1
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Ryzhkov A, Pershina V, Iliaš M, Shabaev V. Reactivity of Ts and At oxides and oxyhydrides with a gold surface from periodic DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9975-9983. [PMID: 38477329 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption energies, Eads, of oxides and oxyhydrides of the superheavy element (SHEs) Ts and of its lighter homologue At on the gold surface are predicted on the basis of relativistic periodic density functional theory calculations via AMS BAND software. The following compounds were considered: MO, MO2, MOO, and MO(OH) (where M = At and Ts). The aim of this study is to support "one-atom-at-a-time" gas-phase chromatography experiments on reactivity/volatility of SHEs. The results obtained indicate that all the molecules investigated should interact fairly strongly with the gold surface, with those of Ts being more reactive than At ones. The similarity in the Eads values of all the considered At compounds would make it challenging to differentiate between them while measuring their adsorption enthalpies, given experimental uncertainty. However, the difference in Eads among Ts compounds is more pronounced, so that one should be able to differentiate between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ryzhkov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, ul. Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - Valeria Pershina
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimir Shabaev
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, ul. Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow oblast, Russia
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2
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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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3
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Kotov AA, Kozhedub YS, Glazov DA, Iliaš M, Pershina V, Shabaev VM. Relativistic Coupled-Cluster Calculations of Spectroscopic Properties of Copernicium and Flerovium Monoxides. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200680. [PMID: 36383485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calculations of spectroscopic properties of the CnO and FlO molecules are performed using ab initio all-electron 4c- and 2c-relativistic coupled-cluster approaches with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations. The corresponding calculation for HgO is also accomplished for comparison with the published data. The dependence of the results on the parameters of the basis set and approximations used is investigated in detail. The overall relative uncertainties of the recommended values on the level of 1-2 % are reached. The calculated spectroscopic constants are indicative of the following trend in the reactivity of the oxides HgO>FlO>CnO. This is confirmed by the trend in the adsorption energies, Eads , of these molecules on the surfaces of gold, quartz, and Teflon. The predicted rather low Eads values for the latter case should guarantee their delivery from the recoil chamber to the chemistry set up in gas-phase experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Kotov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury S Kozhedub
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Glazov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.,Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Shabaev
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Relativistic effects on the chemical bonding properties of the heavier elements and their compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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North S, Almeida NMS, Melin TL, Wilson AK. Multireference Wavefunction-Based Investigation of the Ground and Excited States of LrF and LrO. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:107-121. [PMID: 36596472 PMCID: PMC9841984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multireference configuration interaction with Davidson correction (MRCI+Q) calculations have been carried out for lawrencium fluoride (LrF) and lawrencium oxide (LrO) molecules, detailing 19 and 20 electronic states for LrF and LrO, respectively. For LrF, two dissociation channels were considered, Lr(2P)+F(2P) and Lr(2D)+F(2P). However, due to the more complex electronic manifold of LrO, three dissociation channels were computed: Lr(2P)+O(3P), Lr(2D)+O(3P), and Lr(2P)+O(1D). In addition, equilibrium bond lengths, harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe, anharmonicity constants ωeχe, ΔG1/2 values, and excitation energies Te for the ground and several excited electronic states were calculated for both molecules, for the first time. Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) were calculated for LrF and LrO using several different levels of theory: unrestricted coupled-cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (UCCSD(T)), density functional theory (B3LYP, TPSS, M06-L, and PBE), and the correlation-consistent composite approach developed for f-elements (f-ccCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha
C. North
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Nuno M. S. Almeida
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Timothé
R. L. Melin
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
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6
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De Santis M, Sorbelli D, Vallet V, Gomes ASP, Storchi L, Belpassi L. Frozen-Density Embedding for Including Environmental Effects in the Dirac-Kohn-Sham Theory: An Implementation Based on Density Fitting and Prototyping Techniques. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5992-6009. [PMID: 36172757 PMCID: PMC9558305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frozen density embedding (FDE) represents an embedding scheme in which environmental effects are included from first-principles calculations by considering the surrounding system explicitly by means of its electron density. In the present paper, we extend the full four-component relativistic Dirac-Kohn-Sham (DKS) method, as implemented in the BERTHA code, to include environmental and confinement effects with the FDE scheme (DKS-in-DFT FDE). The implementation, based on the auxiliary density fitting techniques, has been enormously facilitated by BERTHA's python API (PyBERTHA), which facilitates the interoperability with other FDE implementations available through the PyADF framework. The accuracy and numerical stability of this new implementation, also using different auxiliary fitting basis sets, has been demonstrated on the simple NH3-H2O system, in comparison with a reference nonrelativistic implementation. The computational performance has been evaluated on a series of gold clusters (Aun, with n = 2, 4, 8) embedded into an increasing number of water molecules (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 water molecules). We found that the procedure scales approximately linearly both with the size of the frozen surrounding environment (consistent with the underpinnings of the FDE approach) and with the size of the active system (in line with the use of density fitting). Finally, we applied the code to a series of heavy (Rn) and super-heavy elements (Cn, Fl, Og) embedded in a C60 cage to explore the confinement effect induced by C60 on their electronic structure. We compare the results from our simulations, with respect to more-approximate models employed in the atomic physics literature. Our results indicate that the specific interactions described by FDE are able to improve upon the cruder approximations currently employed, and, thus, they provide a basis from which to generate more-realistic radial potentials for confined atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi 'G. D'Annunzio', Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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7
