1
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Meng X, Ding Z, Gao H, Ma Z, Pan L, Wang B, Li Y. Chromium Catalysts for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Featuring Binuclear PNP Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:2158. [PMID: 38731648 PMCID: PMC11085890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel binuclear PNP ligands based on the cyclohexyldiamine scaffold were synthesized for this study. The experimental results showed that positioning the two PNP sites at the para-positions of the cyclohexyl framework led to a significant enhancement in the catalytic activity for selective tri/tetramerization of ethylene. The PNP/Cr(acac)3/MAO(methylaluminoxane) catalytic system exhibited relatively high catalytic activity (up to 3887.7 kg·g-1·h-1) in selective ethylene oligomerization with a total selectivity of 84.5% for 1-hexene and 1-octene at 40 °C and 50 bar. The relationship between the ligand structure and ethylene oligomerization performance was further explored using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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Zhao X, Wang J, Liu D, Kong W, Zhang J. Chromium Ethylene Tri-/Tetramerization Catalysts Supported by Iminophosphine Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34549-34556. [PMID: 37780000 PMCID: PMC10536060 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A new class of highly active ethylene tri-/tetramerization chromium catalysts supported by iminophosphine ligands has been studied. The impact of electronic and steric changes of these ligands on selectivity and activity has been investigated by varying P- and/or N-substituents. Upon activation with MMAO, the ligand bearing a P-cyclohexyl group displayed a high activity of 307 kg/(g Cr/h) with a high trimerization selectivity of 92.6%. Decreasing the steric hindrance of N-aryl group led to a decrease in 1-hexene selectivity (74.5%), producing more 1-octene (10.3%). X-ray diffraction analysis verifies that the ligands coordinate with the chromium center in a κ2-P,N mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry &
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jihe Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry &
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongchang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry &
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihuan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry &
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced
Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry &
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Liu R, Liu Y, Yang W, Li X, Feng L. Chromium-Based Complexes Bearing Aminophosphine and Phosphine-Imine-Pyrryl Ligands for Selective Ethylene Tri/Tetramerization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18290-18298. [PMID: 37251183 PMCID: PMC10210187 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of Cr-based complexes 6-10 bearing aminophosphine (P,N) ligands Ph2P-L-NH2 [L = CH2CH2 (1), L = CH2CH2CH2 (2), and L = C6H4CH2 (3)] and phosphine-imine-pyrryl (P,N,N) ligands 2-(Ph2P-L-N=CH)C4H3NH [L = CH2CH2CH2 (4) and L = C6H4CH2 (5)] were prepared, and their catalytic properties were examined for ethylene tri/tetramerization. X-ray crystallographic analysis of complex 8 indicated the κ2-P,N bidentate coordination mode at the Cr(III) center and the distorted octahedral geometry of monomeric P,N-CrCl3. Upon activation by methylaluminoxane (MAO), complexes 7-8 bearing P,N (PC3N backbone) ligands 2-3 showed good catalytic reactivity for ethylene tri/tetramerization. On the other hand, complex 6 bearing the P,N (PC2N backbone) ligand 1 was found active for non-selective ethylene oligomerization, while complexes 9-10 bearing P,N,N ligands 4-5 only produced polymerization products. In particular, the high catalytic activity of 458.2 kg/(g·Cr·h), excellent selectivity of 90.9% (1-hexene and 1-octene combined), and extremely low PE content of 0.1% were obtained with complex 7 in toluene at 45 °C and 45 bar. These results suggest that rational control of P,N and P,N,N ligand backbones, including a carbon spacer and rigidity of a carbon bridge, can lead to the high-performance catalyst for the ethylene tri/tetramerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongqin Liu
- Jiaxing
Fangyuan Certification & Testing Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314033, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Satellite
Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lianfang Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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4
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Zhao X, Ma X, Kong W, Zhang J. Switchable ethylene tri-/tetramerization with high catalytic performance: Subtle effect presented by P-alkyl substituent of PCCP ligands. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Small BL, Milner MF. Insights on the Mechanism for Ethylene Tetramerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Small
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Matthew F. Milner
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
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6
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Hopkins Leseberg JA, Henke WC, Douglas JT, Oliver AG, Sydora OL, Blakemore JD. Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Reduction of Model Chromium Precatalysts for Olefin Oligomerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hopkins Leseberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Wade C. Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Justin T. Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Molecular Structures Group, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 149 Stepan Chemistry, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - James D. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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7
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Dietel T, Lukas F, Kretschmer WP, Kempe R. Elongation and branching of α-olefins by two ethylene molecules. Science 2022; 375:1021-1024. [PMID: 35239383 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
