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Liu J, Zhang J, Dai Z, Li B, Chen X, Meng X. Recycling aluminum from polyaluminum chloride sludge through acid dissolution and cation resin separation/purification. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122096. [PMID: 39029394 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
To recycle aluminum (Al) from waterworks sludge resulting from polyaluminum chloride (PAC) used as coagulants, this study proposed an innovative strong acidic cation (SAC) exchange resin treatment strategy for Al separation from coexisting fulvic acid (FA) and heavy metals (HMs) in the H2SO4 leachate of PAC sludge. Fluorescence titration confirmed the breakdown of the Al-FA complex at pH 2.0, which facilitated Al separation from FA in the acidic leachate. The species distribution of the dissociated Al (i.e. Ala, Alb, and Alc) significantly influenced the adsorption of Al onto the cation exchange resin. The continuous release of H+ during the cation exchange reaction greatly promoted the transformation of dissociated Alc and Alb into Ala, thereby improving the adsorption of total Al. Moreover, the SAC resin column successfully separated the codissolved HMs from the Al in the leachate even at an influent pH of 2.8, which was attributed to the greater selectivity of the sulfonate groups on the cation exchange resin for free Al3+. The Al eluted from the exhausted resin with 1.1 M H2SO4 was collected as the recycled coagulant after proper pH adjustment. The Al adsorption capacity of the SAC resin decreased by approximately 5 % with each operation cycle and was regained by complete regeneration with 1.8 M H2SO4 after 5 cycles. Overall, the integrated efficiency of Al recovery from PAC sludge by H2SO4 acidification and SAC resin separation/purification reached 70.10 %. The recycled Al from sludge has a water treatment performance comparable to that of fresh PAC coagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zicheng Dai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Bing Li
- Xi'an Water Supply Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710082, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoguang Meng
- Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Input-Output Budgets of Nutrients in Adjacent Norway Spruce and European Beech Monocultures Recovering from Acidification. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil acidification has constituted an important ecological threat to forests in Central Europe since the 1950s. In areas that are sensitive to acid pollution, where the soil buffering capacity is naturally low, tree species can significantly modulate the extent of soil acidification by affecting throughfall deposition and the composition of litter. A principal difference can be expected between coniferous and broadleaf tree species. The aim of our study was to compare long-term trends in element cycling in two stands representing the main types of forest ecosystem in the region (Picea abies vs. Fagus sylvatica). In the period of 2005–2017, we continually measured element concentrations and fluxes in bulk precipitation, throughfall precipitation, and soil leachates. A continuous decline of acid deposition was detected in both bulk precipitation and throughfall. Declining deposition of S and N in both forests has led to the recovery of soil solution chemistry in the mineral soil, manifested by rising pH from 4.25 to 4.47 under spruce and from 4.42 to 4.69 in the beech stand. However, soil water in the spruce stand was more acidic, with higher concentrations of SO42− and Al when compared to the beech stand. While the acidity of soil leachates from organic horizons was driven mainly by organic anions, in lower mineral horizons it was controlled by inorganic acid anions. NO3− concentrations in deeper horizons of the spruce stand have diminished since 2006; however, in the beech plot, episodically elevated NO3− concentrations in mineral horizons are a sign of seasonal processes and of nearby perturbations. Higher output of S when compared to the input of the same element indicates slow S resorption, delaying the recovery of soil chemistry. Our results indicate that, although forest ecosystems are recovering from acidification, soil S retention and the ability to immobilize N is affected by the dominant tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bertsch
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory; University of Georgia; Aiken South Carolina
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Turmel MC, Courchesne F, Cloutier-Hurteau B. Microbial activity and water-soluble trace element species in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. USU-Perigee). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2011; 13:1059-1072. [PMID: 21359293 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of microbial activity on the concentration and speciation of trace elements (TEs) was assessed in a study on the bioavailability of TEs for edible plants. A growth chamber experiment with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. USU-Perigee) was conducted and the bulk (Bk) and the rhizosphere (Rz) soil components were collected at maturity. A characterization of the microbial activity and population was made by measuring the microbial biomass, enzymes (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase and urease) and 16S rDNA DGGE profiles. In soil water extracts, major solutes (H(+), Ca, Mg, Na, NH(4), K, Cl, NO(3), SO(4), total N, DON and DOC) and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl, and Zn) including monomeric Al species, free Cu(2+) and labile Zn were determined. The partition of the variation indicated that 12.1% of the distribution of TEs in the Bk soil was significantly and exclusively explained by chemical properties while this value was less than 0.1% for the Rz soil. To the contrary, microbial properties contributed significantly to 12.3% of the distribution of TEs in the Rz soil whereas it explained less than 0.1% for the Bk soil. Detailed redundancy analyses identified several potential mechanisms (e.g. weathering of primary mineral, solubilisation of sesquioxides, bacterial effect on the redox status) explaining the fate of TEs in the Bk and Rz soils. This study revealed that microbial activity is strongly associated to the speciation of trace elements in the Rz of edible plants and points to some microbial processes influencing TE speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Turmel
- Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Krám P, Hruška J, Driscoll CT, Johnson CE, Oulehle F. Long-term changes in aluminum fractions of drainage waters in two forest catchments with contrasting lithology. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1465-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cory N, Laudon H, Köhler S, Seibert J, Bishop K. Evolution of soil solution aluminum during transport along a forested boreal hillslope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Cory
- Department of Forest Resource Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Stephan Köhler
- Department of Applied Geosciences; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Jan Seibert