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Iliaš M, Pershina V. Reactivity of Group 13 Elements Tl and Element 113, Nh, and of Their Hydroxides with Respect to Various Quartz Surfaces from Periodic Relativistic DFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15910-15920. [PMID: 36149319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption properties of group 13 element Tl and the superheavy element Nh, as well of their hydroxides on various modified quartz surfaces, are predicted on the basis of relativistic periodic DFT calculations using the BAND software. The obtained adsorption energies, Eads, of the MOH (M = Tl and Nh) molecules are indicative of the relatively strong interaction of the hydroxides with all the considered quartz surfaces. In contrast, adsorption of the Tl and Nh atoms was found to be significantly weaker. The adsorption strength of both M and MOH (M = Tl and Nh) was shown to increase with the dehydroxylation of the quartz surface. Very good agreement is reached between the calculated Eads(TlOH) of 133 kJ/mol on the fully hydroxylated quartz surface and of 157 kJ/mol on the partially dehydroxylated quartz surface on the one hand and experimental adsorption enthalpies, -ΔHads, of 134/137 ± 5 kJ/mol (at ∼300 °C) and 158 ± 3 kJ/mol (at ∼500 °C), respectively, on the other hand. Thus, we suggest that all the experimental ΔHads values for Tl should be assigned to the adsorption/desorption of the TlOH molecule. For NhOH, its adsorption properties on various quartz surfaces should be very similar to those of TlOH, with slightly smaller Eads values. Adsorption of the Nh atom should, however, be much weaker than that of the Tl atom due to stronger spin-orbit effects in Nh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Iliaš
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Florez E, Smits O, Mewes JM, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. From the gas phase to the solid state: The chemical bonding in the superheavy element flerovium. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As early as 1975, Pitzer suggested that copernicium, flerovium and oganesson are volatile substances behaving noble-gas like because of their closed-shell configurations and accompanying relativistic effects. It is, however, precarious to predict the chemical bonding and physical behavior of a solid by knowledge of the atomic or molecular properties only. Copernicium and oganesson have been analyzed very recently by our group. Both are predicted to be semi-conductors and volatile substances with rather low melting and boiling points, which may justify a comparison with the noble gas elements. Here we study closed-shell flerovium in detail to predict solid-state properties including the melting point from a decomposition of the total energy into many-body forces derived from relativistic coupled-cluster and from density functional theory. The convergence of such a decomposition for flerovium is critically analyzed, and the problem of using density functional theory is highlighted. We predict that flerovium is in many ways not behaving like a typical noble gas element despite its closed-shell 7$p_{1/2}^2$ configuration and resulting weak interactions. Unlike for the noble gases, the many-body expansion in terms of the interaction energy is not converging smoothly. This makes the accurate prediction of phase transitions very difficult. Nevertheless, a first prediction by Monte-Carlo simulation estimates the melting point at $284\pm 50$ K. Furthermore, calculations for the electronic band gap suggests that flerovium is a semi-conductor similar to copernicium
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Florez
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
| | - Odile Smits
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- University of Bonn Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
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9
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Abstract
The heaviest actinide elements are only accessible in accelerator-based experiments on a one-atom-at-a-time level. Usually, fusion–evaporation reactions are applied to reach these elements. However, access to the neutron-rich isotopes is limited. An alternative reaction mechanism to fusion–evaporation is multinucleon transfer, which features higher cross-sections. The main drawback of this technique is the wide angular distribution of the transfer products, which makes it challenging to catch and prepare them for precision measurements. To overcome this obstacle, we are building the NEXT experiment: a solenoid magnet is used to separate the different transfer products and to focus those of interest into a gas-catcher, where they are slowed down. From the gas-catcher, the ions are transferred and bunched by a stacked-ring ion guide into a multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-ToF MS). The MR-ToF MS provides isobaric separation and allows for precision mass measurements. In this article, we will give an overview of the NEXT experiment and its perspectives for future actinide research.
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10
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Düllmann CE, Block M, Heßberger FP, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Kratz JV, Lommel B, Münzenberg G, Pershina V, Renisch D, Schädel M, Yakushev A. Five decades of GSI superheavy element discoveries and chemical investigation. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Superheavy element research has been a strong pillar of the research program at GSI Darmstadt since its foundation. Six new elements were discovered along with many new isotopes. Initial results on chemical properties of the heaviest elements were obtained that allowed for comparing their behavior with that of their lighter homologs and with theoretical predictions. Main achievements of the past five decades of superheavy element research at GSI are described along with an outlook into the future of superheavy element research in Darmstadt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Michael Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Fritz P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jens V. Kratz
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gottfried Münzenberg
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dennis Renisch
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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11
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Sato TK, Nagame Y. Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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12
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Pershina V, Iliaš M. Reactivity of superheavy elements Cn and Fl and of their oxides in comparison with homologous species of Hg and Pb, respectively, towards gold and hydroxylated quartz surfaces. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7321-7332. [PMID: 35482331 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption energies, Eads, and other properties of atoms and oxides of the superheavy elements (SHEs) Cn and Fl, as well as of the homologous species of Hg and Pb, on Au(111) and fully hydroxylated quartz surfaces are predicted on the basis of 2c-DFT calculations and a periodic slab model using BAND software. The ambition of the work is to interpret the outcome of "one-atom-at-a-time" gas-phase chromatography experiments on the reactivity/volatility of SHEs. The present results with an improved (dispersion corrected) exchange-correlation functional show that, in agreement with our earlier predictions and experimental results on Pb, Hg and Cn, the sequence of the Eads values of the atoms on the gold surface should be Pb ≫ Hg > Fl > Cn, with rather moderate Eads values smaller than 90 kJ mol-1 (except for that for Pb). Oxides of Hg, Cn and Fl should be much more reactive with the gold surface than the corresponding atoms, with Eads values of about 200 kJ mol-1. A striking difference in the geometry of the deposited oxides was found between group 12 and group 14. An analysis of the Eads values for M and MO (M = Hg/Cn and Pb/Fl) on the hydroxylated α-quartz surface enables one to conclude that atoms of Hg, Cn and Fl should not interact with such a surface at room temperature, while Pb should adsorb on it. Oxides of these elements, on the contrary, should strongly adsorb on quartz with Eads ≥ 100 kJ mol-1. The present theoretical data agree with the experimental results on the elemental species of Hg, Cn and Fl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
