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Pérez Ballesta P, Baù A, Field RA, Woolfenden E. Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108119. [PMID: 37597498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
POD diffusive samplers loaded with Carbopack X and Carbograph 5TD were exposed to certified calibration mixtures containing a total of 110 different ozone precursor and air toxic compounds. Constant sampling rates were identified for 39 ozone precursors and 33 air toxics. As 9 of these compounds were included in both mixtures, this meant a total of 63 different volatile and very volatile compounds were sampled using the POD with overall expanded uncertainties below 30 % for the sampling rate associated with the whole range of sampling times from 2 to 24 h. Carbograph 5TD exhibited superior performance for diffusive sampling of oxygenated and halogenated compounds in the air toxics mixture, while Carbopack X showed higher sampling efficiencies for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as halogenated compounds derived from benzene and C2 carbon number hydrocarbons. A model has been developed and applied to estimate sampling rates, primarily for the more volatile and weakly adsorbed compounds, as a function of the collected amount of analyte and the exposure time. For an additional 9 ozone precursors on Carbopack X, and 11 air toxics on Carbograph 5TD, the expanded uncertainties of modelled sampling rates were reduced to below 30 % and have a significantly reduced uncertainty compared to those associated with an averaged sampling rate. The paper provides Freundlich's isotherm parameters for the estimated (modelled) sampling rates and defines a pragmatic approach to their application. It does so by identifying the best sampling time to use for the expected exposure concentrations and associated analyte masses. This allows for expansion of the sampling concentration range from hundreds ng m-3 to mg m-3, while avoiding saturation of the adsorbent. Finally, field measurement comparisons of POD samplers, pumped tube samplers and online gas chromatography (GC), for sampling periods of 3 and 7 days in a semi-rural background area, showed no significant differences between reported concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pérez Ballesta
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - A Baù
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - R A Field
- United Nations Environment Programme, 1 Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France
| | - E Woolfenden
- Markes International Ltd. 1000B Central Park, Western Avenue, Bridgend, CF31 3RT, UK
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Liao W, Winship D, Lara-Ibeas I, Zhao X, Xu Q, Lu HT, Qian T, Gordenker R, Qin Y, Gianchandani YB. Highly Integrated μGC Based on a Multisensing Progressive Cellular Architecture with a Valveless Sample Inlet. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2157-2167. [PMID: 36637876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscale gas chromatographs (μGCs) promise in-field analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in environmental and industrial monitoring, healthcare, and homeland security applications. As a step toward addressing challenges with performance and manufacturability, this study reports a highly integrated monolithic chip implementing a multisensing progressive cellular architecture. This architecture incorporates three μGC cells that are customized for different ranges of analyte volatility; each cell includes a preconcentrator and separation column, two complementary capacitive detectors, and a photoionization detector (PID). An on-chip carrier gas filter scrubs ambient air for the analysis. The monolithic chip, with all 16 components, is 40.3 × 55.7 mm2 in footprint. To accommodate surface adsorptive and low-volatility analytes, the architecture eliminates the commonly used inlet valve, eliminating the need for chemically inactive surfaces in the valves and pumps, allowing the use of standard parts. Representative analysis is demonstrated from a nonpolar 14-analyte mixture, a polar 12-analyte mixture, and a 3-phosphonate ester mixture, covering a wide vapor pressure range (0.005-68.5 kPa) and dielectric constant range (1.8-23.2). The three types of detectors show highly complementary responses. Quantitative analysis is shown in the tens to hundreds ppb range. With 200 mL samples, the projected detection limits reach 0.12-4.7 ppb. Limited tests performed at 80% humidity showed that the analytes with vapor pressures <12 kPa were unaffected. A typical full run takes 28 min and consumes 2.3 kJ energy for the fluidic elements (excluding electronics). By eliminating chip-to-chip fluidic interconnections and requiring just one custom-fabricated element, this work presents a path toward high-performance and highly manufacturable μGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Declan Winship
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irene Lara-Ibeas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qu Xu
