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Weitz K, Kantner D, Kessler A, Key H, Larson J, Bodnar W, Parvathikar S, Davis L, Robey N, Taylor P, De la Cruz F, Tolaymat T, Weber N, Linak W, Krug J, Phelps L. Review of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl treatment in combustion-based thermal waste systems in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172658. [PMID: 38657813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic chemicals known for their widespread presence and environmental persistence. Carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds are major components among PFAS and among the strongest organic bonds, thus destroying PFAS may present significant challenge. Thermal treatment such as incineration is an effective and approved method for destroying many halogenated organic chemicals. Here, we present the results of existing studies and testing at combustion-based thermal treatment facilities and summarize what is known regarding PFAS destruction and mineralization at such units. Available results suggest the temperature and residence times reached by some thermal treatment systems are generally favorable to the destruction of PFAS, but the possibility for PFAS or fluorinated organic byproducts to escape destruction and adequate mineralization and be released into the air cannot be ruled out. Few studies have been conducted at full-scale operating facilities, and none to date have attempted to characterize possible fluorinated organic products of incomplete combustion (PICs). Further, the ability of existing air pollution control (APC) systems, designed primarily for particulate and acid gas control, to reduce PFAS air emissions has not been determined. These data gaps remain primarily due to the previous lack of available methods to characterize PFAS destruction and PIC concentrations in facility air emissions. However, newly developed stack testing methods offer an improved understanding of the extent to which thermal waste treatment technologies successfully destroy and mineralize PFAS in these waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Weitz
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Haley Key
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judd Larson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Lynn Davis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Robey
- Innovative Technical Solutions, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Florentino De la Cruz
- College of Computing, Engineering and Construction, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thabet Tolaymat
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Weber
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William Linak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Krug
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lara Phelps
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Taylor PH, Yamada T, Striebich RC, Graham JL, Giraud RJ. Investigation of waste incineration of fluorotelomer-based polymers as a potential source of PFOA in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 110:17-22. [PMID: 24880594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In light of the widespread presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment, a comprehensive laboratory-scale study has developed data requested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine whether municipal and/or medical waste incineration of commercial fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTBPs) at end of life is a potential source of PFOA that may contribute to environmental and human exposures. The study was divided into two phases (I and II) and conducted in accordance with EPA Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) as described in the quality assurance project plan (QAPP) for each phase. Phase I testing determined that the PFOA transport efficiency across the thermal reactor system to be used in Phase II was greater than 90%. Operating at 1000°C over 2s residence time with 3.2-6.6mgdscm(-1) hydrogen fluoride (HF), corrected to 7% oxygen (O2), and continuously monitored exhaust oxygen of 13%, Phase II testing of the FTBP composites in this thermal reactor system yielded results demonstrating that waste incineration of fluorotelomer-based polymers does not result in the formation of detectable levels of PFOA under conditions representative of typical municipal waste combustor (MWC) and medical waste incinerator (MWI) operations in the U.S. Therefore, waste incineration of these polymers is not expected to be a source of PFOA in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Taylor
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Environmental Engineering Group, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, United States.