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13
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Gäggeler HW, Eichler B, Jost DT, Eichler R. On the volatility of protactinium in chlorinating and brominating gas media. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A multi-target recoil chamber technique was applied to study online chemical properties of protactinium in chlorinating and brominating gas media using 226Pa (T
1/2 = 1.8 min) decaying by alpha emission (74%) and β+/EC decay (26%). A 58 MeV proton beam passing 15 × 50 μg/cm2 thick 232Th targets enabled production of 226Pa formed in the reaction 232Th(p,7n). Isothermal gas chromatography in quartz columns allowed for the determination of adsorption enthalpies of oxohalides and pure halides of Pa5+ compounds. On the basis of empirical correlations, these adsorption enthalpies (ΔH0
ads) could be converted to sublimation enthalpies (ΔH0
subl). Resulting values for the assumed compounds PaCl5, PaOCl3, PaBr5, and PaOBr3 were 113 ± 15, 329 ± 16, 165 ± 5 and 235 ± 17 kJ/mol, respectively. These values are rather similar to known ΔH0
subl data for group-5 elements Nb, Ta and Db in support of the assumption that Pa is a pseudo-group 5 element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz W. Gäggeler
- Labor für Radiochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Bernd Eichler
- Labor für Radiochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Dieter T. Jost
- Labor für Radiochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Robert Eichler
- Labor für Radiochemie, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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14
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The periodic table of the elements: the search for transactinides and beyond. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe periodic table of Mendeleev, initially proposed on the basis of 66 elements, and containing 82 elements at the time of Moseley (1887–1915), describes nowadays 118 elements. The huge challenge of this scientific adventure was, and still is, the development of technologies and methods capable of producing elements of atomic number Z > 103, known as superheavy elements (SHE), or transactinides. This paper presents a survey of experiments and theoretical approaches that led physicists and chemists of today to discover and characterize a number of SHE isotopes. A glance is also given to the feasibility studies performed by scientists aiming to going beyond Z = 118, building up further neutron-rich nuclides and reaching the ultimate goal of creating long-living new elements at the edge of the Periodic Table.
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15
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Yokokita T, Yano S, Komori Y, Haba H. Anion- and cation-exchange studies of Zr, Hf, and Th using ion-exchange resin and fiber in H2SO4 media for chemical characterization of sulfate complex of Rf. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Götz M, Yakushev A, Götz S, Di Nitto A, Düllmann CE, Asai M, Kindler B, Krier J, Lommel B, Nagame Y, Sato TK, Suzuki H, Tomitsuka T, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K. Application of a novel gas phase synthesis approach to carbonyl complexes of accelerator-produced 5d transition metals. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 2014 the first synthesis of a transactinide carbonyl complex – seaborgium hexacarbonyl – was reported. This was achieved in gas-phase chemical experiments in a beam-free environment behind the recoil separator GARIS. Extending this work to heavier elements requires more efficient techniques to synthesize carbonyl complexes as production rates of transactinide elements drop with increasing atomic number. A novel approach was thus conceived, which retains the benefit of a beam-free environment but avoids the physical preseparation step. The latter reduces the yields for products of asymmetric reactions such as those used for the synthesis of suitable isotopes of Sg, Bh, Hs and Mt. For this a series of experiments with accelerator-produced radioisotopes of the lighter homologues W, Re and Os was carried out at the tandem accelerator of JAEA Tokai, Japan. A newly developed double-chamber system, which allows for a decoupled recoil ion thermalization and chemical complex formation, was used, which avoids the low-efficiency physical preseparation step. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of this newly developed method using accelerator-produced short-lived radioisotopes of the 5d homologues of the early transactinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Stefan Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Antonio Di Nitto
- Physics Department Ettore Pancini , University of Naples Federico II , 80126 Naples , Italy
| | - Christoph E. Düllmann
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Masato Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jörg Krier
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | | | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
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17
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Yakushev A, Lens L, Düllmann CE, Block M, Brand H, Calverley T, Dasgupta M, Di Nitto A, Götz M, Götz S, Haba H, Harkness-Brennan L, Herzberg RD, Heßberger FP, Hinde D, Hübner A, Jäger E, Judson D, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Komori Y, Konki J, Kratz J, Krier J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lommel B, Lorenz C, Maiti M, Mistry A, Mokry C, Nagame Y, Papadakis P, Såmark-Roth A, Rudolph D, Runke J, Sarmiento L, Sato T, Schädel M, Scharrer P, Schausten B, Steiner J, Thörle-Pospiech P, Toyoshima A, Trautmann N, Uusitalo J, Ward A, Wegrzecki M, Yakusheva V. First Study on Nihonium (Nh, Element 113) Chemistry at TASCA. Front Chem 2021; 9:753738. [PMID: 34917588 PMCID: PMC8669335 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.753738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nihonium (Nh, element 113) and flerovium (Fl, element 114) are the first superheavy elements in which the 7p shell is occupied. High volatility and inertness were predicted for Fl due to the strong relativistic stabilization of the closed 7p 1/2 sub-shell, which originates from a large spin-orbit splitting between the 7p 1/2 and 7p 3/2 orbitals. One unpaired electron in the outermost 7p 1/2 sub-shell in Nh is expected to give rise to a higher chemical reactivity. Theoretical predictions of Nh reactivity are discussed, along with results of the first experimental attempts to study Nh chemistry in the gas phase. The experimental observations verify a higher chemical reactivity of Nh atoms compared to its neighbor Fl and call for the development of advanced setups. First tests of a newly developed detection device miniCOMPACT with highly reactive Fr isotopes assure that effective chemical studies of Nh are within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - L. Lens
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Brand
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T. Calverley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M. Dasgupta
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Di Nitto
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - R-D. Herzberg
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - F. P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Hinde
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E. Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D. Judson
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J. Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - J. Konki
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J.V. Kratz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N. Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - M. Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - A.K. Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. Mokry
