1
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Computational Approaches to the Electronic Properties of Noble Metal Nanoclusters Protected by Organic Ligands. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092409. [PMID: 34578725 PMCID: PMC8468547 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic nanoparticles composed by metal cores with sizes under two nanometers covered with organic capping ligands exhibit intermediate properties between those of atoms and molecules on one side, and those of larger metal nanoparticles on the other. In fact, these particles do not show a peculiar metallic behavior, characterized by plasmon resonances, but instead they have nonvanishing band-gaps, more along molecular optical properties. As a consequence, they are suitable to be described and investigated by computational approaches such as those used in quantum chemistry, for instance those based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Here, I present a short review of the research performed from 2014 onward at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) on the TD-DFT interpretation of the electronic spectra of different organic-protected gold and/or silver nanoclusters.
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2
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Luise D, Wilbraham L, Labat F, Ciofini I. Modeling UV-Vis spectra of low dimensional materials using electrostatic embedding: The case of CdSe. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1212-1224. [PMID: 33978978 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a generalization of a self-consistent electrostatic embedding approach (SC-Ewald) devised to investigate the photophysical properties of 3D periodic materials, to systems in one- or two-dimensional (2D) reduced periodicity. In this approach, calculations are carried out on a small finite molecular cluster extracted from a periodic model, while the crystalline environment is accounted for by an array of point charges which are fitted to reproduce the exact electrostatic potential (at ground or the excited state) of the infinite periodic system. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are combined with time dependent DFT calculations to simulate absorption and emission properties of the extended system under investigation. We apply this method to compute the UV-Vis. spectra of bulk and quantum-confined 0D quantum dots and 2D extended nanoplatelets of CdSe, due to their relevance as sensitizers in solar cells technologies. The influence of the size and shape of the finite cluster model chosen in the excited state calculations was also investigated and revealed that, although the long-range electrostatics of the environment are important for the calculation of the UV-Vis, a subtle balance between short- and long-range effects exists. These encouraging results demonstrate that this self-consistent electrostatic embedding approach, when applied in different dimensions, can successfully model the photophysical properties of diverse material classes, making it an attractive low-cost alternative to far more computationally demanding electronic structure methods for excited state calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Luise
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Labat
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
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3
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Fortino M, Collini E, Bloino J, Pedone A. Unraveling the internal conversion process within the Q-bands of a chlorophyll-like-system through surface-hopping molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094110. [PMID: 33685164 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-radiative relaxation process within the Q-bands of chlorophylls represents a crucial preliminary step during the photosynthetic mechanism. Despite several experimental and theoretical efforts performed in order to clarify the complex dynamics characterizing this stage, a complete understanding of this mechanism is still far to be reached. In this study, non-adiabatic excited-state molecular dynamic simulations have been performed to model the non-radiative process within the Q-bands for a model system of chlorophylls. This system has been considered in the gas phase and then, to have a more representative picture of the environment, with implicit and mixed implicit-explicit solvation models. In the first part of this analysis, absorption spectra have been simulated for each model in order to guide the setup for the non-adiabatic excited-state molecular dynamic simulations. Then, non-adiabatic excited-state molecular dynamic simulations have been performed on a large set of independent trajectories and the population of the Qx and Qy states has been computed as the average of all the trajectories, estimating the rate constant for the process. Finally, with the aim of investigating the possible role played by the solvent in the Qx-Qy crossing mechanism, an essential dynamic analysis has been performed on the generated data, allowing one to find the most important motions during the simulated dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfonso Pedone
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 45125, Italy
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4
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Unraveling the Effects of Co-Crystallization on the UV/Vis Absorption Spectra of an N-Salicylideneaniline Derivative. A Computational RI-CC2 Investigation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194512. [PMID: 33019738 PMCID: PMC7582674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at unraveling the effects of co-crystallization on the optical properties of an N-salicylideneaniline-derived molecular switch transforming between an enol and a keto form. This is achieved by way of a two-step multi-scale method where (i) the molecular geometry and unit cell parameters are optimized using a periodic boundary conditions density functional theory method and (ii) the optical properties are computed for a selection of clusters embedded in an array of point-charges that reproduce the crystal field electronic potential. The optical properties (vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths) are obtained at the RI-CC2/def2-TZVPD level of approximation. This method allows us to decompose the effects of co-crystallization into (i) indirect effects, the geometry changes of the chromophore due to crystal packing with the coformer, and (ii) direct ones, the polarization due to the interacting coformer and to the crystal field. For the former effects, variations of a crucial torsion angle lead to modification of the π-conjugation and therefore to the decrease or increase of the excitation energies. About the latter, they are antagonistic: (i) the coformer is not directly involved in the excitations but its polarization decreases the excitation energies while (ii) the crystal field has the opposite effect. For the co-crystals with succinic and fumaric acids, combining these direct and indirect effects leads to a hypsochromic shift of the first absorption band with respect to the reference crystal, in agreement with experimental data.
