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Liu J, Li B, Deng H, Yang Y, Song W, Wang X, Luo Y, Francisco JS, Li L, Gligorovski S. Resolving the Formation Mechanism of HONO via Ammonia-Promoted Photosensitized Conversion of Monomeric NO 2 on Urban Glass Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11488-11493. [PMID: 37196053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation processes of nitrous acid (HONO) is crucial due to its role as a primary source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the urban atmosphere and its involvement in haze events. In this study, we propose a new pathway for HONO formation via the UVA-light-promoted photosensitized conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, common compounds in urban grime). This new mechanism differs from the traditional mechanism, as it does not require the formation of the NO2 dimer. Instead, the enhanced electronic interaction between the UVA-light excited triplet state of PAHs and NO2-H2O/NO2-NH3-H2O significantly reduces the energy barrier and facilitates the exothermic formation of HONO from monomeric NO2. Furthermore, the performed experiments confirmed our theoretical findings and revealed that the synergistic effect from light-excited PAHs and NH3 boosts the HONO formation with determined HONO fluxes of 3.6 × 1010 molecules cm-2 s-1 at 60% relative humidity (RH) higher than any previously reported HONO fluxes. Intriguingly, light-induced NO2 to HONO conversion yield on authentic urban grime in presence of NH3 is unprecedented 130% at 60% RH due to the role of NH3 acting as a hydrogen carrier, facilitating the transfer of hydrogen from H2O to NO2. These results show that NH3-assisted UVA-light-induced NO2 to HONO conversion on urban surfaces can be a dominant source of HONO in the metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Angelucci AA, Crilley LR, Richardson R, Valkenburg TSE, Monks PS, Roberts JM, Sommariva R, VandenBoer TC. Elevated levels of chloramines and chlorine detected near an indoor sports complex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:304-313. [PMID: 36484250 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chloramines (NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3) are toxic compounds that can be created during the use of bleach-based disinfectants that contain hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ion (OCl-) as their active ingredients. Chloramines can then readily transfer from the aqueous-phase to the gas-phase. Atmospheric chemical ionization mass spectrometry using iodide adduct chemistry (I-CIMS) made observations across two periods (2014 and 2016) at an urban background site on the University of Leicester campus (Leicester, UK). Both monochloramine (NH2Cl) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) were detected and positively identified from calibrated mass spectra during both sampling periods and to our knowledge, this is the first detection of NH2Cl outdoors. Mixing ratios of NH2Cl reached up to 2.2 and 4.0 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with median mixing ratios of 30 and 120 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) during the 2014 and 2016 sampling periods, respectively. Levels of Cl2 were observed to reach up to 220 and 320 pptv. Analysis of the NH2Cl and Cl2 data pointed to the same local source, a nearby indoor sports complex with a swimming pool and a cleaning product storage shed. No appreciable levels of NHCl2 and NCl3 were observed outdoors, suggesting the indoor pool was not likely to be the primary source of the observed ambient chloramines, as prior measurements made in indoor pool atmospheres indicate that NCl3 would be expected to dominate. Instead, these observations point to indoor cleaning and/or cleaning product emissions as the probable source of NH2Cl and Cl2 where the measured levels provide indirect evidence for substantial amounts transported from indoors to outdoors. Our upper estimate for total NH2Cl emissions from the University of Leicester indoor sports complexes scaled for similar sports complexes across the UK is 3.4 × 105 ± 1.1 × 105 μg h-1 and 0.0017 ± 0.00034 Gg yr-1, respectively. The Cl-equivalent emissions in HCl are only an order of magnitude less to those from hazardous waste incineration and iron and steel sinter production in the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Rob Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | | | - Paul S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
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Tao Y, VandenBoer TC, Veres PR, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Weber RJ, Markovic MZ, Zhao Y, Baker KR, Kelly JT, Murphy JG, Young CJ, Roberts JM. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) at ground sites during CalNex 2010 and insight into its thermodynamic properties. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:1-16. [PMID: 35586832 PMCID: PMC9109133 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase hydrogen chloride (HCl) was measured at Pasadena and San Joaquin Valley (SJV) ground sites in California during May and June 2010 as part of the CalNex study. Observed mixing ratios were on average 0.83 ppbv at Pasadena, ranging from below detection limit (0.055 ppbv) to 5.95 ppbv, and were on average 0.084 ppbv at SJV with a maximum value of 0.776 ppbv. At both sites, HCl levels were highest during midday and shared similar diurnal variations with HNO3. Coupled phase partitioning behavior was found between HCl/Cl- and HNO3/NO3 - using thermodynamic modelling and observations. Regional modeling of Cl- and HCl using CMAQ captures some of the observed relationships but underestimates measurements by a factor of 5 or more. Chloride in the 2.5-10 μm size range in Pasadena was sometimes higher than sea salt abundances, based on co-measured Na+, implying that sources other than sea salt are important. The acid-displacement of HCl/Cl- by HNO3/NO3 - (phase partitioning of semi-volatile acids) observed at the SJV site can only be explained by aqueous phase reaction despite low RH conditions and suggests the temperature dependence of HCl phase partitioning behavior was strongly impacted by the activity coefficient changes under relevant aerosol conditions (e.g., high ionic strength). Despite the influence from activity coefficients, the gas-particle system was found to be well constrained by other stronger buffers and charge balance so that HCl and Cl- concentrations were reproduced well by thermodynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Milos Z. Markovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Now at Picarro Inc., Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cora J. Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Meidan D, Brown SS, Sinha V, Rudich Y. Nocturnal Atmospheric Oxidative Processes in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Their Variation During the COVID-19 Lockdowns. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097472. [PMID: 35601504 PMCID: PMC9111199 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates selected secondary atmospheric responses to the widely reported emission change attributed to COVID-19 lockdowns in the highly polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using ground-based measurements of trace gases and particulate matter. We used a chemical box-model to show that production of nighttime oxidant, NO3, was affected mainly by emission decrease (average nighttime production rates 1.2, 0.8 and 1.5 ppbv hr-1 before, during and relaxation of lockdown restrictions, respectively), while NO3 sinks were sensitive to both emission reduction and seasonal variations. We have also shown that the maximum potential mixing ratio of nitryl chloride, a photolytic chlorine radical source which has not been previously considered in the IGP, is as high as 5.5 ppbv at this inland site, resulting from strong nitrate radical production and a potentially large particulate chloride mass. This analysis suggests that air quality measurement campaigns and modeling explicitly consider heterogeneous nitrogen oxide and halogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - S. S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - V. Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Y. Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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5
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Zhang J, Ran H, Guo Y, Xue C, Liu X, Qu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Mu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, An J. High crop yield losses induced by potential HONO sources - A modelling study in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149929. [PMID: 34478900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere through its photolysis, and can significantly influence ozone (O3) levels, thereby causing considerable crop yield losses. Previous studies have assessed relative crop yield losses by using exposure-response equations with observed or simulated O3, however, the contribution of enhanced O3 due to potential HONO sources to the crop yield losses has never been quantified. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the crop yield losses caused by potential HONO sources in the North China Plain (NCP), which is one of the major grain-producing areas in China suffering from heavy O3 pollution, by using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model during the wheat and maize growing seasons of 2016. HONO simulations were significantly improved after including six potential HONO sources in the WRF-Chem model. The potential HONO sources produced a daily maximum 8-h O3 enhancement of 8.1/8.2 ppb during the wheat/maize growing seasons, respectively, and led to ~11.4%/3.3% relative yield losses for wheat/maize, respectively, corresponding to approximately US$3.78/0.66 billion losses, respectively, in NCP in 2016. The above results suggest that potential HONO sources play a significant role in O3 formation and could induce high crop yield losses globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Tan Z, Ma X, Lu K, Jiang M, Zou Q, Wang H, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Direct evidence of local photochemical production driven ozone episode in Beijing: A case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:148868. [PMID: 34384967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive field campaign conducted in Beijing, September 2016, to elucidate the photochemical smog pollution, i.e. Ozone (O3). The observed daily maximum hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydroperoxy radical (HO2) concentrations were up to 1 × 107 cm-3 and 6 × 108 cm-3, respectively, indicating the active photochemistry in autumn Beijing. Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and O3 contributed 1-2 ppbv h-1 to OH primary production during daytime. OH termination were dominated by the reaction with nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which were in general larger than primary production rates, indicating other primary radical sources maybe important. The measurement of radicals facilitates the direct determination of local ozone production rate P (Ox) (Ox = O3 + NO2). The integrated P(Ox) reached 75 ppbv in afternoon (for 4 h) when planetary boundary layer was well developed. At the same time period, the observed total oxidant concentrations Ox, increased significantly by 70 ppbv. In addition, the Ox measurement showed compact increase in 12 stations both temporally and spatially in Beijing, indicating that active photochemical production happened homogenously throughout the city. The back-trajectory analysis showed that Beijing was isolated from the other cities during the episode, which further proved that the fast ozone pollution was contributed by local photochemical production rather than regional advection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Meiqing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Joint laboratory for Regional pollution Control (IJRC), Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