α-Olefins are important starting materials for the production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, and fine and bulk chemicals. However, the selective synthesis of α-olefins from ethylene, a highly abundant and inexpensive feedstock, is restricted, and thus a broadly applicable selective α-olefin synthesis using ethylene is highly desirable. Here, we report the catalytic reaction of an α-olefin with two ethylene molecules. The first ethylene molecule forms a 4-ethyl branch and the second a new terminal carbon-carbon double bond (C2 elongation). The key to this reaction is the development of a highly active and stable molecular titanium catalyst that undergoes extremely fast β-hydride elimination and transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dietel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II - Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Lukas
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II - Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Winfried P Kretschmer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II - Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II - Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Morgan N, Maley SM, Kwon DH, Webster-Gardiner MS, Small BL, L Sydora O, M Bischof S, Ess DH. Computational Assessment and Understanding of C6 Product Selectivity for Chromium Phosphinoamidine Catalyzed Ethylene Trimerization. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Ma X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhao X, Mi P, Zhang J. Ethylene tri-/tetramerization catalysts supported by diphosphinoindole ligands. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Alam F, Fan H, Dong C, Zhang J, Ma J, Chen Y, Jiang T. Chromium catalysts stabilized by alkylphosphanyl PNP ligands for selective ethylene tri-/tetramerization. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Salian SM, Bagui M, Jasra RV. Industrially relevant ethylene trimerization catalysts and processes. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-021-00279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract1-Hexene is one of the comonomers used to produce mainly low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The production of 1-hexene by ethylene trimerization method gained much interest in petrochemical industry due to its high selectivity towards 1-hexene in comparison to traditional ethylene oligomerization method. In literature, many catalyst systems are reported for ethylene trimerization reaction, but only few of them qualify for the commercial applications. In the present review, activity and selectivity of commercially viable catalyst systems and amount of polyethylene formed as a by-product on using these catalyst systems were discussed. Special attention is given to Chevron Phillips ethylene trimerization technology which is one of the dominant technologies in the production of 1-hexene. The challenges such as fouling issues at commercial plant due to polyethylene by-product formation were discussed and the progress made to overcome the challenges were also discussed. New generation nontoxic titanium catalysts look promising and challenges involved in commercializing these catalysts were presented in the review.
Graphic abstract
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12
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Chromium(III) complexes based on phenoxy-imine ligands with pendant N- and O-donor groups as precatalysts for ethylene oligomerization: synthesis, characterization, and DFT studies. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Ogawa T, Lindeperg F, Stradiotto M, Turculet L, Sydora OL. Chromium N-phosphinoamidine ethylene tri-/tetramerization catalysts: Designing a step change in 1-octene selectivity. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Wang Z, Liu L, Ma X, Liu Y, Mi P, Liu Z, Zhang J. Effect of an additional donor on decene formation in ethylene oligomerization catalyzed by a Cr/PCCP system: a combined experimental and DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cr catalyst based on a PCCP ligand shows high activity in ethylene oligomerization, giving 1-hexene and considerable C10 fraction. DFT calculation results are consistent with the experimental observations on the distribution of C10 isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xufeng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Puke Mi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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15
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Milani JLS, Biajoli AFP, Batista FI, Oliboni RS, Casagrande OL. Chromium complexes supported by bidentate thioether-imine [N,S] ligands: synthesis and ethylene oligomerization studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromium complexes bearing thioether-imine ligands were synthesized and their catalytic behavior in ethylene oligomerization has been investigated, evaluating the effect of the ligand and the experimental parameters on the activity, selectivity, and product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - A. F. P. Biajoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - F. I. Batista
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - R. S. Oliboni
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - O. L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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16
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Milani JL, Casagrande OL. Chromium Complexes Supported by Phenyl Ether‐Pyrazolyl [N,O] Ligands as Catalysts for the Oligo‐ and Polymerization of Ethylene. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L.S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
| | - Osvaldo L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
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17