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y. Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - P. Papadakis
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - D. Rudolph
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Runke
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - T.K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Scharrer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J. Steiner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Thörle-Pospiech
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - N. Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Uusitalo
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A. Ward
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M. Wegrzecki
- Łukasiewicz-Instytut Mikroelektroniki I Fotoniki, Warsaw, Poland
| | - V. Yakusheva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Zingg R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of gas purification and addition of macro amounts of metal-carbonyl complexes on the formation of single-atom metal-carbonyl-complexes. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA), the influence of various gas-purification columns onto the formation of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions was investigated. MCCs were synthesized from single atoms of Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh being produced by the spontaneous fission of 252Cf and recoiling into a CO-gas containing carrier gas atmosphere. The in-situ synthesized MCCs were volatile enough to be transported by the carrier gas to a charcoal trap where they were adsorbed and their subsequent decay was registered by γ-spectrometry. It was found that the type and combination of purification columns used to clean the applied CO-gas strongly influences the obtained formation and transport yields for all MCCs. With the exception of Rh-carbonyl, intense gas-purification strategies resulted in reduced formation and transport yields for MCCs in comparison with less efficient or even completely missing purification setups. It was postulated that the observed reduction in yield might depend on the content of Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4, as well as potentially other MCCs, in the CO-gas, being formed by the interaction between CO and the steel-surfaces of FORA as well as from impurities in the used charcoal traps. Subsequently, it was shown that macro amounts of Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4, Mo(CO)6 and Re2(CO)10 added to the used process gas indeed increase significantly the overall yields for MCCs produced by 252Cf fission products. Ni(CO)4 appeared the most potent to increase the yield. Therefore, it was used in more detailed investigations. Using isothermal chromatography, it was shown that Ni(CO)4 does not affect the speciation of carbonyl species produced by the 252Cf fission product 104Mo. For 107Tc, 110Ru and 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. For 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. An inter-carbonyl transfer mechanism is suggested boosting the formation of MCCs. The current discovery might allow for new opportunities in various research fields, which are currently restricted by the low overall yields for MCCs produced under single-atom chemistry conditions. Examples are the chemical investigation of transactinides or the generation of radioactive ion beams from refractory metals at accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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19
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Eichler R, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Adachi S, Dressler R, Hirose K, Inoue H, Ito Y, Kashihara A, Makii H, Nishio K, Sakama M, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Tsukada K, Watanabe E, Nagame Y. Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Chiera
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Robert Eichler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Tomitsuka
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Sadia Adachi
- Graduate School of Science Tsukuba University Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Ost Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Hirose
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Ayuna Kashihara
- Graduate School of Science Tsukuba University Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Makii
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Nishio
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Minoru Sakama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima 770-8503 Japan
| | - Kaori Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 8050 Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University Mito Ibaraki 310-8512 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai-mura Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
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20
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Eichler R, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Adachi S, Dressler R, Hirose K, Inoue H, Ito Y, Kashihara A, Makii H, Nishio K, Sakama M, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Tsukada K, Watanabe E, Nagame Y. Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17871-17874. [PMID: 33978998 PMCID: PMC8456785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The formation and the chemical characterization of single atoms of dubnium (Db, element 105), in the form of its volatile oxychloride, was investigated using the on‐line gas phase chromatography technique, in the temperature range 350–600 °C. Under the exactly same chemical conditions, comparative studies with the lighter homologues of Group 5 in the Periodic Table clearly indicate the volatility sequence being NbOCl3 > TaOCl3 ≥ DbOCl3. From the obtained experimental results, thermochemical data for DbOCl3 were derived. The present study delivers reliable experimental information for theoretical calculations on chemical properties of transactinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Chiera
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya K Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Robert Eichler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Tomitsuka
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Sadia Adachi
- Graduate School of Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI Ost, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Hirose
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ayuna Kashihara
- Graduate School of Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Makii
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Nishio
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 8050, Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
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21
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Kwarsick JT, Pore JL, Gates JM, Gregorich KE, Gibson JK, Jian J, Pang GK, Shuh DK. Assessment of the Second-Ionization Potential of Lawrencium: Investigating the End of the Actinide Series with a One-Atom-at-a-Time Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry Technique. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6818-6828. [PMID: 34242037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 88-Inch Cyclotron facility to investigate the electron-transfer reduction reaction of dipositive Lr (Z = 103) with O2 gas. Ions of 255Lr were produced in the fusion-evaporation reaction 209Bi(48Ca,2n) 255Lr and were studied with a novel gas-phase ion chemistry technique. The produced 255Lr2+ ions were trapped and O2 gas was introduced, such that the charge-exchange reaction to reduce 255Lr2+ to 255Lr1+ was observed and the reaction rate constant was determined to be k = 1.5(7) × 10-10 cm3/mol/s. The observation that this reaction proceeds establishes the lower limit on the second ionization potential of Lr to be 13.3(3) eV. This gives further support that the actinide series terminates with Lr. Additionally, this result can be used to better interpret the situation concerning the placement of Lu and Lr on the periodic table within the current framework of the actinide hypothesis. The success of this experimental approach now identifies unique opportunities for future gas-phase reaction studies on actinide and super heavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kwarsick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pore