- Department of Integrative Systems + Design, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hsueh-Tsung Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tao Qian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Gordenker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yogesh B Gianchandani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Monte Carlo simulations of n-butane and n-octane adsorbed onto graphite and a molecular model of activated carbon. ADSORPTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-019-00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Magnusson R, Rittfeldt L, Åstot C. Evaluation of sorbent materials for the sampling and analysis of phosphine, sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide in air. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1375:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Szulejko JE, Kim YH, Kim KH. Method to predict gas chromatographic response factors for the trace-level analysis of volatile organic compounds based on the effective carbon number concept. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3356-65. [PMID: 23963924 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A procedure has been developed to estimate GC-MS response factors based on the theory of effective carbon number defined as the sum of the carbon number and carbon number equivalent for each selected molecular descriptor (multiplied by its number of occurrences) in each compound's molecular structure. As a means to validate the effective carbon number procedure for GC-MS analysis, a test suite of 19 volatile organic compounds was analyzed by the sorbent-tube thermal desorption method. In the effective carbon number procedure, the carbon number equivalent for each descriptor was determined to yield the optimal linear plots between response factor versus the effective carbon number with the maximum R(2) (>0.975) and the minimum mean absolute error (<5%). Effective carbon number analysis is validated as a potent approach to estimate response factor values for most compounds amenable to the sorbent-tube thermal desorption GC-MS method. Overall, it is concluded that the application of response factor versus effective carbon number relationship can produce fairly reliable prediction with reduced errors relative to other comparable procedures such as the response factor versus the carbon number approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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Sukaew T, Chang H, Serrano G, Zellers ET. Multi-stage preconcentrator/focuser module designed to enable trace level determinations of trichloroethylene in indoor air with a microfabricated gas chromatograph. Analyst 2011; 136:1664-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00780c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dufour A, Girods P, Masson E, Normand S, Rogaume Y, Zoulalian A. Comparison of two methods of measuring wood pyrolysis tar. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1164:240-7. [PMID: 17628580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for the sampling and analysis of tar produced from wood pyrolysis were compared. The first method used a conventional cold-trapping technique in solvent-filled impingers followed by liquid injection. The second one is a new application of multibed solid-phase adsorbent (SPA) tubes followed by thermal desorption (TD). Both methods are based on gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Quantification was performed with a well reproducible GC-MS method with three internal deuterated standards. The SPA/TD method offers several advantages. No solvent is required, the detection levels are improved, and gas chromatography separation is easier. Moreover, sampling time is reduced from about 1h (for the conventional cold-trapping technique in impingers) to a few seconds. No discrimination was observed between the two sampling methods for the 10 quantified compounds (aromatic compounds from benzene to phenanthrene and phenols) except for benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dufour
- Gaz de France, Research & Development Division, 361 avenue du Président Wilson, 93 211, Saint Denis la Plaine Cedex, France.
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Greally BR, Nickless G, Simmonds PG. Retention behaviour of volatile C1–C3 fluoroalkanes upon selected preconcentration adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:49-57. [PMID: 16939686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention behaviour of several gaseous fluorinated greenhouse gases on carbon-based adsorbents is presented. Retention, calculated on the basis of compound breakthrough volume (BTV), is dependent on the molecular composition of the adsorbate, with compounds possessing chlorine or polarizable hydrogens being better retained than those possessing higher fluorine content. Of the adsorbents tested the carbon molecular sieves (CMSs) of highest surface area show greater retention than those with lower area. Retention of fluorocarbons is generally higher on activated charcoals but this adsorbent type can cause irreversible retention, possible degradation and is more difficult to use practically due to its heterogeneous composition. These breakthrough volume results can be used to determine the best combination and quantities of each adsorbent that can be used within a preconcentration device with a view to developing an analytical system for the determination of fluorocarbon gases in low concentration air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Greally
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Kuntasal OO, Karman D, Wang D, Tuncel SG, Tuncel G. Determination of volatile organic compounds in different microenvironments by multibed adsorption and short-path thermal desorption followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1099:43-54. [PMID: 16330271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A multiphase assurance approach was developed for the accurate and precise determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different microenvironments. This approach includes (i) development of a method including adsorption of VOCs onto a multisorbent media followed by short-path thermal desorption (SPTD) pre-concentration and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometry (MS) quantification, (ii) validation of the sampling and analytical method and (iii) validation of the data using a multidimensional procedure. Tenax TA and Carbopack B sorbent combinations were used to collect 102 individual VOCs ranging from C5 to C12. Method