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Huergo E, Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Antiñolo A, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, García-Vivó D. Reactivity of N-Phosphinoguanidines of the Formula (HNR)(Ph 2PNR)C(NAr) toward Main Group Metal Alkyls: Facile Ligand Rearrangement from N-Phosphinoguanidinates to Phosphinimine-Amidinates. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15262-15275. [PMID: 33002356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the reactivity of N-phosphinoguanidines of the formula (HNR)(Ph2PNR)C(NAr) (R = iPr and Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3 [Dipp] for 1a, R = iPr and Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 [Mes] for 1b, and R = Cy and Ar = Dipp for 1c), prepared in high yields from the corresponding trisubstituted guanidines, toward main group metal alkyls AlMe3, ZnEt2, MgnBu2, and nBuLi to obtain novel phosphinoguanidinato and phosphinimine-amidinato compounds. Reactions of 1a-c with AlMe3 at room temperature led to the kinetic phosphinoguanidinato products [Al{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NAr)(NRPPh2)}Me2] (2a-c), whereas the mild heating (60-80 °C) of solutions of 2a-c give the thermodynamic phosphinimine-amidinato products [Al{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NAr)(PPh2NR)}Me2] (3a-c) after ligand rearrangement. The reactions of equimolar amounts of 1a-c and ZnEt2 initially give solutions containing unstable phosphinoguanidinato compounds [Zn{κ2-N,P-(NR)C(NAr)(NRPPh2)}Et] (4a-c), which rearrange upon mild heating to the phosphinimine-amidinato derivatives [Zn{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NAr)(PPh2NR)}Et] (6a-c). Bis(phosphinoguanidinato) compounds [Zn{κ2-N,P-(NR)C(NAr)(NRPPh2)}2] (5a-c) can be obtained under mild conditions (<45 °C) in THF, whereas bis(phosphinimine-amidinato) compounds [Zn{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NAr)(PPh2NR)}2] (7a-c) are also accessible under more forcing conditions (55-100 °C) from (i) ZnEt2 and 1b,c (2 equiv), (ii) 6a and 1a, or (iii) 5b,c. Equimolar mixtures of MgnBu2 and 1a-c in THF at room temperature give unstable phosphinimine-amidinato monoalkyl products [Mg{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NAr)(PPh2NR)}nBu(THF)2] (8a-c), whereas 2 equiv of 1a,b are required to reach the bischelate compounds [Mg{κ2-N,N'-(NiPr)C(NAr)(PPh2NiPr)}2] (9a,b). Finally, phosphinoguanidinato compounds [Li{κ2-N,P-(NR)C(NDipp)(NRPPh2)}(THF)2] (10a,c) were obtained in the reactions of 1a,c with nBuLi in THF under ambient conditions. The removal of the solvent from solutions of 10a,c under partial vacuum leads to the dinuclear compounds [Li2{μ-κ2-N,N':κ1-N-(NR)C(NDipp)(NRPPh2)}2(THF)2] (11a,c) after the decoordination of one of the THF molecules in 10a,c and dimerization. Heating solutions of 10a,c at 60 °C triggers ligand rearrangement to give phosphinimine-amidinato compounds [Li{κ2-N,N'-(NR)C(NDipp)(PPh2NR)}(THF)2] (12a,c). We also propose a mechanism for the ligand rearrangement reaction from 10a to give 12a, supported by DFT calculations, which fits nicely with our experimental results. It essentially involves a carbodiimide deinsertion reaction followed by a [3 + 2] cycloaddition between the resulting lithium phosphino-amide and the carbodiimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Huergo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquı́mica-Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Galán
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquı́mica-Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alberto Ramos
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquı́mica-Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Antiñolo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquı́mica-Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquı́mica-Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Vivó
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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18
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Panyam PKR, Stöhr L, Wang D, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Chromium(VI) Bisimido Dichloro, Bisimido Alkylidene, and Chromium(V) Bisimido Iodo
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. R. Panyam
- Institut für Polymerchemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Laura Stöhr
- Institut für Polymerchemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dongren Wang
- Institut für Polymerchemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institut für Polymerchemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research (DITF) Denkendorf Körschtalstr. 26 73770 Denkendorf Germany
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19
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Maley SM, Kwon DH, Rollins N, Stanley JC, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Quantum-mechanical transition-state model combined with machine learning provides catalyst design features for selective Cr olefin oligomerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9665-9674. [PMID: 34094231 PMCID: PMC8161675 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of data science tools to provide the emergence of non-trivial chemical features for catalyst design is an important goal in catalysis science. Additionally, there is currently no general strategy for computational homogeneous, molecular catalyst design. Here, we report the unique combination of an experimentally verified DFT-transition-state model with a random forest machine learning model in a campaign to design new molecular Cr phosphine imine (Cr(P,N)) catalysts for selective ethylene oligomerization, specifically to increase 1-octene selectivity. This involved the calculation of 1-hexene : 1-octene transition-state selectivity for 105 (P,N) ligands and the harvesting of 14 descriptors, which were then used to build a random forest regression model. This model showed the emergence of several key design features, such as Cr-N distance, Cr-α distance, and Cr distance out of pocket, which were then used to rapidly design a new generation of Cr(P,N) catalyst ligands that are predicted to give >95% selectivity for 1-octene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Nick Rollins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Johnathan C Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Orson L Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP 1862, Kingwood Drive Kingwood Texas 77339 USA
| | - Steven M Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP 1862, Kingwood Drive Kingwood Texas 77339 USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