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5
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Rivera M, Dommett M, Sidat A, Rahim W, Crespo-Otero R. fromage: A library for the study of molecular crystal excited states at the aggregate scale. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1045-1058. [PMID: 31909830 PMCID: PMC7079081 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of photoexcitations in molecular aggregates faces the twofold problem of the increased computational cost associated with excited states and the complexity of the interactions among the constituent monomers. A mechanistic investigation of these processes requires the analysis of the intermolecular interactions, the effect of the environment, and 3D arrangements or crystal packing on the excited states. A considerable number of techniques have been tailored to navigate these obstacles; however, they are usually restricted to in‐house codes and thus require a disproportionate effort to adopt by researchers approaching the field. Herein, we present the FRamewOrk for Molecular AGgregate Excitations (fromage), which implements a collection of such techniques in a Python library complemented with ready‐to‐use scripts. The program structure is presented and the principal features available to the user are described: geometrical analysis, exciton characterization, and a variety of ONIOM schemes. Each is illustrated by examples of diverse organic molecules in condensed phase settings. The program is available at https://github.com/Crespo-Otero-group/fromage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Dommett
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Amir Sidat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Warda Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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6
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Chrayteh A, Ewels C, Jacquemin D. Dual fluorescence in strap ESIPT systems: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:854-863. [PMID: 31840734 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alkylamine-strapped chromophores based on a dithienylpyrrole core, and in which the Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) process yields a zwitterionic structure rather than a keto tautomer have been reported recently (Suzuki et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 8231), and are known to exhibit large Stokes shifts. Using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) we investigate the ESIPT mechanism in this family of chromophores considering various substituents and two solvents (cyclohexane and acetone). In order to model the solvent effects, three polarisation models have been applied: the linear response (LR), the corrected linear-response (cLR), and the combination of these two formalisms (LR + cLR). The selected protocol is shown to be effective for a series of compounds with known experimental behaviors, and is then applied to novel derivatives with various donor and acceptor groups and heteroatoms. We determine the absorption and emission wavelengths as well as the energies of the different states that play a role in the ESIPT process. We show that the introduction of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups plays an important role in achieving redshifted emission from the ESIPT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara Chrayteh
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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7
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Fortino M, Collini E, Pedone A, Bloino J. Role of specific solute–solvent interactions on the photophysical properties of distyryl substituted BODIPY derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10981-10994. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role played by specific solute–solvent interactions on the spectroscopic properties of experimentally available BODIPY derivatives has been investigated.