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Department of Environmental Assessment; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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Watmough SA, Aherne J, Eimers MC, Dillon PJ. Acidification at Plastic Lake, Ontario: Has 20 Years Made a Difference? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11267-006-9064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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HENDERSHOT WH, COURCHESNE F. Comparison of soil solution chemistry in zero tension and ceramic-cup tension lysimeters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oulehle F, Hruska J. Tree species (Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica) effects on soil water acidification and aluminium chemistry at sites subjected to long-term acidification in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 99:1822-9. [PMID: 16054698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) on acid deposition and soil water chemistry was studied at a site in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic, that has been subjected to decades of elevated acidic deposition. Dry deposition onto the spruce canopy significantly increased acid input to the soil in comparison to the beech canopy. As a result soil waters were more acidic; Al, SO4(2-), and NO3- concentrations were significantly higher; and Ca and K concentrations were lower in the spruce stand than in the beech stand. The concentrations of potentially toxic inorganic aluminium (Al(in)) were, on average, three times higher in the spruce stand than in the beech stand. Thus, Al played a major role in neutralizing acid inputs to mineral soils in the spruce stand. Despite the higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in spruce organic soil solutions, organic Al (Al(org)) accounted for only 30% of total Al (Al(tot)), whereas in beech organic soil solutions Al(org) was 60% of Al(tot). Soil waters in the beech stand exhibited Al(in) concentrations close to solubility with jurbanite (Al(SO4)OH.5H2O). The more acidic soil waters in the spruce stand were oversaturated with respect to jurbanite. The Bc/Al(in) ratio (Bc = Ca + Mg + K) in O horizon leachate was 4.6 and 70 in spruce and beech stands, respectively. In beech mineral soil solutions, the Bc/Al(in) ratio declined significantly to about 2. In the spruce stand, mineral soil solutions had Bc/Al(in) values below the critical value of 1. The observed Bc/Al(in) value of 0.4 at 30 cm depth in the spruce stand suggests significant stress for spruce rooting systems. A more favourable value of 31 was observed for the same depth in the beech stand. The efficiency of the spruce canopy in capturing acidic aerosols, particulates, and cloud water has resulted in the long-term degradation of underlying soils as a medium for sustainable forest growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Oulehle
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Klarov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Bi S, Gan N, Wei Z. Aluminum Speciation with Adsorptive Pyrocatechol Violet-Al(III) Complex by Derivative Adsorption Chronopotentiometry. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200110)13:15<1279::aid-elan1279>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Milačič R, Kožuh N, Mitrović B. Combination of three analytical techniques for speciation of Al in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01246862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fairman B, Sanz-Medel A. 9. Determination of aluminium species in natural waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(06)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Fairman B, Sanz-Medel A, Gallego M, Quintela MJ, Jones P, Benson R. Method comparison for the determination of labile aluminium species in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)85086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kramer JR, Gleed J, Gracey K. Aluminum - pyrocatechol violet reactivity with various complexing agents. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)85065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Quintela MJ, Gallego M, Valcárcel M. Flow injection spectrophotometric method for the speciation of aluminium in river and tap waters. Analyst 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/an9931801199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kirchner JW, Dillon PJ, LaZerte BD. Predicted response of stream chemistry to acid loading tested in Canadian catchments. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/358478a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Havens KE. Littoral zooplankton responses to acid and aluminum stress during short-term laboratory bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1991; 73:71-84. [PMID: 15092092 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(91)90097-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/1990] [Accepted: 01/18/1991] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During autumn 1990, littoral zooplankton were collected from three alkaline lakes in Ohio, USA. Toxicity tests were performed, in which animals were placed into treatments of pH 4.5, with or without 500 microg litre(-1) Al added. Percentage survival after 24 h was determined for each test species, and compared to survival in controls (pH roughly 8.0). Three distinct responses were observed: (1) Four cladocerans, Simocephalus serrulatus, Diaphanosoma birgii, Acantholeberis curvirostris and Chydorus sphaericus, were tolerant of both acid and Al, with no significant reductions in survival in the treatments. (2) The cladoceran Eurycercus lamellatus and the capepod Acanthocyclops vernalis were sensitive to both acid and Al, and suffered 100% mortality in both treatments. (3) The cladocerans Camptocercus rectirostris, Alona costata and Pleuroxus denticulatus, and the copopod Mesocyclops edax showed decreased survival in the acid treatment, and a significantly greater decrease in the acid plus Al treatment. For nine of the ten test species, the results were consistent with previous survey and paleolimnological studies. The results indicate that direct toxic effects of H+ and Al ions largely determine the responses of these common littoral species to acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Havens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Water Resources Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Havens KE, Heath RT. Phytoplankton succession during acidification with and without increasing aluminum levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1990; 68:129-145. [PMID: 15092198 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1990] [Accepted: 07/06/1990] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An in situ mesocosm experiment was performed to investigate the role of aluminum in controlling phytoplankton community succession during lake acidification. Large (2000 liter) mesocosms were suspended in mesotrophic East Twin Lake, Ohio, USA. Duplicates were either untreated controls (pH 8.8), acidified to pH 4.5 over 23 days, or acidified and spiked with 200 microg/liter Al in incremental additions. Filamentous blue greens, diatoms and other chrysophytes became extinct in both acid treatments, but declined most rapidly where Al levels were also increased. The large desmid Closterium and the filamentous chlorophyte Mougoetia became dominant in the Acid treatment. In the Acid + Al treatment, these algae also became dominant, but the species with greatest biomass was the dinoflagellate Peridinium inconspicuum. Acidification (with or without added Al) also resulted in a significant shift in the algal size spectrum to larger (> 20 microm) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Havens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Water Resources Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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