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20
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Kwon DH, Maley SM, Stanley JC, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Why Less Coordination Provides Higher Reactivity Chromium Phosphinoamidine Ethylene Trimerization Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Steven M. Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Johnathan C. Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339 United States
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339 United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
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21
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Fair Look at Coordination Oligomerization of Higher α-Olefins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051082. [PMID: 32397482 PMCID: PMC7285168 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination catalysis is a highly efficient alternative to more traditional acid catalysis in the oligomerization of α-olefins. The distinct advantage of transition metal-based catalysts is the structural homogeneity of the oligomers. Given the great diversity of the catalysts and option of varying the reaction conditions, a wide spectrum of processes can be implemented. In recent years, both methylenealkanes (vinylidene dimers of α-olefins) and structurally uniform oligomers with the desired degrees of polymerization have become available for later use in the synthesis of amphiphilic organic compounds and polymers, high-quality oils or lubricants, and other prospective materials. In the present review, we discussed the selective dimerization and oligomerization of α-olefins, catalyzed by metallocene and post-metallocene complexes, and explored the prospects for the further applications of the coordination α-olefin dimers and oligomers.
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22
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Macaulay CM, Samolia M, Ferguson MJ, Sydora OL, Ess DH, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Synthetic investigations of low-coordinate (N-phosphino-amidinate) nickel chemistry: agostic alkyl complexes and benzene insertion into Ni-H. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4811-4816. [PMID: 32215397 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of (PN)NiX (X = NHdipp or OtBu; PN = N-phosphinoamidinate ligand) with Me2PhSiH in benzene solvent afforded the crystallographically characterized, antifacial-coordinated, dinuclear species 1, the formation of which corresponds to the hitherto unknown net Ni-H addition of two equivalents of the putative (PN)NiH intermediate across C[double bond, length as m-dash]C units within a single benzene molecule. Computational analysis supports the view of 1 as being comprised of two cationic (PN)NiII fragments ligated by a substituted butadiene dianion μ2-η3:η3-C6H82- bridging group. Also described is the formation and characterization of three-coordinate (PN)Ni(alkyl) complexes stabilized by β-agostic (alkyl = Et, 2; n-Bu, 3; n-hexyl, 4) or γ-agostic (alkyl = neopentyl, 5) interactions, and our efforts to employ 2 and 3 as synthons for the generation of (PN)NiHvia β-hydride elimination. Notably, compound 5 represents both the first crystallographically characterized three-coordinate Ni-alkyl complex featuring a heterobidentate ligation, and the first neutral γ-agostic NiII-alkyl complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper M Macaulay
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Madhu Samolia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Orson L Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura Turculet
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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23
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Boelter SD, Davies DR, Milbrandt KA, Wilson DR, Wiltzius M, Rosen MS, Klosin J. Evaluation of Bis(phosphine) Ligands for Ethylene Oligomerization: Discovery of Alkyl Phosphines as Effective Ligands for Ethylene Tri- and Tetramerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Boelter
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Dan R. Davies
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Kara A. Milbrandt
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - David R. Wilson
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Molly Wiltzius
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Mari S. Rosen
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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24
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Boelter SD, Davies DR, Margl P, Milbrandt KA, Mort D, Vanchura BA, Wilson DR, Wiltzius M, Rosen MS, Klosin J. Phospholane-Based Ligands for Chromium-Catalyzed Ethylene Tri- and Tetramerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Boelter
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Dan R. Davies
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Peter Margl
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Kara A. Milbrandt
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Darrek Mort
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Britt A. Vanchura
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - David R. Wilson
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Molly Wiltzius
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Mari S. Rosen
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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25
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In situ formed Cr(III) based silicon-bridged PNS systems for selective ethylene tri-/tetramerization. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Huergo E, Antiñolo A, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, García-Vivó D. Unusual ligand rearrangement: from N-phosphinoguanidinato to phosphinimine-amidinato compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2809-2812. [PMID: 30761391 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel N-phosphinoguanidines (HNiPr)(Ph2PNiPr)C(NAr) (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) react with AlMe3 to afford phosphinimine-amidinato derivatives, via an unprecedented rearrangement of an initial N-phosphinoguanidinato intermediate. A reasonable mechanism has been proposed for this transformation, supported by DFT calculations, involving carbodiimide de-insertion followed by a [3+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernández-Galán