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8
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Muniz-Miranda F, Minei P, Contiero L, Labat F, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Bellina F, Pucci A. Aggregation Effects on Pigment Coatings: Pigment Red 179 as a Case Study. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20315-20323. [PMID: 31815234 PMCID: PMC6893955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have studied, with a combined experimental and computational approach, the effect of the crystal environment and aggregation on the electronic properties of Pigment Red 179, which affect both its color and optical energy gap. Spectra acquired in the near-infrared and visible range of energies suggest that this molecule is indeed a "cool" dye, which can be employed as a red pigment that provides effective color coverage to different substrates without contributing to their heating during light irradiation. Spectra acquired on different polymer mixtures at different pigment concentrations (i.e., 2.5-10 wt %) suggest that absorption features depend on chromophoric arrangements promoted by the strong intermolecular π-π interactions. Calculations, performed at the time-dependent density functional theory level, allowed to both attribute the nature of the electronic transitions causing the observed spectra involved and understand the effect of the environment. Indeed, the visible spectra of the pigment is dominated by two localized transitions, with negligible charge transfer for both a dye monomer and dimer either in vacuum or acetonitrile solution. Instead, models including the crystal environment of the pigment show the presence of a high-wavelength S1 ← S0 charge transfer transition between two adjacent molecules, in quantitative agreement with the experimental absorption energy of the crystal pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- École
Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris and PSL Research University,
CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS),
FRE 2027, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierpaolo Minei
- Deparment
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Contiero
- Cromology
Italia S.P.A., Via 4
Novembre 4, 55016 Porcari, Lucca, Italy
| | - Frédéric Labat
- École
Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris and PSL Research University,
CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS),
FRE 2027, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- École
Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris and PSL Research University,
CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS),
FRE 2027, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- École
Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris and PSL Research University,
CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS),
FRE 2027, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Deparment
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Deparment
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Le Bras L, Adamo C, Perrier A. In Silico Investigation of the Aggregation‐Caused Quenching: the “Tolane‐Based Molecule” Case. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Le Bras
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France 103 Boulevard Saint Michel F-75005 Paris France
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
- Université Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris Cité 5 rue Thomas Mann F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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10
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Rivera M, Dommett M, Crespo-Otero R. ONIOM(QM:QM′) Electrostatic Embedding Schemes for Photochemistry in Molecular Crystals. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2504-2516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Michael Dommett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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11
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Fortino M, Bloino J, Collini E, Bolzonello L, Trapani M, Faglioni F, Pedone A. On the simulation of vibrationally resolved electronic spectra of medium-size molecules: the case of styryl substituted BODIPYs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3512-3526. [PMID: 30052253 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY dyes are used in a variety of applications because of their peculiar spectroscopic and photo-physical properties that vary depending on the stereochemistry of the functional groups attached to the boron-dipyrromethene core structure. In this work, we have applied several computational methods, adapted for semi-rigid molecules based on the Franck-Condon principle, for the study of the optical properties of BODIPY systems and for the understanding of the influence of functional groups on their spectroscopic features. We have analyzed the electronic spectra of two styryl substituted BODIPY molecules of technological interest, properly taking into account the vibronic contribution. For comparison with recently recorded experimental data in methanol, the vibrationally resolved electronic spectra of these systems were computed using both Time-Independent (TI) and Time-Dependent (TD) formalisms. The first step toward the analysis of optical properties of the styryl modified BODIPYs was a benchmark of several density functionals, to select the most appropriate one. We have found that all benchmarked functionals provide good results in terms of band shape but some of them show strong discrepancies in terms of band position. Beyond the issue of the electronic structure calculation method, different levels of sophistication can be adopted for the calculation of vibronic transitions. In this study, the effect of mode couplings and the influence of the Herzberg-Teller terms on the theoretical spectra has been investigated. It has been found that all levels of theory considered give reproducible results for the investigated systems: band positions and shapes are similar at all levels and little improvements have been found in terms of band shape with the inclusion of Herzberg-Teller effect. Inclusion of temperature effects proved to be challenging due to the important impact of large amplitude motions. Better agreement can be achieved by adopting a suitable set of coordinates coupled with a reduced-dimensionality scheme.
