1
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de Souza F, Gupta RK. Bacteria for Bioplastics: Progress, Applications, and Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8666-8686. [PMID: 38434856 PMCID: PMC10905720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers that can point society toward a sustainable future. Under this premise, the synthesis of polymers with competitive properties using low-cost starting materials is a highly desired factor in the industry. Also, tackling environmental issues such as nonbiodegradable waste generation, high carbon footprint, and consumption of nonrenewable resources are some of the current concerns worldwide. The scientific community has been placing efforts into the biosynthesis of polymers using bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms can be convenient reactors to consume food and agricultural wastes and convert them into biopolymers with inherently attractive properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and appreciable mechanical and chemical properties. Such biopolymers can be applied to several fields such as packing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, biomedical, and agricultural. Thus, intending to elucidate the science of microbes to produce polymers, this review starts with a brief introduction to bioplastics by describing their importance and the methods for their production. The second section dives into the importance of bacteria regarding the biochemical routes for the synthesis of polymers along with their advantages and disadvantages. The third section covers some of the main parameters that influence biopolymers' production. Some of the main applications of biopolymers along with a comparison between the polymers obtained from microorganisms and the petrochemical-based ones are presented. Finally, some discussion about the future aspects and main challenges in this field is provided to elucidate the main issues that should be tackled for the wide application of microorganisms for the preparation of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Martins de Souza
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pittsburgh State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
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2
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Afrasiabi S, Zanjani FSA, Ahmadian G, Cohan RA, Keramati M. The effect of manipulating glucuronic acid biosynthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis strain on hyaluronic acid production. AMB Express 2023; 13:63. [PMID: 37354246 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), composed of glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and N-acetyl glucoseamine (GlcNAc), is a versatile biopolymer with high commercial value and innumerous physiological roles and pharmaceutical applications. The hasA gene has main role in HA biosynthesis by Streptococcus strain as a natural producer. The hasB and hasC genes are also mediate GlcUA precursor biosynthesis. In the present study, S. equisimilis hasA gene; B. subtilis tuaD and gtaB genes for GlcUA precursors enhancement, and vgb gene coding bacterial hemoglobin as an oxygen provider were used to construct the B. subtilis strain for HA production. RBSHA (hasA), RBSHA2 (hasA/tuaD/gtaB), and RBSHA3 (hasA/tuaD/gtaB/vgb) strains were developed and confirmed through genotype and phenotype analysis. After HA production and purification, FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the produced HA structures. HA assay showed the highest HA titer for RBSHA3 (2.1 ± 0.18 mg/ml) and then RBSHA2 (1.9 ± 0.03 mg/ml), and RBSHA (0.6 ± 0.14 mg/ml). Statistical analysis indicated there is no significant difference in HA titer between RBSHA2 and RBSHA3 strains (p-value > 0.05), however, these strains produced HA approximately 4-fold higher than that of RBSHA strain. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the same molecular weight (< 30 kDa) of produced HA by strains. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed all HA polymers had a relatively low polydispersity index (PDI < 0.5). These findings demonstrate the successful GlcUA biosynthetic pathway engineering strategy in improving HA yield by recombinant B. subtilis, metabolically-robust, and industrially potential strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Afrasiabi
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Malihe Keramati
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Amjad Zanjani FS, Afrasiabi S, Norouzian D, Ahmadian G, Hosseinzadeh SA, Fayazi Barjin A, Cohan RA, Keramati M. Hyaluronic acid production and characterization by novel Bacillus subtilis harboring truncated Hyaluronan Synthase. AMB Express 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 35821141 PMCID: PMC9445140 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a natural biopolymer that has important physiological and industrial applications due to its viscoelastic and hydrophilic characteristics. The responsible enzyme for HA production is Hyaluronan synthase (HAS). Although in vitro structure–function of intact HAS enzyme has been partly identified, there is no data on in vivo function of truncated HAS forms. In the current study, novel recombinant Bacillus subtilis strains harboring full length (RBSFA) and truncated forms of SeHAS (RBSTr4 and RBSTr3) were developed and HA production was studied in terms of titer, production rate and molecular weight (Mw). The maximum HA titer for RBSFA, RBSTr4 and RBSTr3 was 602 ± 16.6, 503 ± 19.4 and 728 ± 22.9 mg/L, respectively. Also, the HA production rate was 20.02, 15.90 and 24.42 mg/L.h−1, respectively. The findings revealed that RBSTr3 produced 121% and 137% more HA rather than RBSFA and RBSTr4, respectively. More interestingly, the HA Mw was about 60 kDa for all strains which is much smaller than those obtained in prior studies. The strains containing truncated forms of SeHAS enzysme are able to produce HA. The HA from all recombinant strains was the same and low Mw. Deletion of C-terminal region of SeHAS was not effective on Mw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shadi Afrasiabi
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Norouzian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ali Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fayazi Barjin
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Malihe Keramati