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Orson L. Sydora
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
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28
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Ferreira J, Zilz R, Boeira IS, da Silva SM, Casagrande AC, Casagrande OL. Chromium complexes based on thiophene-imine ligands for ethylene oligomerization. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ferreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Raquel Zilz
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Igor S. Boeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Sabrina M. da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Adriana C.A. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Osvaldo L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
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29
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Macaulay CM, Ogawa T, McDonald R, Sydora OL, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. A comparative analysis of hydrosilative amide reduction catalyzed by first-row transition metal (Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) N-phosphinoamidinate complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9581-9587. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Screening reveals (PN)Ni(x) pre-catalysts to be effective for the hydrosilative reduction of amides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takahiko Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP
- Kingwood
- USA
| | | | - Laura Turculet
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
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30
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Leone G, Groppo E, Zanchin G, Martino GA, Piovano A, Bertini F, Martí-Rujas J, Parisini E, Ricci G. Concerted Electron Transfer in Iminopyridine Chromium Complexes: Ligand Effects on the Polymerization of Various (Di)olefins. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Leone
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, NIS Interdepartmental Research Center and INSTM Reference Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zanchin
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia A. Martino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, NIS Interdepartmental Research Center and INSTM Reference Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, NIS Interdepartmental Research Center and INSTM Reference Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15A, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertini
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricci
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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31
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Alam F, Zhang L, Wei W, Wang J, Chen Y, Dong C, Jiang T. Catalytic Systems Based on Chromium(III) Silylated-Diphosphinoamines for Selective Ethylene Tri-/Tetramerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhre Alam
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chunhua Dong
- Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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32
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Macaulay CM, Gustafson SJ, Fuller JT, Kwon DH, Ogawa T, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Lumsden MD, Bischof SM, Sydora OL, Ess DH, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Alkene Isomerization–Hydroboration Catalyzed by First-Row Transition-Metal (Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) N-Phosphinoamidinate Complexes: Origin of Reactivity and Selectivity. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casper M. Macaulay
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Samantha J. Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jack T. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Takahiko Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael D. Lumsden
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura Turculet
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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33
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Gunasekara T, Kim J, Preston A, Steelman DK, Medvedev GA, Delgass WN, Sydora OL, Caruthers JM, Abu-Omar MM. Mechanistic Insights into Chromium-Catalyzed Ethylene Trimerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jungsuk Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - D. Keith Steelman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W. Nicholas Delgass
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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34
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Olafsen BE, Crescenzo GV, Moisey LP, Patrick BO, Smith KM. Photolytic Reactivity of Organometallic Chromium Bipyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9611-9621. [PMID: 29461816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Known stable [Cr(bpy)2(Ph)2](BPh4) complexes undergo reductive elimination of biphenyl with visible-light photolysis using household incandescent or compact fluorescent light bulbs. A series of [Cr(R-bpy)2(Ar)2](X) complexes (R = H or CMe3; Ar = Ph, C6H4-CMe3, or C6H4-OMe; X = I, BPh4, or PF6) were prepared, and the effect of varying the bipyridine and aryl ligands on the UV-visible spectra and electrochemistry of the chromium(III) complexes was investigated. Photolysis of a mixture of two different bis(aryl) complexes gave only the homocoupled biaryl products by 1H NMR and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The initial product of photoinduced reductive elimination of [Cr(bpy)2(Ar)2](PF6) was trapped with bipyridine to generate [Cr(bpy)3](PF6) and with benzoyl peroxide to form [Cr(bpy)2(O2CPh)2](PF6). The latter chromium(III) bis(benzoate) complex was also synthesized by the addition of bipyridine and PhCO2H to Cp2Cr, followed by air