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12
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Vérité PM, Hédé S, Jacquemin D. A theoretical elucidation of the mechanism of tuneable fluorescence in a full-colour emissive ESIPT dye. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17400-17409. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03759d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We reinvestigate with ab initio tools the origin of the diverse colours in a complex multi-ESIPT dye, and we propose a new assignment for the blue fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M. Vérité
- Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Simon Hédé
- Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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13
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Le Bras L, Chaitou K, Aloïse S, Adamo C, Perrier A. Aggregation-caused quenching versus crystallization induced emission in thiazolo[5,4-b]thieno[3,2-e]pyridine (TTP) derivatives: theoretical insights. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:46-56. [PMID: 30371692 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a QM (TD-DFT) and QM/QM' (ONIOM) study of the modulation of emission in a series of thiazolo[5,4,b]thieno[3,2-e]pyridine (TTP) derivatives [Huang et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 14, 3456]. By computing the excitation energy transfer couplings and the Huang-Rhys (HR) factors, we rationalize the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) observed for the parent molecule and the crystallization-induced emission (CIE) observed for the derivatives presenting intra-molecular H-bonding. We also show that the CIE strategy relying on the rigidification of the arch-bridge-like stator should be considered with caution since it can promote the energy dissipation through vibrational motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Le Bras
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), F-75005 Paris, France
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14
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Blase X, Duchemin I, Jacquemin D. The Bethe–Salpeter equation in chemistry: relations with TD-DFT, applications and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1022-1043. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We review the Bethe–Salpeter formalism and analyze its performances for the calculation of the excited state properties of molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Blase
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- Inst NEEL
- F-38042 Grenoble
- France
| | - Ivan Duchemin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CEA
- INAC-MEM
- L-Sim
- F-38000 Grenoble
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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15
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Gao YJ, Chen WK, Wang ZR, Fang WH, Cui G. QM and ONIOM studies on thermally activated delayed fluorescence of copper(i) complexes in gas phase, solution, and crystal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24955-24967. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03657h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
QM and ONIOM studies reveal the thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism of two Cu(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Zi-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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16
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Li Y, Wang G, Li W, Wang Y, Li S. Understanding the polymorphism-dependent emission properties of molecular crystals using a refined QM/MM approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:17516-17520. [PMID: 28653069 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A refined QM/MM approach demonstrated that a monomer model is suitable for describing the emission spectra of crystals without the ππ stacking interaction. Whereas for the crystals with notable intermolecular ππ stacking interaction, the most stable trimer model (or at least a dimer model) should be used for accurately describing the corresponding emission spectra. This approach is applied to understand the emission properties of two kinds of organic polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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17
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Presti D, Pedone A, Licari D, Barone V. A Modular Implementation for the Simulation of 1D and 2D Solid-State NMR Spectra of Quadrupolar Nuclei in the Virtual Multifrequency Spectrometer-Draw Graphical Interface. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2215-2229. [PMID: 28402672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the implementation of the solid state (SoS)NMR module for the simulation of several 1D and 2D NMR spectra of all the elements in the periodic table in the virtual multifrequency spectrometer (VMS). This module is fully integrated with the graphical user interface of VMS (VMS-Draw) [Licari et al., J. Comput. Chem. 36, 2015, 321-334], a freeware tool which allows a user-friendly handling of structures and analyses of advanced spectroscopical properties of chemical compounds-from model systems to real-world applications. Besides the numerous modules already available in VMS for the study of electronic, optical, vibrational, vibronic, and EPR properties, here the simulation of NMR spectra is presented with a particular emphasis on those techniques usually employed to investigate solid state systems. The SoSNMR module benefits from its ability to work under both periodic and nonperiodic conditions, such that small molecules/molecular clusters can be treated, as well as extended three-dimensional systems enforcing (or not) translational periodicity. These features allow VMS to simulate spectra resulting from NMR calculations by some popular quantum chemistry codes, namely Gaussian09/16, Castep, and Quantum Espresso. The effectiveness of the SoSNMR module of VMS is examined throughout the manuscript, and applied to simulate 1D static, MAS, and VAS NMR spectra as well as 2D correlation (90°, MAS) and MQMAS spectra of active NMR nuclei embedded in different amorphous and crystalline systems of actual interest in chemistry and material science. Finally, the program is able to simulate the spectra of both the total ensemble of spin-active nuclei present in the system and of subensembles differentiated depending on the chemical environment of the first and second coordination sphere in a very general way applicable to any kind of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia , 103 via G. Campi, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia , 103 via G. Campi, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Licari