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Liu X, Inda ME, Lai Y, Lu TK, Zhao X. Engineered Living Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201326. [PMID: 35243704 PMCID: PMC9250645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Living biological systems, ranging from single cells to whole organisms, can sense, process information, and actuate in response to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by living biological systems, engineered living cells and nonliving matrices are brought together, which gives rise to the technology of engineered living materials. By designing the functionalities of living cells and the structures of nonliving matrices, engineered living materials can be created to detect variability in the surrounding environment and to adjust their functions accordingly, thereby enabling applications in health monitoring, disease treatment, and environmental remediation. Hydrogels, a class of soft, wet, and biocompatible materials, have been widely used as matrices for engineered living cells, leading to the nascent field of engineered living hydrogels. Here, the interactions between hydrogel matrices and engineered living cells are described, focusing on how hydrogels influence cell behaviors and how cells affect hydrogel properties. The interactions between engineered living hydrogels and their environments, and how these interactions enable versatile applications, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges facing the field of engineered living hydrogels for their applications in clinical and environmental settings are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yong Lai
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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5
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Rodriguez-Marquez CD, Arteaga-Marin S, Rivas-Sánchez A, Autrique-Hernández R, Castro-Muñoz R. A Review on Current Strategies for Extraction and Purification of Hyaluronic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116038. [PMID: 35682710 PMCID: PMC9181718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it is known that hyaluronic acid contributes to soft tissue growth, elasticity, and scar reduction, different strategies of producing HA have been explored in order to satisfy the current demand of HA in pharmaceutical products and formulations. The current interest deals with production via bacterial and yeast fermentation and extraction from animal sources; however, the main challenge is the right extraction technique and strategy since the original sources (e.g., fermentation broth) represent a complex system containing a number of components and solutes, which complicates the achievement of high extraction rates and purity. This review sheds light on the main pathways for the production of HA, advantages, and disadvantages, along with the current efforts in extracting and purifying this high-added-value molecule from different sources. Particular emphasis has been placed on specific case studies attempting production and successful recovery. For such works, full details are given together with their relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Dariel Rodriguez-Marquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Chihuahua, Avenida H. Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - Susana Arteaga-Marin
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, Avenida Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, Santiago de Querétaro 76130, Qro., Mexico; (S.A.-M.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Andrea Rivas-Sánchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnológico, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico;
| | - Renata Autrique-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, Avenida Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, Santiago de Querétaro 76130, Qro., Mexico; (S.A.-M.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Avenida Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: or
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6
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Rykov SV, Battalova IY, Mironov AS. Construction of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Strains Producing Hyaluronic Acid. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Jeeva P, Jayaprakash SR, Jayaraman G. Hyaluronic acid production is enhanced by harnessing the heme-induced respiration in recombinant Lactococcus lactis cultures. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Dergham M, Lin S, Geng J. Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114267. [PMID: 35037350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular interactions rely on non-covalent forces, such as hydrophobic effects, hydrogen-bonding, and electrostatic interactions, which govern many intracellular biological pathways. In cellulo supramolecular self-assembly is mainly based on host-guest interactions, changes in pH, enzymes, and polymerization-induced self-assembly to accurately induce various unnatural reactions without disturbing natural biological processes. This process can produce synthetic biocompatible macromolecules to control cell properties and regulate biological functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. This Minireview focuses on the latest reports in the field of in cellulo supramolecular self-assembly and anticipates future advances regarding its activation in response to internal and external stimuli, such as pH changes, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes, as well as external light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Dergham
- Centre for Polymers in Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Nanshan, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shanmeng Lin
- Centre for Polymers in Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Nanshan, 518055, China
| | - Jin Geng
- Centre for Polymers in Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Nanshan, 518055, China
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9
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Dergham M, Lin S, Geng J. Supramolecular Self‐assembly in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Dergham
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Biomedicine and Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Shanmeng Lin
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Biomedicine and Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Jin Geng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Xuyuan Road 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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10