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7
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Zhu C, Jagdale G, Gandolfo A, Alanis K, Abney R, Zhou L, Bish D, Raff JD, Baker LA. Surface Charge Measurements with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Provide Insights into Nitrous Acid Speciation at the Kaolin Mineral-Air Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12233-12242. [PMID: 34449200 PMCID: PMC9277718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Unique surface properties of aluminosilicate clay minerals arise from anisotropic distribution of surface charge across their layered structures. Yet, a molecular-level understanding of clay mineral surfaces has been hampered by the lack of analytical techniques capable of measuring surface charges at the nanoscale. This is important for understanding the reactivity, colloidal stability, and ion-exchange capacity properties of clay minerals, which constitute a major fraction of global soils. In this work, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is used for the first time to visualize the surface charge and topography of dickite, a well-ordered member of the kaolin subgroup of clay minerals. Dickite displayed a pH-independent negative charge on basal surfaces whereas the positive charge on edges increased from pH 6 to 3. Surface charges responded to malonate addition, which promoted dissolution/precipitation reactions. Results from SICM were used to interpret heterogeneous reactivity studies showing that gas-phase nitrous acid (HONO) is released from the protonation of nitrite at Al-OH2+ groups on dickite edges at pH well above the aqueous pKa of HONO. This study provides nanoscale insights into mineral surface processes that affect environmental processes on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Gargi Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Adrien Gandolfo
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Rebecca Abney
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - David Bish
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Jonathan D Raff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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8
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Nodeh-Farahani D, Bentley JN, Crilley LR, Caputo CB, VandenBoer TC. A boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based probe for selective passive sampling of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) indoors. Analyst 2021; 146:5756-5766. [PMID: 34515696 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
People spend up to 90% of their time indoors, and yet our understanding of indoor air quality and the chemical processes driving it are poorly understood, despite levels of key pollutants typically being higher indoors compared to outdoors. Nitrous acid (HONO) is a species that drives these indoor chemical processes, with potentially detrimental health effects. In this work, a BODIPY-based probe was synthesized with the aim of developing the first selective passive sampler for atmospheric HONO. Our probe and its products are easily detected by UV-Vis spectroscopy with molar extinct coefficients of 37 863 and 33 787 M-1 cm-1, respectively, and a detection limit of 14.8 ng mL-1. When protonated, the probe fluoresces with a quantum yield of 33%, which is turned off upon reaction. The synthesized BODIPY probe was characterized using NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Products were characterized by UV-Vis and ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry. The reaction kinetics of the probe with nitrite was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which had a pseudo-first-order rate of k = 7.7 × 10-4 s-1. The rapid reaction makes this probe suitable for targeted ambient sampling of HONO. This was investigated through a proof-of-concept experiment with gaseous HONO produced by a custom high-purity calibration source delivering the sample to the BODIPY probe in an acidic aqueous solution in clean air and a real indoor air matrix. The probe showed quantitative uptake of HONO in both cases to form the same products observed from reaction with nitrite, with no indication of interferences from ambient NO or NO2. The chemical and physical characteristics of the probe therefore make it ideal for use in passive samplers for selective sampling of HONO from the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan N Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Robinson MA, Decker ZCJ, Barsanti KC, Coggon MM, Flocke FM, Franchin A, Fredrickson CD, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Holmes CD, Lamplugh A, Lavi A, Middlebrook AM, Montzka DM, Palm BB, Peischl J, Pierce B, Schwantes RH, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Tyndall GS, Thornton JA, Van Rooy P, Warneke C, Weinheimer AJ, Brown SS. Variability and Time of Day Dependence of Ozone Photochemistry in Western Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10280-10290. [PMID: 34255503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the efficiency and variability of photochemical ozone (O3) production from western wildfire plumes is important to accurately estimate their influence on North American air quality. A set of photochemical measurements were made from the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft as a part of the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) experiment. We use a zero-dimensional (0-D) box model to investigate the chemistry driving O3 production in modeled plumes. Modeled afternoon plumes reached a maximum O3 mixing ratio of 140 ± 50 ppbv (average ± standard deviation) within 20 ± 10 min of emission compared to 76 ± 12 ppbv in 60 ± 30 min in evening plumes. Afternoon and evening maximum O3 isopleths indicate that plumes were near their peak in NOx efficiency. A radical budget describes the NOx volatile - organic compound (VOC) sensitivities of these plumes. Afternoon plumes displayed a rapid transition from VOC-sensitive to NOx-sensitive chemistry, driven by HOx (=OH + HO2) production from photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) (48 ± 20% of primary HOx) and formaldehyde (HCHO) (26 ± 9%) emitted directly from the fire. Evening plumes exhibit a slower transition from peak NOx efficiency to VOC-sensitive O3 production caused by a reduction in photolysis rates and fire emissions. HOx production in evening plumes is controlled by HONO photolysis (53 ± 7%), HCHO photolysis (18 ± 9%), and alkene ozonolysis (17 ± 9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary C J Decker