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Jagadesan P, Whittemore T, Beirl T, Turro C, McGrier PL. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton-Transfer Properties of Three Tris(N-Salicylideneaniline)-Based Chromophores with Extended Conjugation. Chemistry 2016; 23:917-925. [PMID: 27859715 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of three tris(N-salicylideneaniline) (TSA) compounds containing 1,3,5-triarylbenzene, -tristyrylbenzene, and -tris(arylethynyl)benzene core units are reported. The TSA compounds underwent efficient excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in solution and in solid state due to the preformed C=N⋅⋅⋅H-O hydrogen-bonded motifs of the structures. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectra of the TSA molecules revealed dual bands only in DMSO, and large Stokes shifts in other polar aprotic and protic solvents. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic measurements in THF revealed lifetime values in the range of 14-16 ps for the excited-state keto-tautomer. The TSA compounds are also responsive to metal ions (Cu2+ and Zn2+ ) in DMSO, exhibit enhanced aggregate-induced emission (AIE) properties in DMSO/water mixtures, and are highly luminescent in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Tyler Whittemore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Toni Beirl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Psaras L McGrier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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19
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Lin H, Chang X, Yan D, Fang WH, Cui G. Tuning excited-state-intramolecular-proton-transfer (ESIPT) process and emission by cocrystal formation: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2086-2090. [PMID: 28451328 PMCID: PMC5399640 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of two-component molecular cocrystals can lead to the tunable excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process and emission, as first confirmed by both experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Xueping Chang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-64412131
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-64412131.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-64412131
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-64412131
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20
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Takanabe A, Tanaka M, Johmoto K, Uekusa H, Mori T, Koshima H, Asahi T. Optical Activity and Optical Anisotropy in Photomechanical Crystals of Chiral Salicylidenephenylethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15066-15077. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Takanabe
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science
and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- Research
Institute for Measurement and Analytical Instrumentation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kohei Johmoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideko Koshima
- Researh Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science
and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Researh Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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21
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Budzák Š, Jacquemin D. Mechanism of Fluorescence Switching in One ESIPT-Based Al3+ Probe. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6730-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Budzák
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
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22
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Wilbraham L, Adamo C, Labat F, Ciofini I. Electrostatic Embedding To Model the Impact of Environment on Photophysical Properties of Molecular Crystals: A Self-Consistent Charge Adjustment Procedure. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3316-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wilbraham
- PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche
de Chimie Paris IRCP, CNRS−Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche
de Chimie Paris IRCP, CNRS−Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Labat
- PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche
de Chimie Paris IRCP, CNRS−Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche
de Chimie Paris IRCP, CNRS−Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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23
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Optical properties of the dibenzothiazolylphenol molecular crystals through ONIOM calculations: the effect of the electrostatic embedding scheme. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Azarias C, Budzák Š, Laurent AD, Ulrich G, Jacquemin D. Tuning ESIPT fluorophores into dual emitters. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3763-3774. [PMID: 29997864 PMCID: PMC6008603 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using first-principle approaches, we show how ESIPT can be controlled by fine-tuning of substituents, hence leading to new dual emitters.