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Du Y, Cheng F, Wang M, Xu C, Yu H. Indirect Pathway Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Enhanced Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid in Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:768490. [PMID: 34988066 PMCID: PMC8721151 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.768490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is composed of alternating d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, with excellent biocompatibility and water retention capacity. To achieve heterologous biosynthesis of HA, Corynebacterium glutamicum, a safe GRAS (generally recognized as safe) host, was utilized and metabolically engineered previously. In this work, to achieve further enhancement of HA yield, four strategies were proposed and performed separately first, i.e., (1) improvement of glucose uptake via iolR gene knockout, releasing the inhibition of transporter IolT1/IolT2 and glucokinases; (2) intensification of cardiolipin synthesis through overexpression of genes pgsA1/pgsA2/cls involved in cardiolipin synthesis; (3) duly expressed Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in genome, enhancing HA titer coupled with more ATP and improved NAD+/NADH (>7.5) ratio; and (4) identification of the importance of glutamine for HA synthesis through transcriptome analyses and then enhancement of the HA titer via its supplement. After that, we combined different strategies together to further increase the HA titer. As a result, one of the optimal recombinant strains, Cg-dR-CLS, yielded 32 g/L of HA at 60 h in a fed-batch culture, which was increased by 30% compared with that of the starting strain. This high value of HA titer will enable the industrial production of HA via the engineered C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Mahmoud YAG, El-Naggar ME, Abdel-Megeed A, El-Newehy M. Recent Advancements in Microbial Polysaccharides: Synthesis and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234136. [PMID: 34883639 PMCID: PMC8659985 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide materials are widely applied in different applications including food, food packaging, drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, wastewater treatment, and bioremediation sectors. They were used in these domains due to their efficient, cost-effective, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. As is known, polysaccharides can be synthesized by different simple, facile, and effective methods. Of these polysaccharides are cellulose, Arabic gum, sodium alginate, chitosan, chitin, curdlan, dextran, pectin, xanthan, pullulan, and so on. In this current article review, we focused on discussing the synthesis and potential applications of microbial polysaccharides. The biosynthesis of polysaccharides from microbial sources has been considered. Moreover, the utilization of molecular biology tools to modify the structure of polysaccharides has been covered. Such polysaccharides provide potential characteristics to transfer toxic compounds and decrease their resilience to the soil. Genetically modified microorganisms not only improve yield of polysaccharides, but also allow economically efficient production. With the rapid advancement of science and medicine, biosynthesis of polysaccharides research has become increasingly important. Synthetic biology approaches can play a critical role in developing polysaccharides in simple and facile ways. In addition, potential applications of microbial polysaccharides in different fields with a particular focus on food applications have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Mehrez E. El-Naggar
- Textile Research Division, National Research Center (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.-N.); (M.E.-N.)
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed El-Newehy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.-N.); (M.E.-N.)
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12
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Wang ZK, Gong JS, Qin J, Li H, Lu ZM, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Improving the Intensity of Integrated Expression for Microbial Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2796-2807. [PMID: 34738786 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal integration of exogenous genes is preferred for industrially related fermentation, as plasmid-mediated fermentation leads to extra metabolic burden and genetic instability. Moreover, with the development and advancement of genome engineering and gene editing technologies, inserting genes into chromosomes has become more convenient; integration expression is extensively utilized in microorganisms for industrial bioproduction and expected to become the trend of recombinant protein expression. However, in actual research and application, it is important to enhance the expression of heterologous genes at the host genome level. Herein, we summarized the basic principles and characteristics of genomic integration; furthermore, we highlighted strategies to improve the expression of chromosomal integration of genes and pathways in host strains from three aspects, including chassis cell optimization, regulation of expression elements in gene expression cassettes, optimization of gene dose level and integration sites on chromosomes. Moreover, we reviewed and summarized the relevant studies on the application of integrated expression in the exploration of gene function and the various types of industrial microorganism production. Consequently, this review would serve as a reference for the better application of integrated expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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13
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Nazeri A, Niazi A, Afsharifar A, Taghavi SM, Moghadam A, Aram F. Heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots expressing a human hyaluronan synthase 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17966. [PMID: 34504153 PMCID: PMC8429445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a unique polysaccharide with excellent Physico-chemical properties, is broadly used in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetic fields. It is widely present in all vertebrates, certain bacterial strains, and even viruses while it is not found in plants, fungi, and insects. HA is naturally synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS). Thus far, industrial production of HA is carried out based on either extraction from animal sources or large-scale microbial fermentation. The major drawbacks to using these systems are contamination with pathogens and microbial toxins. Recently, the production of HA through recombinant systems has received considerable attention. Plants are eco-friendly ideal expression systems for biopharmaceuticals production. In this study, the optimized human hyaluronic acid synthase2 (hHAS2) sequence was transformed into Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The highest rhHAS2 concentration of 65.72 ng/kg (wet weight) in transgenic tobacco hairy roots was measured by the human HAS2 ELISA kit. The HA production in the transgenic hairy roots was verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and quantified by the HA ELISA kit. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of HA with the highest concentration of 0.56 g/kg (wet weight) showed a maximum activity of 46%. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses revealed the high molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) with about > 0.8 MDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Nazeri
