DMAc, dilution to 1% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc and membrane filtration. All pure celluloses and the high-molar-mass cellulose fractions of hardwood and grass holocelluloses have linear and random-coil conformations and various average molar masses and molar mass distributions depending on the cellulose and holocellulose resources. In contrast, Japanese cedar (i.e., softwood) holocellulose and softwood bleached kraft pulp have alkali-stable cellulose/glucomannan branched structures in the high-molar-mass fractions.
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Dupont AL, Réau D, Bégin P, Paris-Lacombe S, Tétreault J, Mortha G. Accurate molar masses of cellulose for the determination of degradation rates in complex paper samples. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:172-185. [PMID: 30286990 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex cellulosic samples are often difficult to analyse with size-exclusion chromatography. The strong molecular associations of hemicelluloses and lignin with cellulose produce multimodal molar mass distributions (MMD) that are difficult to interpret. More reliable ways of calculating the molar masses of cellulose are thus necessary. This is particularly relevant when studying the kinetics of paper degradation, as the number average molar mass is the most precise indicator. In this study various data handling methods based on the deconvolution of bimodal and multimodal MMDs of complex cellulosic samples after SEC-MALS-DRI analysis are examined in order to propose more accurate paper degradation rates. Two deconvolution methods, which do or do not rely on polymer calibration curves were developed and were applied to several kraft and groundwood pulp papers unaged and hygrothermally aged. The deconvolution methods are discussed and evaluated in light of calculated cellulose activation energies, degradation rates and paper usable lifetime predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laurence Dupont
- Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections (CRC, CNRS USR 3224), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 36 Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Denis Réau
- Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections (CRC, CNRS USR 3224), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 36 Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Paul Bégin
- Canadian Conservation Institute, Canadian Heritage, 1030 Innes Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1B4S7, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Paris-Lacombe
- Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections (CRC, CNRS USR 3224), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 36 Rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Tétreault
- Canadian Conservation Institute, Canadian Heritage, 1030 Innes Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1B4S7, Canada.
| | - Gérard Mortha
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Papetiers (LGP2), UMR CNRS 5518, Grenoble INP-Pagora, 461 Rue de la Papeterie, BP65, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
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Ono Y, Furihata K, Isobe N, Saito T, Isogai A. Solution-state structures of the cellulose model pullulan in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2598-2603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Branched Structures of Softwood Celluloses: Proof Based on Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Multi-Angle Laser-Light Scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1251.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Shiga TM, Xiao W, Yang H, Zhang X, Olek AT, Donohoe BS, Liu J, Makowski L, Hou T, McCann MC, Carpita NC, Mosier NS. Enhanced rates of enzymatic saccharification and catalytic synthesis of biofuel substrates in gelatinized cellulose generated by trifluoroacetic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:310. [PMID: 29299060 PMCID: PMC5744396 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crystallinity of cellulose is a principal factor limiting the efficient hydrolysis of biomass to fermentable sugars or direct catalytic conversion to biofuel components. We evaluated the impact of TFA-induced gelatinization of crystalline cellulose on enhancement of enzymatic digestion and catalytic conversion to biofuel substrates. RESULTS Low-temperature swelling of cotton linter cellulose in TFA at subzero temperatures followed by gentle heating to 55 °C dissolves the microfibril structure and forms composites of crystalline and amorphous gels upon addition of ethanol. The extent of gelatinization of crystalline cellulose was determined by reduction of birefringence in darkfield microscopy, loss of X-ray diffractability, and loss of resistance to acid hydrolysis. Upon freeze-drying, an additional degree of crystallinity returned as mostly cellulose II. Both enzymatic digestion with a commercial cellulase cocktail and maleic acid/AlCl3-catalyzed conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid were markedly enhanced with the low-temperature swollen cellulose. Only small improvements in rates and extent of hydrolysis and catalytic conversion were achieved upon heating to fully dissolve cellulose. CONCLUSIONS Low-temperature swelling of cellulose in TFA substantially reduces recalcitrance of crystalline cellulose to both enzymatic digestion and catalytic conversion. In a closed system to prevent loss of fluorohydrocarbons, the relative ease of recovery and regeneration of TFA by distillation makes it a potentially useful agent in large-scale deconstruction of biomass, not only for enzymatic depolymerization but also for enhancing rates of catalytic conversion to biofuel components and useful bio-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia M. Shiga
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Present Address: Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 14, São Paul, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Haibing Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Ximing Zhang
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Anna T. Olek
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Jiliang Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Present Address: Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Shirley, New York, USA
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Maureen C. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicholas C. Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Nathan S. Mosier
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Ono Y, Ishida T, Soeta H, Saito T, Isogai A. Reliable dn/dc Values of Cellulose, Chitin, and Cellulose Triacetate Dissolved in LiCl/N,N-Dimethylacetamide for Molecular Mass Analysis. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:192-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ono
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroto Soeta
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Carpita NC, McCann MC. Characterizing visible and invisible cell wall mutant phenotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4145-63. [PMID: 25873661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
About 10% of a plant's genome is devoted to generating the protein machinery to synthesize, remodel, and deconstruct the cell wall. High-throughput genome sequencing technologies have enabled a reasonably complete inventory of wall-related genes that can be assembled into families of common evolutionary origin. Assigning function to each gene family member has been aided immensely by identification of mutants with visible phenotypes or by chemical and spectroscopic analysis of mutants with 'invisible' phenotypes of modified cell wall composition and architecture that do not otherwise affect plant growth or development. This review connects the inference of gene function on the basis of deviation from the wild type in genetic functional analyses to insights provided by modern analytical techniques that have brought us ever closer to elucidating the sequence structures of the major polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Towards determination of absolute molar mass of cellulose polymer by size exclusion chromatography with mulitple angle laser light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2015. [PMID: 26210115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on determination of a set of crucial parameters for molar mass calculation of cellulose from the results of size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and differential refractive index (DRI) detectors. In the present work, cellulose has been derivatised to obtain cellulose tricarbanilate (CTC) soluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The parameters of Rayleigh scattering in the MALLS detector: refractive index increment (dn/dc) and second virial coefficient (A2) of CTC in THF were determined for laser wavelength 658nm. In order to avoid errors resulting from cellulose derivatisation by-products present in the CTC solution, the so called "on-line" method of measuring dn/dc and A2 was applied. Based on the A2 determination, its influence on cellulose molar mass calculations and cellulose molecular dimensions were critically assessed. The latter includes evaluation of artificially aged cellulose towards conceivable branching by conformation plot analysis.