oxidation. The neutral Cr(bpy)(S2CNMe2)Ph2 complex also generated biphenyl upon visible-light photolysis. While the treatment of Cr(tBu-bpy)(dpm)Cl2 [dpm = (OCtBu)2CH] with AgO2CPh gave trans-Cr(tBu-bpy)(dpm)(O2CPh)2, reaction of the dichloro precursor with PhMgCl produced anionic [Cr(tBu-bpy)Ph3]- with [Mg(dpm)(THF)4]+ as the countercation, with both complexes characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Protonolysis of Cr(bpy)Ph3(THF) with 8-hydroxyquinoline produced Cr(bpy)(quin)Ph2, which generated biphenyl under visible-light photolysis, and the initial product of reductive elimination was trapped by bipyridine or benzoyl peroxide. A related Cr(bpy)(quin)2 complex was synthesized by protonolysis of Cr(bpy)[N(SiMe3)2]2 and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Olafsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia, Okanagan , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Giuseppe V Crescenzo
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia, Okanagan , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Luke P Moisey
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia, Okanagan , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia, Vancouver , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z21 , Canada
| | - Kevin M Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia, Okanagan , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
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35
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36
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Kwon DH, Fuller JT, Kilgore UJ, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Computational Transition-State Design Provides Experimentally Verified Cr(P,N) Catalysts for Control of Ethylene Trimerization and Tetramerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jack T. Fuller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Uriah J. Kilgore
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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37
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Kelly CM, McDonald R, Sydora OL, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. A Manganese Pre-Catalyst: Mild Reduction of Amides, Ketones, Aldehydes, and Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15901-15904. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology; Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP; 1862 Kingwood Drive Kingwood TX 77339 USA
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Laura Turculet
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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38
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Kelly CM, McDonald R, Sydora OL, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. A Manganese Pre-Catalyst: Mild Reduction of Amides, Ketones, Aldehydes, and Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology; Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP; 1862 Kingwood Drive Kingwood TX 77339 USA
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Laura Turculet
- Department of Chemistry; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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39
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Highly active chromium-based selective ethylene tri-/tetramerization catalysts supported by N,N-diphospholylamines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Zhang C, Song L, Wu H, Ji X, Jiao J, Zhang J. Ethylene tri-/tetramerization catalysts supported by diphosphinothiophene ligands. Dalton Trans 2017. [PMID: 28621351 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cr(iii) catalysts supported by a series of diphosphinothiophene ligands have been developed, all of which, upon activation with MMAO-3A, are active for ethylene tri-/tetramerization. The effect of ligand substitution on the catalytic performance has been examined. The Cr precatalyst supported by the diphosphinothiophene ligand containing one trimethylsilyl group at the C2 position achieved a high activity of up to 686 kg (g Cr h-1)-1 with a total selectivity of up to 69% toward 1-hexene (29.5%) and 1-octene (39.5%). Two representative Cr complexes bearing the diphosphinothiophene ligand were synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Comparison of the coordination structure data of the two Cr complexes with those of an analogous diphosphine Cr complex reveals a direct correlation between the bond length of two adjacent bridging carbon atoms and catalytic activity: a shorter bond length and hence smaller ligand bite angle lead to higher catalytic activity. These diphosphinothiophene ligands featuring a fine-tuned backbone provide a model for the precise understanding of the impact of ligand variations on the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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41
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Nomura K, Mitsudome T, Igarashi A, Nagai G, Tsutsumi K, Ina T, Omiya T, Takaya H, Yamazoe S. Synthesis of (Adamantylimido)vanadium(V) Dimethyl Complex Containing (2-Anilidomethyl)pyridine Ligand and Selected Reactions: Exploring the Oxidation State of the Catalytically Active Species in Ethylene Dimerization. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takato Mitsudome
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Igarashi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Go Nagai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Tsutsumi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ina
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI, SPring-8), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takuya Omiya
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International
Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical
Research (ICR), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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42
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Zhang L, Wei W, Alam F, Chen Y, Jiang T. Efficient chromium-based catalysts for ethylene tri-/tetramerization switched by silicon-bridged/N,P-based ancillary ligands: a structural, catalytic and DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High performance catalysts switched by a series of silicon-bridged/N,P-based ancillary ligands have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Wei Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Fakhre Alam