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Taghavi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aram
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Manfrão-Netto JHC, Queiroz EB, de Oliveira Junqueira AC, Gomes AMV, Gusmão de Morais D, Paes HC, Parachin NS. Genetic strategies for improving hyaluronic acid production in recombinant bacterial culture. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:822-840. [PMID: 34327773 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a biopolymer of repeating units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Its market was valued at USD 8.9 billion in 2019. Traditionally, HA has been obtained from rooster comb-like animal tissues and fermentative cultures of attenuated pathogenic streptococci. Various attempts have been made to engineer a safe micro-organism for HA synthesis; however, the HA titres obtained from these attempts are in general still lower than those achieved by natural, pathogenic producers. In this scenario, ways to increase HA molecule length and titres in already constructed strains are gaining attention in the last years, but no recent publication has reviewed the main genetic strategies applied to improve HA production on heterologous hosts. In light of that, we hereby compile the advances made in the engineering of micro-organisms to improve HA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H C Manfrão-Netto
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Enzo Bento Queiroz
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana C de Oliveira Junqueira
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Antônio M V Gomes
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gusmão de Morais
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Clinical Medicine Division, University of Brasília Medical School, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nádia Skorupa Parachin
- Grupo de Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Bloco K, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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15
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Wang ZX, Li N, Xu JW. Effects of Efficient Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin on Production, Monosaccharide Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081551. [PMID: 34442629 PMCID: PMC8401987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was efficiently expressed by the optimization of codons and intron addition in G. lucidum. Expression of the VHb gene was confirmed by genome PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and carbon monoxide (CO)-difference spectrum analysis in the transformant. The effects of the efficient expression of VHb gene on production, monosaccharide compostion, and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum exopolysaccharides were studied. The maximum production of exopolysaccharides in the VHb gene-bearing transformant was 1.63 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than expression in the wild-type strain. Efficient expression of the VHb gene did not change the monosaccharide composition or distribution of molecular weight, but it increased the mole percentage ratio of galactose and mannose in G. lucidum exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharides from the transformant had higher scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radical capacity and reducing power than those from the wild-type strain. These results may be helpful for increasing production and application of exopolysaccharides produced by G. lucidum fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
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16
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Low cost and sustainable hyaluronic acid production in a manufacturing platform based on Bacillus subtilis 3NA strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3075-3086. [PMID: 33818671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high value glycosaminoglycan mostly used in health and cosmetic applications. Commercial HA is produced from animal tissues or in toxigenic bacteria of the genus Streptococcus grown in complex media, which are expensive and raise environmental concerns due to the disposal of large amounts of broth with high organic loads. Other microorganisms were proposed as hosts for the heterologous production of HA, but the methods are still costly. The extraordinary capacity of this biopolymer to bind and retain water attracts interest for large-scale applications where biodegradable materials are needed, but its high cost and safety concerns are barriers for its adoption. Bacillus subtilis 3NA strain is prototrophic, amenable for genetic manipulation, GRAS, and can rapidly reach high cell densities in salt-based media. These phenotypic traits were exploited to create a platform for biomolecule production using HA as a proof of concept. First, the 3NA strain was engineered to produce HA; second, a chemically defined medium was formulated using commodity-priced inorganic salts combined at the stoichiometric ratios needed to build the necessary quantities of biomass and HA; and third, a scalable fermentation process, where HA can be produced at the maximum volumetric productivity (VP), was designed. A comparative economic analysis against other methods indicates that the new process may increase the operating profit of a manufacturing plant by more than 100%. The host, the culture medium, and the rationale employed to develop the fermentation process described here, introduce an IP-free platform that could be adaptable for production of other biomolecules. KEY POINTS: • A biomolecule production platform based on B. subtilis 3NA strain and a synthetic medium was tested for hyaluronic acid biosynthesis • A fermentation process with the maximum volumetric productivity was designed • A techno-economic analysis forecasts a significant reduction in the manufacturing cost compared to the current methods.
