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Unver Y, Yildiz S, Acar M. Extracellular production of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of Triton X-100 or Tween 80. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:553-561. [PMID: 35039942 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Azurin which is a bacterial secondary metabolite has attracted much attention as potential anticancer agent in recent years. This copper-containing periplasmic redox protein supresses the tumor growth selectively. High-level secretion of proteins into the culture medium offers a significant advantage over periplasmic or cytoplasmic expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nonionic surfactants on the expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. Different concentrations of Triton X-100 and Tween 80 were used as supplements in growth media and extracellular azurin production was stimulated by both surfactants. According to western blot analysis results, in the presence of Triton X-100, maximum azurin expression level was achieved with 96 h of incubation at 1% concentration, and 48 h at 2% concentration. On the other hand, maximum azurin expression level was achieved in the presence of 1% Tween 80 at 72 h incubation. This study suggested for the first time a high level of azurin secretion from P. aeruginosa in the presence of Triton X-100 or Tween 80, which would be advantageous for the purification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Unver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Seyda Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Melek Acar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Fan X, Zhao X, Su W, Tang X. Triton X-100-Modified Adenosine Triphosphate-Responsive siRNA Delivery Agent for Antitumor Therapy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3696-3708. [PMID: 32803981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modified polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been widely used as siRNA delivery agents. Here, a new Triton X-100-modified low-molecular-weight PEI siRNA delivery agent is developed together with the coupling of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PBA) and dopamine grafted vitamin E (VEDA). Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, greatly improves the cellular uptake of siRNA as well as the siRNA escape from endosome/lysosome because of its high transmembrane ability. In addition, the boronate bond between PBA and VEDA of the transfection agent can be triggered to release its entrapped siRNA because of the high level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cancer cells. The transfection agent is successfully applied to deliver siRNAs targeting endogenous genes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and kinesin-5 (Eg5) to cancer cells, showing good results on Eg5 and EGFR silencing ability and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Further in vivo study indicates that the Triton X-100-modified transfection agent is also efficient to deliver siRNA to cancer cells and shows significant tumor growth inhibition on mice tumor models. These results indicate that the Triton X-100-modified ATP-responsive transfection agent is a promising gene delivery vector for target gene silencing in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenbo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
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Schnabel J, Hombach P, Waksman T, Giuriani G, Petersen J, Christie JM. A chemical genetic approach to engineer phototropin kinases for substrate labeling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5613-5623. [PMID: 29475950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) control many aspects of plant physiology by regulating signaling networks through protein phosphorylation. Phototropins (phots) are plasma membrane-associated serine/threonine PKs that control a range of physiological processes that collectively serve to optimize photosynthetic efficiency in plants. These include phototropism, leaf positioning and flattening, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening. Despite their identification over two decades ago, only a handful of substrates have been identified for these PKs. Progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of a convenient means to confirm the identity of potential substrate candidates. Here we demonstrate that the kinase domain of Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 can be successfully engineered to accommodate non-natural ATP analogues by substituting the bulky gatekeeper residue threonine for glycine. This approach circumvents the need for radioactivity to track phot kinase activity and follow light-induced receptor autophosphorylation in vitro by incorporating thiophosphate from N6-benzyl-ATPγS. Consequently, thiophosphorylation of phot substrate candidates can be readily monitored when added or co-expressed with phots in vitro Furthermore, gatekeeper-modified phot1 retained its functionality and its ability to accommodate N6-benzyl-ATPγS as a phosphodonor when expressed in Arabidopsis We therefore anticipate that this chemical genetic approach will provide new opportunities for labeling and identifying substrates for phots and other related AGC kinases under in vitro and near-native in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schnabel
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Peter Hombach
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and.,RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Waksman
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Giovanni Giuriani
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Jan Petersen
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - John M Christie
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
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Siu KC, Wu JY. Enhanced release of tanshinones and phenolics by nonionic surfactants fromSalvia miltiorrhizahairy roots. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Chai Siu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
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Cai Z, Kastell A, Knorr D, Smetanska I. Exudation: an expanding technique for continuous production and release of secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:461-477. [PMID: 21987121 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses methods of obtaining secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures and their exudates, particularly the physiological mechanisms of secondary metabolites release and trafficking. The efficiency for product recovery of metabolites can be increased by various methods, based on the principle of continuous product release into the cultivation medium. The most common methods for metabolite recovery are elicitation, influencing membrane permeability, and in situ product removal. The biosynthetic pathways can be influenced by cultivation conditions, transformation, or application of elicitors. The membrane permeability can be altered through the application of chemical or physical treatments. Product removal can be greatly increased through a two-phase system and the introduction of absorbents into the cultivation medium. In this review, we describe some improved approaches that have proven useful in these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cai