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Overview of Methods for the Direct Molar Mass Determination of Cellulose. Molecules 2015; 20:10313-41. [PMID: 26053488 PMCID: PMC6272693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of the methods used to determine the molecular weights of cellulose. Methods that employ direct dissolution of the cellulose polymer are described; hence methods for investigating the molecular weight of cellulose in derivatized states, such as ethers or esters, only form a minor part of this review. Many of the methods described are primarily of historical interest since they have no use in modern cellulose chemistry. However, older methods, such as osmometry or ultracentrifuge experiments, were the first analytical methods used in polymer chemistry and continue to serve as sources of fundamental information (such as the cellulose structure in solution). The first part of the paper reviews methods, either absolute or relative, for the estimation of average molecular weights. Regardless of an absolute or relative approach, the outcome is a molecular weight average (MWA). In the final section, coupling methods are described. The primary benefit of performing a pre-separation step on the molecules is the discovery of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Here, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is unquestionably the most powerful and most commonly-applied method in modern laboratories and industrial settings.
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Hiraoki R, Ono Y, Saito T, Isogai A. Molecular mass and molecular-mass distribution of TEMPO-oxidized celluloses and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:675-81. [PMID: 25584418 DOI: 10.1021/bm501857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Native wood cellulose was oxidized by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, and the fibrous TEMPO-oxidized celluloses (TOCs) thus obtained were disintegrated in water to prepare TOC nanofibrils (TOCNs). The carboxyl groups of TOCs and TOCNs were methyl-esterified, and the methylated samples were dissolved in 8% LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide for size-exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser-light scattering (SEC-MALLS) analysis to obtain their molecular-mass (MM) values and MM distributions (MMDs). The results showed that remarkable depolymerization occurred in TOCs and TOCNs and depended on the oxidation and sonication conditions. Because single peaks without bimodal patterns were observed in the MMDs for all of the TOC and TOCN samples, depolymerization may have randomly occurred on whole cellulose molecules and oxidized cellulose molecules in the microfibrils during these treatments. Compared with the MM values obtained by SEC-MALLS, the intrinsic viscosities of TOCs dissolved in 0.5 M copper ethylenediamine solution provided lower MM values owing to depolymerization during the dissolution and postreduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Hiraoki
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Šimkovic I. Unexplored possibilities of all-polysaccharide composites. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:697-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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El Seoud OA, Nawaz H, Arêas EPG. Chemistry and applications of polysaccharide solutions in strong electrolytes/dipolar aprotic solvents: an overview. Molecules 2013; 18:1270-313. [PMID: 23337297 PMCID: PMC6270342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18011270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers and their derivatives are being actively investigated as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers. This has generated an intense interest in investigating new solvents, in particular for cellulose, chitin/chitosan, and starch. This overview focuses on recent advances in the dissolution and derivatization of these polysaccharides in solutions of strong electrolytes in dipolar aprotic solvents. A brief description of the molecular structures of these biopolymers is given, with emphases on the properties that are relevant to derivatization, namely crystallinity and accessibility. The mechanism of cellulose dissolution is then discussed, followed by a description of the strategies employed for the synthesis of cellulose derivatives (carboxylic acid esters, and ethers) under homogeneous reaction conditions. The same sequence of presentation has been followed for chitin/chitosan and starch. Future perspectives for this subject are summarized, in particular with regard to compliance with the principles of green chemistry.
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ISHII D. Characterization and Functionalization of Plant Biomass-Derived Polymers. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2013. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.70.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hauru LKJ, Ma Y, Hummel M, Alekhina M, King AWT, Kilpeläinen I, Penttilä PA, Serimaa R, Sixta H. Enhancement of ionic liquid-aided fractionation of birchwood. Part 1: autohydrolysis pretreatment. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Du R, Huang R, Su R, Zhang M, Wang M, Yang J, Qi W, He Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose: SEC-MALLS analysis and reaction mechanism. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21781c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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