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17
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Zakeri A, Khoshsorour S, Karami Fath M, Pourzardosht N, Fazeli F, Khalili S. Structural analyses and engineering of the pmHAS enzyme to improve its functional performance: An in silico study. J Carbohydr Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2020.1821041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khoshsorour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Payame Noor University, Branch of Rey, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Faezeh Fazeli
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Wang Y, Hu L, Huang H, Wang H, Zhang T, Chen J, Du G, Kang Z. Eliminating the capsule-like layer to promote glucose uptake for hyaluronan production by engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3120. [PMID: 32561727 PMCID: PMC7305114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Development of robust and safe cell factories and cultivation approaches to efficiently produce hyaluronan is of many interests. Here, we describe the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum and application of a fermentation strategy to manufacture hyaluronan with different molecular weights. C. glutamicum is engineered by combinatorial overexpression of type I hyaluronan synthase, enzymes of intermediate metabolic pathways and attenuation of extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis. The engineered strain produces 34.2 g L−1 hyaluronan in fed-batch cultures. We find secreted hyaluronan encapsulates C. glutamicum, changes its cell morphology and inhibits metabolism. Disruption of the encapsulation with leech hyaluronidase restores metabolism and leads to hyper hyaluronan productions of 74.1 g L−1. Meanwhile, the molecular weight of hyaluronan is also highly tunable. These results demonstrate combinatorial optimization of cell factories and the extracellular environment is efficacious and likely applicable for the production of other biopolymers. Bioproduction of hyaluronan needs increases in yield and greater diversity of the molecular weights. Here, the author increases hyaluronan production and diversifies the molecular weights through engineering the hyaluronan biosynthesis pathway and disruption of Corynebacterium glutamicum encapsulation caused by secreted hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Litao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
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19
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Abstract
Biotechnology uses microorganisms and/or enzymes to obtain specific products through fermentative processes and/or genetic engineering techniques. Examples of these products are active ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid, kojic acid, resveratrol, and some enzymes, which are used in skin anti-aging products. In addition, certain growth factors, algae, stem cells, and peptides have been included in cosmetics and aesthetic medicines. Thus, biotechnology, cosmetics and aesthetic medicines are now closely linked, through the production of high-quality active ingredients, which are more effective and safer. This work describes the most used active ingredients that are produced from biotechnological processes. Although there are a vast number of active ingredients, the number of biotechnological active ingredients reported in the literature is not significantly high.
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20
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Mohan N, Tadi SRR, Pavan SS, Sivaprakasam S. Deciphering the role of dissolved oxygen and N-acetyl glucosamine in governing higher molecular weight hyaluronic acid synthesis in Streptococcus zooepidemicus cell factory. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3349-3365. [PMID: 32078020 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on systematic process and kinetic investigation of hyaluronic acid (HA) production strategy unraveling the role of dissolved oxygen (DO) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) towards the enhancement of HA titer and its molecular weight. Maintaining excess DO levels (10-40% DO) through DO-stat control and the substitution of GlcNAc at a range (5-20 g/L) with glucose (Glc) critically influenced HA production. DO-stat control strategy yielded a promising HA titer (2.4 g/L) at 40% DO concentration. Controlling DO level at 20% (DO-stat) was observed to be optimum resulting in a significant HA production (2.1 g/L) and its molecular weight ranging 0.98-1.45 MDa with a consistent polydispersity index (PDI) (1.57-1.69). Substitution of GlcNAc with Glc at different proportions explicitly addressed the metabolic trade-off between HA titer and its molecular weight. GlcNAc substitution positively influenced the molecular weight of HA. The highest HA molecular weight (2.53 MDa) of two-fold increase compared with glucose as sole carbon substrate and narrower PDI (1.35 ± 0.18) was achieved for the 10:20 (Glc:GlcNAc) proportion. A novice attempt on modeling the uptake of dual substrates (Glc and GlcNAc) by Streptococcus zooepidemicus for HA production was successfully accomplished using double Andrew's growth model and the kinetic parameters were estimated reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Mohan
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Subbi Rami Reddy Tadi
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Satya Sai Pavan
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivaprakasam
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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21