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Food Chemistry, Berlin University of Technology, Königin-Luise Str. 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Gonzalez M, Jernstedt J, Slaughter D, Barrett D. Microscopic Quantification of Cell Integrity in Raw and Processed Onion Parenchyma Cells. J Food Sci 2010; 75:E402-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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van de Ven AL, Adler-Storthz K, Richards-Kortum R. Delivery of optical contrast agents using Triton-X100, part 1: reversible permeabilization of live cells for intracellular labeling. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:021012. [PMID: 19405725 PMCID: PMC2748244 DOI: 10.1117/1.3090448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of optical contrast agents into live cells remains a significant challenge. We sought to determine whether Triton-X100, a detergent commonly used for membrane isolation and protein purification, could be used to effectively and reversibly permeabilize live cells for delivery of targeted optical contrast agents. Although Triton-X100 is widely recognized as a good cell permeabilization agent, no systematic study has evaluated the efficiency, reproducibility, and reversibility of Triton-X100-mediated permeabilization in live mammalian cells. We report a series of studies to characterize macromolecule delivery in cells following Triton-X100 treatment. Using this approach, we demonstrate that molecules ranging from 1 to 150 kDa in molecular weight can be reproducibly delivered into live cells by controlling the moles of Triton-X100 relative to the number of cells to be treated. When Triton-X100 is administered at or near the minimum effective concentration, cell permeabilization is generally reversed within 24 h, and treated cells continue to proliferate and show metabolic activity during the restoration of membrane integrity. We conclude that Triton-X100 is a promising permeabilization agent for efficient and reproducible delivery of optical contrast agents into live mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L van de Ven
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, MS 142, 6100 Main Street, Keck Hall, Suite 116, Houston, TX 77005, Phone: 713-348-3022, Fax: 713-348-5877
| | - Karen Adler-Storthz
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Dental Branch, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd, DBB, 4.133, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: 713-500-4362, Fax: 713-500-4373
| | - Rebecca Richards-Kortum
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, MS 142, 6100 Main Street, Keck Hall, Suite 116, Houston, TX 77005, Phone: 713-348-3823, Fax: 713-348-5877
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Smetanska I. Production of secondary metabolites using plant cell cultures. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 111:187-228. [PMID: 18594786 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell cultures represent a potential source of valuable secondary metabolites which can be used as food additives, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. The synthesis of phytochemicals by the cell cultures in contrast to these in plants is independent of environmental conditions and quality fluctuations. In many cases, the chemical synthesis of metabolites is not possible or economically feasible. Moreover, the natural food additives are better accepted by consumers in contrast to those which are artificially produced. In this chapter, the process for obtaining the secondary metabolites from plant cell cultures is represented as a multi-stage strategy, and each link should be described according to specifications of cell cultures or products. For the establishing of high-producing and fast-growing cell lines, the parent plants should be selected. The expression of synthetic pathways can be influenced by environmental conditions, the supply of precursors, and the application of elicitors, and it can be altered by special treatments such as biotransformation and immobilization. The efficiency of bioprocessing can be increased by the simplification of methods for product recovery, based on the principle of continuous product release into the cultivation media. This can be induced through influencing membrane permeability by chemical or physical factors, e.g., high electric field pulses. The combined research in the fields of establishment of in vitro cultures, targeting of metabolite synthesis, and development of technologies for product recovery can exploit the potential of plant cells as sources of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Smetanska
- Department of Methods in Food Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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A PCR-based method for monitoring Legionella pneumophila in water samples detects viable but noncultivable legionellae that can recover their cultivability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4817-24. [PMID: 18515476 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02899-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. This bacterium is ubiquitous in aqueous environments and uses amoebae as an intracellular replicative niche. Real-time PCR has been developed for rapid detection of Legionella DNA in water samples. In addition to culturable bacteria, this method may also detect dead and viable but noncultivable (VBNC) legionellae. In order to understand the significance of positive PCR results in this setting, we prepared water samples containing known concentrations of L. pneumophila and analyzed them comparatively by means of conventional culture, real-time PCR, viability labeling, and immunodetection (solid-phase cytometry). We also examined the influence of chlorination on the results of the four methods. The different techniques yielded similar results for nonchlorinated water samples but not for chlorinated samples. After treatment for 24 h with 0.5 and 1 ppm chlorine, all cultures were negative, PCR and immunodetection showed about 10(6) genome units and bacteria/ml, and total-viable-count (TVC) labeling detected 10(5) and 10(2) metabolically active bacteria/ml, respectively. Thus, PCR also detected bacteria that were VBNC. The recoverability of VBNC forms was confirmed by 5 days of coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Therefore, some TVC-positive bacteria were potentially infective. These data show that L. pneumophila PCR detects not only culturable bacteria but also VBNC forms and dead bacterial DNA at low chlorine concentrations.
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