| | - T Yamada
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Environmental Engineering Group, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, United States
| | - R C Striebich
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Environmental Engineering Group, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, United States
| | - J L Graham
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Environmental Engineering Group, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, United States
| | - R J Giraud
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., 1007 Market Street, Wilmington, DE 19898, United States
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SUDHAKAR G, RAJAKUMAR B. Thermal decomposition of 1-chloropropane behind the reflected shock waves in the temperature range of 1015–1220 K: Single pulse shock tube and computational studies. J CHEM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-014-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wingfors H, Svensson K, Hägglund L, Hedenstierna S, Magnusson R. Emission factors for gases and particle-bound substances produced by firing lead-free small-caliber ammunition. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:282-291. [PMID: 24188168 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.858821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free ammunition is becoming increasingly popular because of the environmental and human health issues associated with the use of leaded ammunition. However, there is a lack of data on the emissions produced by firing such ammunition. We report emission factors for toxic gases and particle-bound compounds produced by firing lead-free ammunition in a test chamber. Carbon monoxide, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide levels within the chamber were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while total suspended particles and respirable particles were determined gravimetrically. The metal content of the particulate emissions was determined and the associated organic compounds were characterized in detail using a method based on thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The particulate matter (∼30 mg/round) consisted primarily of metals such as Cu, Zn, and Fe along with soot arising from incomplete combustion. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as carbazole, quinolone, and phenazine were responsible for some of the 25 most significant chromatographic peaks, together with PAHs, diphenylamine, and phthalates. Emission factors were determined for PAHs and oxygenated PAHs; the latter were less abundant in the gun smoke particles than in domestic dust and diesel combustion smoke. This may be due to the oxygen-deficient conditions that occur when the gun is fired. By using an electrical low pressure impactor, it was demonstrated that more than 90% of the particles produced immediately after firing the weapon had diameters of less than 30 nm, and so most of the gun smoke particles belonged to the nanoparticle regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wingfors
- a FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security , Umeå , Sweden
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Tanada TN, Velazquez J, Hemmi N, Cool TA. Detection of Toxic Emissions from Incinerators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19930971205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Minami
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Hee-Joon Kim
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Minami
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Hiroki Fujii
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Hee-Joon Kim
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Yamada T, Taylor PH, Buck RC, Kaiser MA, Giraud RJ. Thermal degradation of fluorotelomer treated articles and related materials. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:974-84. [PMID: 16257319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first known studies to investigate the thermal degradation of a polyester/cellulose fabric substrate ("article") treated with a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer under laboratory conditions conservatively representing typical combustion conditions of time, temperature, and excess air level in a municipal incinerator, with an average temperature of 1000 degrees C or greater over approximately 2s residence time. The results demonstrate that the polyester/cellulose fabric treated with a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer is destroyed and no detectable amount of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is formed under typical municipal incineration conditions. Therefore, textiles and paper treated with such a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer disposed of in municipal waste and incinerated are expected to be destroyed and not be a significant source of PFOA in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Environmental Engineering Group, University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-0114, USA
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Yu H, Kennedy EM, Uddin MA, Sullivan SP, Dlugogorski BZ. Experimental and computational studies of the thermal decomposition of halon 1211. INT J CHEM KINET 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cropek DM, Kemme PA, Day JM, Cochran J. Use of pyrolysis GC/MS for predicting emission byproducts from the incineration of double-base propellant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:4346-4351. [PMID: 12387407 DOI: 10.1021/es020758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the pyrolytic byproducts from an Army-unique propellant compound (AA2) that is composed of predominantly nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. Compounds produced by AA2 pyrolysis were compared to compounds detected in the gaseous effluent from AA2 incineration. The light permanent gases and most of the higher molecular weight byproducts produced by AA2 incineration are replicated by laboratory pyrolysis on AA2. The reverse case also holds whereby 18 out of 24 high molecular weight AA2 pyrolytic byproducts are found in the incinerator emissions. Poor matching, however, was obtained between the two processes for the volatile, water-soluble species. None of these low molecular weight compounds produced under pyrolytic conditions were detected in the AA2 incinerator samples, likely indicating inefficient capture of these compounds from the effluent stream. Separate pyrolytic degradation of the individual components of AA2 provides evidence that nearly all of the incomplete combustion products detected during incineration originate not from the prevalent energetic ingredients but rather from the minor and trace additives in AA2. In addition, pyrolysis successfully identified the AA2 components capable of surviving the incineration process intact. This work illustrates the potential of bench-scale pyrolysis for predicting incineration behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Cropek
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois 61822-1076, USA.