parameters including thermal desorption temperature, desorption time and cryofocusing temperature were optimized. The average recoveries and method detection limits (MDL) for the target analytes were in the range 80-100% and 0.01-0.14 ppbv, respectively. The method also showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) and precision (<8%) values. Validation of the method was performed under real environmental conditions at a gas station, in an office and a residential household to examine the influence of variation in meteorological conditions such as temperature and relative humidity and a wide range of VOC concentrations. The sampling and analytical method resulted in successful determination of VOC in different microenvironments. Finally, validation of the data was performed by assessing fingerprint and time series plots and correlation matrices together with meteorological parameters such as mixing height, wind speed and temperature. The data validation procedure provided detection of both faulty data and air pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oznur Oğuz Kuntasal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Inonu Bulvari, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
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Kroupa A, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, Víden I. Breakthrough characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the −10 to +170°C temperature range on Tenax TA determined by microtrap technology. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1038:215-23. [PMID: 15233536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work the breakthrough volumes (BTVs) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on Tenax TA were determined in the -10 to 170 degrees C temperature range by using microtrap (MT) technology. The MT technology allowed experimental investigation of the temperature dependence of BTVs. Along with the BTV data, we also discuss the thermodynamics of the temperature dependence of the BTV through a two-parameter equation In (BTV) = A1/T + C1 where T is temperature (K), A1 = -deltaH/R where deltaH is enthalpy of sorption and C1 is constant. This equation fitted well the experimental results with R2 values between 0.9737 (acetone) and 0.9995 (dimethyl disulfide), with n between 6 and 11. However, for n-pentane, n-hexane and 1-hexene it proved that a three parameter equation In (BTV) = A2/ T + BTB + C2 fitted better to the experimental results, with A2 = -deltaHT0/R, B = deltaCp/R, TB = 1n(T/T0) + (T0 - T)/T, C2 a constant, deltaHT0 the adsorption enthalpy at reference temperature T0 and deltaCp the difference in the molar heat capacity of compound under investigation between the sorbed and the free gas phase state. The statistical analysis showed for example for n-pentane now R2 = 0.9969 instead of R2 = 0.9746, and Fisher statistics F = 487 instead of F = 153, with a significance level P = 0.018 for the third parameter. The results show that microtrap technology well serves as a technology to get information on temperature dependence of BTVs in an extended range. Simultaneously, it turns out that MT technology, extending the operational temperature range, is well served by a careful investigation of the temperature dependence models of BTVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Kroupa
- Department of Gas, Coke and Air Protection, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
This literature review of the fundamental developments in gas-solid adsorption isotherms includes articles published from 1933 until now. Analytical and numerical methods used for calculating the adsorption energy distribution function, as a quantitative measure of surface heterogeneity, are included. Special attention is paid to inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and more precisely to a new version of IGC known as reversed-flow gas chromatography (RF-IGC or RF-GC). RF-GC is presented as a quick, precise and effective method to investigate physicochemical properties of different kinds of adsorbents, through adsorption isotherms and related energetic parameter determinations. Advantages of the RF-GC method over traditional chromatographic methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Roubani-Kalantzopoulou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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Mastral AM, García T, Murillo R, Callén MS, López JM, Navarro MV. PAH Mixture Removal from Hot Gas by Porous Carbons. From Model Compounds to Real Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0302793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Mastral
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T. García
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R. Murillo
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. S. Callén
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. M. López
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. V. Navarro
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, P. O. Box 589, M Luesma Castán 4, 50015-Zaragoza, Spain
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Mastral AM, García T, Murillo R, Callén MS, López JM, Navarro MV. Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Adsorption on Activated Carbons at Very Low Concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie020189i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Mastral
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás García
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Murillo
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María S. Callén
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M. López
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María V. Navarro
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
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