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacklyn M Gates
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth E Gregorich
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory K Pang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David K Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Pershina V, Iliaš M, Yakushev A. Reactivity of the Superheavy Element 115, Mc, and Its Lighter Homologue, Bi, with Respect to Gold and Hydroxylated Quartz Surfaces from Periodic Relativistic DFT Calculations: A Comparison with Element 113, Nh. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9796-9804. [PMID: 34142795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption energies (Eads) of the superheavy element (SHE) Mc, its lighter homologue (Bi), as well as of another superheavy element Nh and some lighter homologues of SHEs on gold and hydroxylated quartz surfaces are predicted via periodic relativistic density functional theory calculations. The aim of this study is to support "one-atom-at-a-time" gas-phase chromatography experiments that are examining the reactivity and volatility of Mc. The obtained Eads values of the Bi and Mc atoms on the Au(111) surface are >200 kJ/mol. On the hydroxylated quartz surface, Mc should adsorb with a minimal energy of 58 kJ/mol. On both types of surfaces, Eads(Mc) should be ∼100 kJ/mol smaller than Eads(Bi) due to strong relativistic effects on its valence 7p electrons. A comparison with other SHEs under investigation shows that Mc should adsorb on gold more strongly than Cn, Nh, and Fl, while on quartz, Mc should adsorb like Nh, with both of them absorbing more strongly than volatile Cn and Fl. The highest reactivity of Mc in the row of the 7p elements is caused by the largest orbital and relativistic destabilization and expansion of the 7p3/2 atomic orbital. Using the calculated Eads, the distribution of the Nh and Mc events in the gas-phase chromatography column with quartz and gold-plated detectors is predicted via Monte Carlo simulations. As a result, Mc atoms should be almost 100% adsorbed in the first section of the chromatography column on quartz, while a few atoms of Nh can reach the second part of the column with gold-plated detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Steinegger P. Open questions on chemistry in the synthesis and characterization of superheavy elements. Commun Chem 2021; 4:87. [PMID: 36697629 PMCID: PMC9814703 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Steinegger
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Lu Y, Guo M, Wang Z, Wang F. Low-lying states of Tl2 and Nh2 with EOM-CC and FSCC methods. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Relativistic effects for the superheavy reaction Og + 2Ts2 → OgTs4 (Td or D4h): dramatic relativistic effects for atomization energy of superheavy Oganesson tetratennesside OgTs4 and prediction of the existence of tetrahedral OgTs4. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of physical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) was used to investigate the influence of various reaction parameters onto the formation and transport of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions. FORA is based on a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes. Those are recoiling from the spontaneous fission source into a reaction chamber flushed with a gas-mixture containing CO. Upon contact with CO, fission products form volatile MCCs which are further transported by the gas stream to the detection setup, consisting of a charcoal trap mounted in front of a HPGe γ-detector. Depending on the reaction conditions, MCCs are formed and transported with different efficiencies. Using this setup, the impact of varying physical parameters like gas flow, gas pressure, kinetic energy of fission products upon entering the reaction chamber and temperature of the reaction chamber on the formation and transport yields of MCCs was investigated. Using a setup similar to FORA called Miss Piggy, various gas mixtures of CO with a selection of noble gases, as well as N2 and H2, were investigated with respect to their effect onto MCC formation and transport. Based on this measurements, optimized reaction conditions to maximize the synthesis and transport of MCCs are suggested. Explanations for the observed results supported by simulations are suggested as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Mewes J, Schwerdtfeger P. Ausschließlich relativistisch: Periodische Trends in den Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkten der Gruppe 12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study Massey University Auckland 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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Mewes JM, Schwerdtfeger P. Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7703-7709. [PMID: 33576164 PMCID: PMC8048430 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
First-principles simulations can advance our understanding of phase transitions but are often too costly for the heavier elements, which require a relativistic treatment. Addressing this challenge, we recently composed an indirect approach: A precise incremental calculation of absolute Gibbs energies for the solid and liquid with a relativistic Hamiltonian that enables an accurate determination of melting and boiling points (MPs and BPs). Here, we apply this approach to the Group 12 elements Zn, Cd, Hg, and Cn, whose MPs and BPs we calculate with a mean absolute deviation of only 5 % and 1 %, respectively, while we confirm the previously predicted liquid aggregate state of Cn. At a non-relativistic level of theory, we obtain surprisingly similar MPs and BPs of 650±30 K and 1250±20 K, suggesting that periodic trends in this group are exclusively relativistic in nature. Ultimately, we discuss these results and their implication for Groups 11 and 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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The influence of chemical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the fast on-line reaction apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new setup named Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) is presented which allows for the efficient investigation and optimization of metal carbonyl complex (MCC) formation reactions under various reaction conditions. The setup contains a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes at a rate of a few atoms per second by its 3% spontaneous fission decay branch. Those atoms are transformed within FORA in-situ into volatile metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) by using CO-containing carrier gases. Here, the design, operation and performance of FORA is discussed, revealing it as a suitable setup for performing single-atom chemistry studies. The influence of various gas-additives, such as CO2, CH4, H2, Ar, O2, H2O and ambient air, on the formation and transport of MCCs was investigated. O2, H2O and air were found to harm the formation and transport of MCCs in FORA, with H2O being the most severe. An exception is Tc, for which about 130 ppmv of H2O caused an increased production and transport of volatile compounds. The other gas-additives were not influencing the formation and transport efficiency of MCCs. Using an older setup called Miss Piggy based on a similar working principle as FORA, it was additionally investigated if gas-additives are mostly affecting the formation or only the transport stability of MCCs. It was found that mostly formation is impacted, as MCCs appear to be much less sensitive to reacting with gas-additives in comparison to the bare Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh atoms.