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Heterologous Hyaluronic Acid Production in Kluyveromyces lactis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090294. [PMID: 31466214 PMCID: PMC6780701 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a biopolymer composed by the monomers Glucuronic Acid (GlcUA) and N-Acetyl Glucosamine (GlcNAc). It has a broad range of applications in the field of medicine, being marketed between USD 1000-5000/kg. Its primary sources include extraction of animal tissue and fermentation using pathogenic bacteria. However, in both cases, extensive purification protocols are required to prevent toxin contamination. In this study, aiming at creating a safe HA producing microorganism, the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) yeast Kluyveroymyces lactis is utilized. Initially, the hasB (UDP-Glucose dehydrogenase) gene from Xenopus laevis (xlhasB) is inserted. After that, four strains are constructed harboring different hasA (HA Synthase) genes, three of humans (hshasA1, hshasA2, and hshasA3) and one with the bacteria Pasteurella multocida (pmhasA). Transcript values analysis confirms the presence of hasA genes only in three strains. HA production is verified by scanning electron microscopy in the strain containing the pmHAS isoform. The pmHAS strain is grown in a 1.3 l bioreactor operating in a batch mode, the maximum HA levels are 1.89 g/L with a molecular weight of 2.097 MDa. This is the first study that reports HA production in K. lactis and it has the highest HA titers reported among yeast.
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22
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Yang S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhang G, Song H. Metabolic engineering ofBacillus subtilisfor high‐titer production of menaquinone‐7. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng Inner Mongolia China
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng Inner Mongolia China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
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23
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Li Y, Li G, Zhao X, Shao Y, Wu M, Ma T. Regulation of hyaluronic acid molecular weight and titer by temperature in engineered Bacillus subtilis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:225. [PMID: 31139540 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a biopolymer used in several industries. There is increasing global demand. HA is normally produced on a large scale using attenuated strains of group C streptococci that are pathogenic and fastidious. Accordingly, it is of interest to use a "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) organism such as Bacillus subtilis for HA production. Here, we report an engineered B. subtilis strain named WmB that produces different molecular weights (MW) and titers of HA at different temperatures. The faster the bacteria grew, the lower the MW of HA produced and the higher the titer. The MW of HA obtained ranged from 6.937 MDa at 47 °C to 0.392 MDa at 32 °C. At 32 °C, the HA titer reached 3.65 ± 0.13 g/L. We have engineered a strain that can produce high-molecular-weight and medium-molecular-weight HA at different growth temperatures. This GRAS B. subtilis strain can be applied in industry and provides a new strategy for production of HA with different molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Yuzhe Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
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24
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Wang J, Scheibel T. Recombinant Production of Mussel Byssus Inspired Proteins. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800146. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
- Forschungszentrum für Bio‐Makromoleküle (BIOmac)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMat)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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25
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Fallacara A, Baldini E, Manfredini S, Vertuani S. Hyaluronic Acid in the Third Millennium. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E701. [PMID: 30960626 PMCID: PMC6403654 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first isolation in 1934, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been studied across a variety of research areas. This unbranched glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid is almost ubiquitous in humans and in other vertebrates. HA is involved in many key processes, including cell signaling, wound reparation, tissue regeneration, morphogenesis, matrix organization and pathobiology, and has unique physico-chemical properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesivity, hygroscopicity and viscoelasticity. For these reasons, exogenous HA has been investigated as a drug delivery system and treatment in cancer, ophthalmology, arthrology, pneumology, rhinology, urology, aesthetic medicine and cosmetics. To improve and customize its properties and applications, HA can be subjected to chemical modifications: conjugation and crosslinking. The present review gives an overview regarding HA, describing its history, physico-chemical, structural and hydrodynamic properties and biology (occurrence, biosynthesis (by hyaluronan synthases), degradation (by hyaluronidases and oxidative stress), roles, mechanisms of action and receptors). Furthermore, both conventional and recently emerging methods developed for the industrial production of HA and its chemical derivatization are presented. Finally, the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications of HA and its derivatives are reviewed, reporting examples of HA-based products that currently are on the market or are undergoing further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fallacara
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology (COSMAST), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Erika Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology (COSMAST), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology (COSMAST), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology (COSMAST), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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26