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
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43
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Ogawa T, Ruddy AJ, Sydora OL, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Cobalt- and Iron-Catalyzed Isomerization–Hydroboration of Branched Alkenes: Terminal Hydroboration with Pinacolborane and 1,3,2-Diazaborolanes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Ogawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Adam J. Ruddy
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research
and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura Turculet
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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44
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Tomov AK, Nobbs JD, Chirinos JJ, Saini PK, Malinowski R, Ho SKY, Young CT, McGuinness DS, White AJP, Elsegood MRJ, Britovsek GJP. Alternating α-Olefin Distributions via Single and Double Insertions in Chromium-Catalyzed Ethylene Oligomerization. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanas K. Tomov
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - James D. Nobbs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Juan J. Chirinos
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Prabhjot K. Saini
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sarah K. Y. Ho
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Craig T. Young
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - David S. McGuinness
- School
of Physical Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private
Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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45
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Liu R, Zhu K, Zhong X, Li J, Liu Z, Chen S, Zhu H. Chromium complexes bearing amidinato-phosphino ligand: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of ethylene tri-/tetramerization and polymerization. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17020-17029. [PMID: 27711770 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03216h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An amidinato-phosphino ligand ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]C(R)NH(o-Ph2PC6H4) (Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, R = Ph (1); Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, R = Ph (2); Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, R = tBu (3)) was prepared. The ligand reacted with CrCl3(THF)3 to yield the N,P-chelation complex [ArNHC(R)[double bond, length as m-dash]N(o-Ph2PC6H4)]CrCl3(THF) (4-6), and the ligand's lithium salt ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]C(R)N(o-Ph2PC6H4)Li reacted with the respective CrCl3(THF)3 and CrCl2(THF)2 to give the N,N,P-chelation complexes [ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]C(R)N(o-Ph2PC6H4)]CrCl2(THF) (7-8) and {[ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]C(R)N(o-Ph2PC6H4)]Cr(μ-Cl)}2 (9-11). Complexes 1-11 were characterized by IR, NMR (for 1-3), EPR (for 4-11) spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis, of which 3, 5, 8, and 11 were further studied by X-ray crystallography. Upon activation with an organoaluminum cocatalyst, complexes 4-6 were all catalytically active in ethylene tri-/tetramerization along with ethylene polymerization, and complexes 7-11 functioned as well but in ethylene polymerization. The correlation between the structure and the catalytic properties of the catalyst system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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46
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Britovsek GJP, McGuinness DS. A DFT Mechanistic Study on Ethylene Tri- and Tetramerization with Cr/PNP Catalysts: Single versus Double Insertion Pathways. Chemistry 2016; 22:16891-16896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George J. P. Britovsek
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Rd, South Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - David S. McGuinness
- School of Physical Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 75 Hobart 7001 Australia
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47
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Zheng M, Wu H, Zhang X, Zhang J. Heteroscorpionate bis-pyrazolyl ligands in Cr(III)-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Jiang T, Zhang L, Gao J, Cao C. Hydrogen: efficient promoter for PNP/Cr(III)/MAO catalyzed ethylene tetramerization toward 1-octene. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-016-0151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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49
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Schaefer BA, Margulieux GW, Tiedemann MA, Small BL, Chirik PJ. Synthesis and Electronic Structure of Iron Borate Betaine Complexes as a Route to Single-Component Iron Ethylene Oligomerization and Polymerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Schaefer
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grant W. Margulieux
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Margaret A. Tiedemann
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brooke L. Small
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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50
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Nyamato GS, Alam MG, Ojwach SO, Akerman MP. Nickel(II) complexes bearing pyrazolylpyridines: synthesis, structures and ethylene oligomerization reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George S. Nyamato
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Scottsville South Africa
| | - Mohd. Gulfam Alam
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Scottsville South Africa
| | - Stephen O. Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Scottsville South Africa
| | - Matthew P. Akerman
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Scottsville South Africa
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