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30
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Cao C, Vernon RE, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables. Front Chem 2021; 8:813. [PMID: 33490030 PMCID: PMC7818537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23636-23640. [PMID: 32959952 PMCID: PMC7814676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oganesson (Og) is the last entry into the Periodic Table completing the seventh period of elements and group 18 of the noble gases. Only five atoms of Og have been successfully produced in nuclear collision experiments, with an estimate half-life for294 118 Og of 0. 69 + 0 . 64 - 0 . 22 ms.[1] With such a short lifetime, chemical and physical properties inevitably have to come from accurate relativistic quantum theory. Here, we employ two complementary computational approaches, namely parallel tempering Monte-Carlo (PTMC) simulations and first-principles thermodynamic integration (TI), both calibrated against a highly accurate coupled-cluster reference to pin-down the melting and boiling points of this super-heavy element. In excellent agreement, these approaches show Og to be a solid at ambient conditions with a melting point of ≈325 K. In contrast, calculations in the nonrelativistic limit reveal a melting point for Og of 220 K, suggesting a gaseous state as expected for a typical noble gas element. Accordingly, relativistic effects shift the solid-to-liquid phase transition by about 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology DepartmentHelmholtz-Zentrum GeesthachtMax-Planck-Straße 121502GeesthachtGermany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
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32
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: Ein Edelgas, das weder edel noch ein Gas ist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology Department Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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First on-line detection of radioactive fission isotopes produced by laser-accelerated protons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17183. [PMID: 33057082 PMCID: PMC7560739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-going developments in laser acceleration of protons and light ions, as well as the production of strong bursts of neutrons and multi-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {MeV}$$\end{document}MeV photons by secondary processes now provide a basis for novel high-flux nuclear physics experiments. While the maximum energy of protons resulting from Target Normal Sheath Acceleration is presently still limited to around \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$100 \, \hbox {MeV}$$\end{document}100MeV, the generated proton peak flux within the short laser-accelerated bunches can already today exceed the values achievable at the most advanced conventional accelerators by orders of magnitude. This paper consists of two parts covering the scientific motivation and relevance of such experiments and a first proof-of-principle demonstration. In the presented experiment pulses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$200 \, \hbox {J}$$\end{document}200J at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\approx \, 500 \, \hbox {fs}$$\end{document}≈500fs duration from the PHELIX laser produced more than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$10^{12}$$\end{document}1012 protons with energies above \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$15 \, \hbox {MeV}$$\end{document}15MeV in a bunch of sub-nanosecond duration. They were used to induce fission in foil targets made of natural uranium. To make use of the nonpareil flux, these targets have to be very close to the laser acceleration source, since the particle density within the bunch is strongly affected by Coulomb explosion and the velocity differences between ions of different energy. The main challenge for nuclear detection with high-purity germanium detectors is given by the strong electromagnetic pulse caused by the laser-matter interaction close to the laser acceleration source. This was mitigated by utilizing fast transport of the fission products by a gas flow to a carbon filter, where the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upgamma$$\end{document}γ-rays were registered. The identified nuclides include those that have half-lives down to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$39 \, \hbox {s}$$\end{document}39s. These results demonstrate the capability to produce, extract, and detect short-lived reaction products under the demanding experimental condition imposed by the high-power laser interaction. The approach promotes research towards relevant nuclear astrophysical studies at conditions currently only accessible at nuclear high energy density laser facilities.
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Ferrier MG, Kmak KN, Kerlin WM, Valdez CA, Despotopulos JD. Transactinide studies with sulfur macrocyclic extractant using mercury. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Pyper NC. Relativity and the periodic table. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190305. [PMID: 32811360 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The periodic table provides a deep unifying principle for understanding chemical behaviour by relating the properties of different elements. For those belonging to the fifth and earlier rows, the observations concerning these properties and their interrelationships acquired a sound theoretical basis by the understanding of electronic behaviour provided by non-relativistic quantum mechanics. However, for elements of high nuclear charge, such as occur in the sixth and higher rows of the periodic table, the systematic behaviour explained by non-relativistic quantum mechanics begins to fail. These problems are resolved by realizing that relativistic quantum mechanics is required in heavy elements where electrons velocities can reach significant fractions of the velocity of light. An essentially non-mathematical description of relativistic quantum mechanics explains how relativity modifies valence electron behaviour in heavy elements. The direct relativistic effect, arising from the relativistic increase of the electron mass with velocity, contracts orbitals of low angular momentum, increasing their binding energies. The indirect relativistic effect causes valence orbitals of high angular momentum to be more effectively screened as a result of the relativistic contraction of the core orbitals. In the alkali and alkaline earths, the s orbital contractions reverse the chemical trends on descending these groups, with heavy elements becoming less reactive. For valence d and f electrons, the indirect relativistic effect enhances the reductions in their binding energies on descending the periodic table. The d electrons in the heavier coinage metals thus become more chemically active, which causes these elements to exhibit higher oxidation states. The indirect effect on d orbitals causes the chemistries of the sixth-row transition elements to differ significantly from the very similar behaviours of the fourth and fifth-row transition series. The relativistic destabilization of f orbitals causes lanthanides to be chemically similar, forming mainly ionic compounds in oxidation state three, while allowing the earlier actinides to show a richer range of chemical behaviour with several higher oxidation states. For the 7p series of elements, relativity divides the non-relativistic p shell of three degenerate orbitals into one of much lower energy with the energies of the remaining two being substantially increased. These orbitals have angular shapes and spin distributions so different from those of the non-relativistic ones that the ability of the 7p elements to form covalent bonds is greatly inhibited. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mendeleev and the periodic table'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pyper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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36
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Abstract
Mendeleev's introduction of the periodic table of elements is one of the most important milestones in the history of chemistry, as it brought order into the known chemical and physical behaviour of the elements. The periodic table can be seen as parallel to the Standard Model in particle physics, in which the elementary particles known today can be ordered according to their intrinsic properties. The underlying fundamental theory to describe the interactions between particles comes from quantum theory or, more specifically, from quantum field theory and its inherent symmetries. In the periodic table, the elements are placed into a certain period and group based on electronic configurations that originate from the Pauli and Aufbau principles for the electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus. This order enables us to approximately predict the chemical and physical properties of elements. Apparent anomalies can arise from relativistic effects, partial-screening phenomena (of type lanthanide contraction) and the compact size of the first shell of every l-value. Further, ambiguities in electron configurations and the breakdown of assigning a dominant configuration, owing to configuration mixing and dense spectra for the heaviest elements in the periodic table. For the short-lived transactinides, the nuclear stability becomes an important factor in chemical studies. Nuclear stability, decay rates, spectra and reaction cross sections are also important for predicting the astrophysical origin of the elements, including the production of the heavy elements beyond iron in supernova explosions or neutron-star mergers. In this Perspective, we critically analyse the periodic table of elements and the current status of theoretical predictions and origins for the heaviest elements, which combine both quantum chemistry and physics.