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Puvendran K, Anupama K, Jayaraman G. Real-time monitoring of hyaluronic acid fermentation by in situ transflectance spectroscopy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2659-2669. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Gözke G, Kirschhöfer F, Prechtl C, Brenner-Weiss G, Krumov NV, Obst U, Posten C. Electrofiltration improves dead-end filtration of hyaluronic acid and presents an alternative downstream processing step that overcomes technological challenges of conventional methods. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:970-975. [PMID: 32624846 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) dispersion obtained from the bacteria Streptococcus equi was concentrated by electrofiltration. In the conventional downstream processing of HA, extraction and precipitation lead to increase in environmental issues, structural changes, and time and energy related costs. Using electrofiltration as an alternative technology delivers solutions to these limitations. Experiments were conducted in order to test the applicability of electrofiltration to downstream processing of the negatively charged HA. The structural changes and molecular weight distributions, often a consequence of the employed separation method, were tested by analysis of the initial dispersions and final products. In comparison to the conventional filtration, concentration factors were increased up to almost four times without any detectable structural change in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Gözke
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering Yalova University Yalova Turkey
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Leopoldshafen Germany
| | | | - Gerald Brenner-Weiss
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Leopoldshafen Germany
| | | | - Ursula Obst
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences Bioprocess Engineering Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
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28
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Kaur M, Jayaraman G. Hyaluronan production and molecular weight is enhanced in pathway-engineered strains of lactate dehydrogenase-deficient Lactococcus lactis. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:15-23. [PMID: 29468110 PMCID: PMC5779726 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential advantages of hyaluronic acid (HA) production by metabolically-engineered Lactococcus lactis is constrained by the lower molecular weight and yield of HA obtained in these strains, compared to natural producers. Earlier studies have correlated lower HA yield with excessive lactate production in L. lactis cultures (Chauhan et al., 2014). In the present study, a three-fold increase was observed in the amount as well as molecular weight of HA produced by recombinant ldh-mutant L. lactis strains. The diversion from lactate production in the ldh-mutant strains resulted in excess ethanol and acetoin production and higher NAD+/NADH ratio in these cultures. The initial NAD+/NADH ratio showed a positive correlation with HA molecular weight as well as with the HA-precursor ratio (UDP-GlcUA/UDP-GlcNAc). The influence of NAD+/NADH ratio on regulation of the concerned metabolic pathways was assessed by transcriptional analysis of key genes having putative binding sites of the NADH-binding transcriptional factor, Rex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guhan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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29
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Westbrook AW, Moo-Young M, Chou CP. Development of a CRISPR-Cas9 Tool Kit for Comprehensive Engineering of Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4876-95. [PMID: 27260361 PMCID: PMC4968543 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01159-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The establishment of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system for strain construction in Bacillus subtilis is essential for its progression toward industrial utility. Here we outline the development of a CRISPR-Cas9 tool kit for comprehensive genetic engineering in B. subtilis In addition to site-specific mutation and gene insertion, our approach enables continuous genome editing and multiplexing and is extended to CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) for transcriptional modulation. Our tool kit employs chromosomal expression of Cas9 and chromosomal transcription of guide RNAs (gRNAs) using a gRNA transcription cassette and counterselectable gRNA delivery vectors. Our design obviates the need for multicopy plasmids, which can be unstable and impede cell viability. Efficiencies of up to 100% and 85% were obtained for single and double gene mutations, respectively. Also, a 2.9-kb hyaluronic acid (HA) biosynthetic operon was chromosomally inserted with an efficiency of 69%. Furthermore, repression of a heterologous reporter gene was achieved, demonstrating the versatility of the tool kit. The performance of our tool kit is comparable with those of systems developed for Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which rely on replicating vectors to implement CRISPR-Cas9 machinery. IMPORTANCE In this paper, as the first approach, we report implementation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in Bacillus subtilis, which is recognized as a valuable host system for biomanufacturing. The study enables comprehensive engineering of B. subtilis strains with virtually any desired genotypes/phenotypes and biochemical properties for extensive industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Westbrook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Perry Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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de Oliveira JD, Carvalho LS, Gomes AMV, Queiroz LR, Magalhães BS, Parachin NS. Genetic basis for hyper production of hyaluronic acid in natural and engineered microorganisms. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:119. [PMID: 27370777 PMCID: PMC4930576 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid, or HA, is a rigid and linear biopolymer belonging to the class of the glycosaminoglycans, and composed of repeating units of the monosaccharides glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. HA has multiple important functions in the human body, due to its properties such as bio-compatibility, lubricity and hydrophilicity, it is widely applied in the biomedical, food, health and cosmetic fields. The growing interest in this molecule has motivated the discovery of new ways of obtaining it. Traditionally, HA has been extracted from rooster comb-like animal tissues. However, due to legislation laws HA is now being produced by bacterial fermentation using Streptococcus zooepidemicus, a natural producer of HA, despite it being a pathogenic microorganism. With the expansion of new genetic engineering technologies, the use of organisms that are non-natural producers of HA has also made it possible to obtain such a polymer. Most of the published reviews have focused on HA formulation and its effects on different body tissues, whereas very few of them describe the microbial basis of HA production. Therefore, for the first time this review has compiled the molecular and genetic bases for natural HA production in microorganisms together with the main strategies employed for heterologous production of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Davies de Oliveira
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.790-160, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Carvalho
- Integra Bioprocessos e Análises, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Edifício CDT, Sala AT-36/37, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.904-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Milton Vieira Gomes
- Grupo de Engenharia Metabólica Aplicada a Bioprocessos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.790-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Rezende Queiroz
- Grupo de Engenharia Metabólica Aplicada a Bioprocessos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.790-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simas Magalhães
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.790-160, Brazil.,Integra Bioprocessos e Análises, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Edifício CDT, Sala AT-36/37, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.904-970, Brazil
| | - Nádia Skorupa Parachin
- Grupo de Engenharia Metabólica Aplicada a Bioprocessos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70.790-900, Brazil.
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Tlustá M, Krahulec J, Pepeliaev S, Franke L, Cerný Z, Jílková J. Production of hyaluronic acid by mutant strains of group C Streptococcus. Mol Biotechnol 2013. [PMID: 23180221 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the influence of upstream region sequence on the strength of has operon promoter in highly encapsulated S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ). For this purpose, seven different strains were constructed. Each strain carries a point mutation in one of the following positions upstream of the has promoter: -43, -44, -49, and -50 bp. To facilitate measuring of the recombinant promoter relative strength, ß-glucuronidase gene was used as a reporter gene. Three mutations located in positions -49 and -50: AT, GT, and AG, positively impacted has promoter strength when compared to the wild type sequence GG. Conversely, two other mutations: TG and TT, exhibited a slight inhibitory effect. Further, three different strains carrying chromosomal mutations in the has promoter region were constructed. In two cases, the has operon is under the control of a stronger promoter and in the third strain the has operon is controlled by a weaker promoter. The laboratory fermenter scale cultivations confirmed the increase of hyaluronan yields for SEZPhasAG and SEZPhas2G, resulting 116 and 105 %, respectively. As expected, the yield of the hyaluronic acid of SEZPhas2B strain fell to 41 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tlustá
- Contipro Biotech s r.o., Dolní Dobrouč 401, Czech Republic.
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Liu L, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges, and perspectives. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:99. [PMID: 22088095 PMCID: PMC3239841 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid with a molecular weight up to 6 million Daltons. With excellent viscoelasticity, high moisture retention capacity, and high biocompatibility, HA finds a wide-range of applications in medicine, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Traditionally HA was extracted from rooster combs, and now it is mainly produced via streptococcal fermentation. Recently the production of HA via recombinant systems has received increasing interest due to the avoidance of potential toxins. This work summarizes the research history and current commercial market of HA, and then deeply analyzes the current state of microbial production of HA by Streptococcus zooepidemicus and recombinant systems, and finally discusses the challenges facing microbial HA production and proposes several research outlines to meet the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. N-acetylglucosamine: production and applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2493-516. [PMID: 20948902 PMCID: PMC2953398 DOI: 10.3390/md8092493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate after cellulose. In addition to serving as a component of this homogeneous polysaccharide, GlcNAc is also a basic component of hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate on the cell surface. In this review, we discuss the industrial production of GlcNAc, using chitin as a substrate, by chemical, enzymatic and biotransformation methods. Also, newly developed methods to obtain GlcNAc using glucose as a substrate in genetically modified microorganisms are introduced. Moreover, GlcNAc has generated interest not only as an underutilized resource but also as a new functional material with high potential in various fields. Here we also take a closer look at the current applications of GlcNAc, and several new and cutting edge approaches in this fascinating area are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeen-Kuan Chen
- Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining & Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi, Taiwan; E-Mail: (J.-K.C.)
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-R.S.)
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan
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