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11
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Catalytic Hydrolysis of Dichlorodifluoromethane over Nanosized Titania-Supported Titanyl Sulfate. J Catal 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yamamoto Y, Tagawa S. Radiolytic and thermal dechlorination of organic chlorides adsorbed on molecular sieve 13X. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:2122-2127. [PMID: 11393996 DOI: 10.1021/es001622n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzene (PhCl), trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), 1- and 2-chlorobutanes, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethanes adsorbed on molecular sieve 13X was investigated. The molecular sieve adsorbing the organic chlorides was irradiated with gamma-rays, heated, or allowed to stand at room temperature in a sealed ampule and was then soaked in water. The dechlorination yields were determined from the Cl- concentrations of the supernatant aqueous solutions. It was found that the chlorinated alkanes adsorbed on the molecular sieve are readily dechlorinated on standing at room temperature. The dechlorination at room temperature was limited for TCE and PCE. PhCl was quite stable even at 200 degrees C. gamma-Radiolysis was examined for PhCl, TCE, and PCE at room temperature. The radiation chemical yields of the dechlorination, G(Cl-), were 1.9, 40, and 30 for PhCl, TCE, and PCE, respectively. After 5 h of heating at 200 degrees C, the dechlorination yields for TCE and PCE were 24.5 and 4.3%, respectively. TCE is much more reactive than PCE in the thermal dechlorination, whereas their radiolytic dechlorination yields are comparable. The pH of the supernatant solutions decreased along with the dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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Experimental and computational studies of the pyrolysis of CBrF3, and the reaction of CBrF3 with CH4. Chem Eng Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Yamamoto Y, Tagawa S. Radiolytic and Thermal Dehalogenation of CFC-113 Adsorbed on Molecular Sieve 13X. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.72.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Li K, Kennedy EM, Dlugogorski BZ. Gas-Phase Reaction of Halon 1301 (CBrF3) with Methane. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie990201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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16
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Colussi AJ, Hung HM, Hoffmann MR. Sonochemical Degradation Rates of Volatile Solutes. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984272o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Colussi
- Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Hui-Ming Hung
- Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Environmental Engineering Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Imamura S, Matsuba Y, Yamada E, Takai K, Utani K. Absorption of Inorganic Halides Produced from Freon 12 by Calcium Carbonate Containing Iron(III) Oxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9700268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Imamura
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuba
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Etsu Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Kazunori Utani
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
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Kiefer JH, Sathyanarayana R. Vibrational relaxation and dissociation in the perfluoromethyl halides, CF3Cl, CF3Br, andCF3I. INT J CHEM KINET 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4601(1997)29:9<705::aid-kin8>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Atomistic mechanism of the adsorption of CFCs in zeolite as investigated by Monte Carlo simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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21
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Su MC, Kumaran SS, Lim KP, Michael JV, Wagner AF, Dixon DA, Kiefer JH, DiFelice J. Thermal Decomposition of CF2HCl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9613293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - D. A. Dixon
- DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0328
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Kumaran SS, Su MC, Lim KP, Michael JV, Wagner AF. Thermal Decomposition of CFCl3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960023t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Kumaran
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - M.-C. Su
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - K. P. Lim
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - J. V. Michael
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - A. F. Wagner
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Nagata Y, Hirai K, Okitsu K, Dohmaru T, Maeda Y. Decomposition of Chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113 in Water by Ultrasonic Irradiation. CHEM LETT 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1995.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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SAROFIM ADELF, PERSHING DAVIDW, DELLINGER BARRY, HEAP MICHAELP, OWENS WARREND. Emissions of Metal and Organic Compounds from Cement Kilns Using Waste Derived Fuels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1089/hwm.1994.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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LAMB C, MILLER F, ROTH A, DELLINGER B, SIDHU S. Detailed Determination of Organic Emissions from a Preheater Cement Kiln Co-Fired with Liquid Hazardous Wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1089/hwm.1994.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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TAVAKOLI J, DONEY J. PYROLYSIS OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE IN METHANE/NITROGEN BATH USING A FLOW REACTOR. CHEM ENG COMMUN 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00986449308936112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. TAVAKOLI
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Lafayette College , Easton, PA, 18042-1775
| | - J.A. DONEY
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Lafayette College , Easton, PA, 18042-1775
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Berman J, Graham J, Dellinger B. High temperature UV absorption characteristics of three environmentally sensitive compounds. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)85244-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Williams BA, Tanada TN, Cool TA. Resonance ionization detection limits for hazardous emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Imamura S. Catalytic decomposition of halogenated organic compounds and deactivation of the catalysts. Catal Today 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0920-5861(92)80042-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ueda W, Tomioka S, Morikawa Y, Sudo M, Ikawa T. Selective Hydrodechlorination of CFC-113 to 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethylene over Supported Ni Catalysts. CHEM LETT 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1990.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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RITTER EDWARD, BOZZELI JOSEPHW. Chlorobenzene and Dichlorobenzene Reactions in Hydrogen and in Hydrogen/Oxygen Mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1089/hwm.1990.7.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Taylor PH, D'angelo JA, Martin MC, Kasner JH, Dellinger B. Laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence studies of reaction rates of OH with CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3 over an extended temperature range. INT J CHEM KINET 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550210908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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