Dyes undergoing excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) are known to present large Stokes shifts as a result of the important geometrical reorganisation following photon absorption. When the ESIPT process is not quantitative, one can obtain dual emitters characterised by two distinct fluorescence bands, observed due to emissions from both the canonical and ESIPT isomers. However, dual emission generally requires to maintain a very specific balance, as the relative excited-state free energies of the two tautomers have to be within a narrow window to observe the phenomenon. Consequently, simple chemical intuition is insufficient to optimise dual emission. In the present contribution, we investigate, with the help of quantum-mechanical tools and more precisely, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC), a wide panel of possible ESIPT/dual emitters with various substituents. The selected protocol is first shown to be very robust on a series of structures with known experimental behaviour, and next is applied to novel derivatives with various substituents located at different positions. This work encompasses the largest chemical library of potential ESIPT compounds studied to date. We pinpoint the most promising combinations for building dual emitters, highlight unexpected combination effects and rationalise the impact of the different auxochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM , UMR CNRS 6230 , Université de Nantes , BP 92208, 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France . ; Tel: +33-2-51-12-55-64
| | - Šimon Budzák
- CEISAM , UMR CNRS 6230 , Université de Nantes , BP 92208, 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France . ; Tel: +33-2-51-12-55-64
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- CEISAM , UMR CNRS 6230 , Université de Nantes , BP 92208, 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France . ; Tel: +33-2-51-12-55-64
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie , l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) UMR7515 CNRS Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel , 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 , France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM , UMR CNRS 6230 , Université de Nantes , BP 92208, 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France . ; Tel: +33-2-51-12-55-64.,Institut Universitaire de France , 1, rue Descartes , F-75005 Paris Cedex 05 , France
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25
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Presti D, Labat F, Pedone A, Frisch MJ, Hratchian HP, Ciofini I, Cristina Menziani M, Adamo C. Modeling emission features of salicylidene aniline molecular crystals: A QM/QM’ approach. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:861-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Presti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia; via G. Campi 103 Modena I-41125 Italy
| | - Frédéric Labat
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS Chimie ParisTech; 11 Rue P. et M. Curie F-75005 Paris France
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia; via G. Campi 103 Modena I-41125 Italy
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian Inc.; 340 Quinnipiac Str., Bldg. 40 Wallingford Connecticut 06492
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University of California; Merced California 95343
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS Chimie ParisTech; 11 Rue P. et M. Curie F-75005 Paris France
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia; via G. Campi 103 Modena I-41125 Italy
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS Chimie ParisTech; 11 Rue P. et M. Curie F-75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 103 Boulevard Saint Michel Paris F-75005 France
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26
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Presti D, Pedone A, Mancini G, Duce C, Tiné MR, Barone V. Insights into structural and dynamical features of water at halloysite interfaces probed by DFT and classical molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2164-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the structure and dynamics of water molecules on kaolinite surfaces and confined in the interlayer of a halloysite model of nanometric dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
- I-41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
- I-41125 Modena
- Italy
| | | | - Celia Duce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Tiné
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
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27
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Wilbraham L, Coudert FX, Ciofini I. Modelling photophysical properties of metal–organic frameworks: a density functional theory based approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25176-25182. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescence of zinc and cadmium-based metal–organic frameworks has been characterized using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wilbraham
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | | | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
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28
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García G, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. Flavonol–carbon nanostructure hybrid systems: a DFT study on the interaction mechanism and UV/Vis features. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4760-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The properties of flavonol–carbon nanosystem hybrid materials are analyzed using computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
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29
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Muniz-Miranda F, Presti D, Menziani MC, Pedone A. Electronic and optical properties of the Au22[1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino) octane]6 nanoclusters disclosed by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Muniz-Miranda F, Pedone A, Battistelli G, Montalti M, Bloino J, Barone V. Benchmarking TD-DFT against Vibrationally Resolved Absorption Spectra at Room Temperature: 7-Aminocoumarins as Test Cases. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:5371-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 183, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 183, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Giulia Battistelli
- Dipartimento
“G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Dipartimento
“G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Julien Bloino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
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31
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Jacquemin D, Adamo C. Computational Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy with TD-DFT. DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL METHODS FOR EXCITED STATES 2015; 368:347-75. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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