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Visentin G, Laatiaoui M, Viehland LA, Buchachenko AA. Mobility of the Singly-Charged Lanthanide and Actinide Cations: Trends and Perspectives. Front Chem 2020; 8:438. [PMID: 32528933 PMCID: PMC7262671 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current status of gaseous transport studies of the singly-charged lanthanide and actinide ions is reviewed in light of potential applications to superheavy ions. The measurements and calculations for the mobility of lanthanide ions in He and Ar agree well, and they are remarkably sensitive to the electronic configuration of the ion, namely, whether the outer electronic shells are 6s, 5d6s or 6s2. The previous theoretical work is extended here to ions of the actinide family with zero electron orbital momentum: Ac+ (7s2, 1S), Am+ (5f77s 9S°), Cm+ (5f77s2 8S°), No+ (5f147s 2S), and Lr+ (5f147s2 1S). The calculations reveal large systematic differences in the mobilities of the 7s and 7s2 groups of ions and other similarities with their lanthanide analogs. The correlation of ion-neutral interaction potentials and mobility variations with spatial parameters of the electron distributions in the bare ions is explored through the ionic radii concept. While the qualitative trends found for interaction potentials and mobilities render them appealing for superheavy ion research, lack of experimental data and limitations of the scalar relativistic ab initio approaches in use make further efforts necessary to bring the transport measurements into the inventory of techniques operating in "one atom at a time" mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Visentin
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Larry A Viehland
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexei A Buchachenko
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Theoretical Department, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
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38
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Pershina V. Relativistic Effects on the Properties of Lr: A Periodic DFT Study of the Adsorption of Lr on Surfaces of Ta in Comparison with Lu and Tl. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5490-5496. [PMID: 32227925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of finding out whether the predicted 7s27p1/2 ground-state electron configuration of Lr will have an effect on its reactivity, calculations of the adsorption properties of Lr(7s27p), its homologue Lu(6s25d), and the related p element Tl(6s26p) on the surface of Ta were performed using the relativistic periodic ADF BAND suite. The obtained adsorption energies, Eads(M), are in excellent agreement with the measured adsorption enthalpies of Lu and Tl, showing that Lr adsorbs on the surface of Ta similarly to Lu and much differently (215 kJ/mol more strongly) from Tl. An AO population analysis reveals that Lr interacts with the Ta surface preferentially via the 7s AO, with some participation of the 6d as well as 7p1/2 and 7p3/2 AOs. In contrast, Eads(Tl) is governed mainly by the 6p(Tl) AOs. Thus, the present investigations show that Lr should behave like Lu but not like the p element Tl on transition-metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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39
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Kasamatsu Y, Kondo N, Nakamura K, Kuboki Y, Ninomiya H, Shigekawa Y, Watanabe E, Yasuda Y, Toyomura K, Nagase M, Yokokita T, Komori Y, Haba H, Yoshimura T, Itabashi H, Shinohara A. Solvent Extraction of Zr and Hf from HCl by Aliquat 336 using a Flow-Type Extraction Apparatus Toward Online Chemical Studies of Element 104, Rutherfordium. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1726075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuboki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
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40
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Iliaš M, Pershina V. Carbonyl compounds of Rh, Ir, and Mt: electronic structure, bonding and volatility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First bond dissociation energies and other properties have been predicted for carbonyl compounds of group-9 elements including those of element 109, Mt, from relativistic DFT and CC calculations. A remarkable Λ-shape of the trends is observed, caused by strong relativistic effects on the valence AOs of Mt.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iliaš
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55099 Mainz
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
| | - V. Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
- 64291 Darmstadt
- Germany
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Cao CS, Hu HS, Li J, Schwarz WHE. Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Periodic Law, one of the great discoveries in human history, is magnificent in the art of chemistry. Different arrangements of chemical elements in differently shaped Periodic Tables serve for different purposes. “Can this Periodic Table be derived from quantum chemistry or physics?” can only be answered positively, if the internal structure of the Periodic Table is explicitly connected to facts and data from chemistry. Quantum chemical rationalization of such a Periodic Tables is achieved by explaining the details of energies and radii of atomic core and valence orbitals in the leading electron configurations of chemically bonded atoms. The coarse horizontal pseudo-periodicity in seven rows of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 members is triggered by the low energy of and large gap above the 1s and nsp valence shells (2 ≤ n ≤ 6 !). The pseudo-periodicity, in particular the wavy variation of the elemental properties in the four longer rows, is due to the different behaviors of the s and p vs. d and f pairs of atomic valence shells along the ordered array of elements. The so-called secondary or vertical periodicity is related to pseudo-periodic changes of the atomic core shells. The Periodic Law of the naturally given System of Elements describes the trends of the many chemical properties displayed inside the Chemical Periodic Tables. While the general physical laws of quantum mechanics form a simple network, their application to the unlimited field of chemical materials under ambient ‘human’ conditions results in a complex and somewhat accidental structure inside the Table that fits to some more or less symmetric outer shape. Periodic Tables designed after some creative concept for the overall appearance are of interest in non-chemical fields of wisdom and art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
- Physical Chemistry Lab , S&T Faculty, Siegen University , Siegen 57068 Germany
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Mewes J, Smits OR, Kresse G, Schwerdtfeger P. Copernicium: A Relativistic Noble Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and PhysicsThe New Zealand Institute for Advanced StudyMassey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Odile R. Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and PhysicsThe New Zealand Institute for Advanced StudyMassey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Georg Kresse
- University of ViennaFaculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Sciences Sensengasse 8/12 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and PhysicsThe New Zealand Institute for Advanced StudyMassey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
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Mewes JM, Smits OR, Kresse G, Schwerdtfeger P. Copernicium: A Relativistic Noble Liquid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17964-17968. [PMID: 31596013 PMCID: PMC6916354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chemical nature and aggregate state of superheavy copernicium (Cn) have been subject of speculation for many years. While strong relativistic effects render Cn chemically inert, which led Pitzer to suggest a noble-gas-like behavior in 1975, Eichler and co-workers in 2008 reported substantial interactions with a gold surface in atom-at-a-time experiments, suggesting a metallic character and a solid aggregate state. Herein, we explore the physicochemical properties of Cn by means of first-principles free-energy calculations, which confirm Pitzer's original hypothesis: With predicted melting and boiling points of 283±11 K and 340±10 K, Cn is indeed a volatile liquid and exhibits a density very similar to that of mercury. However, in stark contrast to mercury and the lighter Group 12 metals, we find bulk Cn to be bound by dispersion and to exhibit a large band gap of 6.4 eV, which is consistent with a noble-gas-like character. This non-group-conforming behavior is eventually traced back to strong scalar-relativistic effects, and in the non-relativistic limit, Cn appears as a common Group 12 metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Odile R Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Georg Kresse
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Sciences, Sensengasse 8/12, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pershina V, Iliaš M. Properties and Reactivity of Hydroxides of Group 13 Elements In, Tl, and Nh from Molecular and Periodic DFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9866-9873. [PMID: 31287670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption energies, Eads, of gaseous hydroxides of In, Tl, and the superheavy element Nh on surfaces of Teflon and gold are predicted using molecular and periodic relativistic DFT calculations. The ambition of the work is to assist related "one atom at a time" gas-phase chromatography experiments on the volatility of NhOH. The obtained low values of Eads(MOH), where M = In, Tl, Nh, on Teflon should guarantee easy transportation of the molecules through the Teflon capillaries from the accelerator to the chemistry setup. Straightforward band-structure DFT calculations using the revPBE-D3(BJ) functional have given an Eads(MOH) value of 161.4 kJ/mol on the Au(111) surface, being indicative of significant molecule-surface interaction. The MOH-gold surface binding is shown to take place via the oxygen atom of the hydroxide, with the oxygen-gold charge density transfer increasing from InOH to NhOH. The trend in Eads(MOH) is shown to be InOH < TlOH < NhOH, caused by increasing molecular dipole moments and decreasing stability of the hydroxides in this row. A trend in Eads of the atoms of these elements on gold is, however, opposite, In > Tl > Nh, caused by the increasing relativistic contraction and stabilization of the np1/2 AO with Z. These opposite trends in Eads(MOH) and Eads(M) in group 13 lead to almost equal Eads(Nh) and Eads(NhOH) values, making identification of Nh, as a type of species, difficult by measuring its adsorption enthalpy on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55099 Mainz , Germany.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , Planckstraße 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Matej Bel University , Tajovského 40 , 97401 Banská Bystrica , Slovakia
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Abstract
Abstract
Recent progress in the production of heavy nuclei far from stability and in the studies of nuclear and chemical properties of heavy actinides is briefly reviewed. Exotic nuclear decay properties including nuclear fission of heavy nuclei, measurements of first ionization potentials of heavy actinides, and redox studies of heavy actinides are described. Brief history of discovery of the transuranium elements is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
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46
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Pershina V. Relativity in the electronic structure of the heaviest elements and its influence on periodicities in properties. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical chemical studies demonstrated crucial importance of relativistic effects in the physics and chemistry of superheavy elements (SHEs). Performed, with many of them, in a close link to the experimental research, those investigations have shown that relativistic effects determine periodicities in physical and chemical properties of the elements in the chemical groups and rows of the Periodic Table beyond the 6th one. They could, however, also lead to some deviations from the established trends, so that the predictive power of the Periodic Table in this area may be lost. Results of those studies are overviewed here, with comparison to the recent experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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Zhao L, Pan S, Holzmann N, Schwerdtfeger P, Frenking G. Chemical Bonding and Bonding Models of Main-Group Compounds. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8781-8845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Albany), 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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Chiera NM, Sato TK, Tomitsuka T, Asai M, Ito Y, Shirai K, Suzuki H, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Nagame Y. Optimization of an isothermal gas-chromatographic setup for the chemical exploration of dubnium (Db, Z = 105) oxychlorides. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Abstract
Some highlight examples on the study of production and chemical properties of heaviest elements carried out mostly at GSI Darmstadt are presented. They focus on the production of some of the heaviest known elements (114Fl, 115Mc, and 117Mc), studies of non-fusion reactions, and on chemical studies of 114Fl. This is the heaviest element, for which chemical studies have been performed to date.
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Attallah MF, Ahmed IM, Abd-Elhamid AI, Aly HF. Extraction of carrier-free 99Mo by ionic liquids from acid solutions: A model of seaborgium (Sg) experiment. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 149:83-88. [PMID: 31035107 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for extraction of 99Mo tracer as a lighter homolog of Seaborgium (Sg) by three different the ionic liquids are studied. Aliquat-336 [Aliq-336.Cl-] as anion exchange has been used for the preparation of three ionic liquid, namely: ([Aliq-336]+ [SCN]-), ([Aliq-336]+ [S]- ) and ([Aliq-336]+ [Fe(CN)6]-). Their potential extraction of carrier free 99Mo from HNO3 solutions has been evaluated. The obtained results demonstrated that successful extraction of carrier free 99Mo from HNO3 solutions is achieved. The ([Aliq-336]+ [Fe(CN)6]-) is found to give the highest extraction affinity for 99Mo than the others ionic liquids investigated. The preliminary results could be useful for the upcoming aqueous experiments of Seaborgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Attallah
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - I M Ahmed
- Chemistry of Nuclear Fuel Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A I Abd-Elhamid
- Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - H F Aly
- Chemistry of Nuclear Fuel Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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