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank M Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Avi Lavi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Denise M Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brad Pierce
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Van Rooy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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10
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Xing C, Liu C, Hu Q, Fu Q, Wang S, Lin H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Wang W, Javed Z, Ji X, Liu J. Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 105:44-55. [PMID: 34130838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO2 and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26-4.58 km-1 and averaged at 0.93 km-1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO2 and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO2 and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO2 is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO2 are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O3) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO2 being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, USTC, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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11
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Quantification of Regional Ozone Pollution Characteristics and Its Temporal Evolution: Insights from Identification of the Impacts of Meteorological Conditions and Emissions. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has become the major new challenge after the suppression of PM2.5 to levels below the standard for the Pearl River Delta (PRD). O3 can be transported between nearby stations due to its longevity, leading stations with a similar concentration in a state of aggregation, which is an alleged regional issue. Investigations in such regional characteristics were rarely involved ever. In this study, the aggregation (reflected by the global Moran’s I index, GM), its temporal evolution, and the impacts from meteorological conditions and both local (i.e., produced within the PRD) and non-local (i.e., transported from outside the PRD) contributions were explored by spatial analysis and statistical modeling based on observation data. The results from 2007 to 2018 showed that the GM was positive overall, implying that the monitoring stations were surrounded by stations with similar ozone levels, especially during ozone seasons. State of aggregation was reinforced from 2007 to 2012, and remained stable thereafter. Further investigations revealed that GM values were independent of meteorological conditions, while closely related to local and non-local contributions, and its temporal variations were driven only by local contributions. Then, the correlation (R2) between O3 and meteorology was identified. Result demonstrated that the westerly belonged to temperature (T) and surface solar radiation (SSR) sensitive regions and the correlation between ozone and the two became intense with time. Relative humidity (RH) showed a negative correlation with ozone in most areas and periods, whereas correlations with u and v were positive for northerly winds and negative for southerly winds. Two important key points of such investigation are that, firstly, we defined the features of ozone pollution by characterizing the temporal variations in spatial discrepancies among all stations, secondly, we highlighted the significance of subregional cooperation within the PRD and regional cooperation with external environmental organizations.
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12
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Wang F, Du W, Lv S, Ding Z, Wang G. Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2021; 38:1085-1100. [PMID: 33948045 PMCID: PMC8085794 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work, we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062 China
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13
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Hogrefe C, Henderson B, Tonnesen G, Mathur R, Matichuk R. Multiscale Modeling of Background Ozone: Research Needs to Inform and Improve Air Quality Management. EM (PITTSBURGH, PA.) 2020; N/A:1-6. [PMID: 33281437 PMCID: PMC7709794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - B Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - G Tonnesen
- Air and Radiation Division, Region 8, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO 80202
| | - R Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - R Matichuk
- Air and Radiation Division, Region 8, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO 80202
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14
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Young CJ, Zhou S, Siegel JA, Kahan TF. Illuminating the dark side of indoor oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1229-1239. [PMID: 31173015 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of oxidants and their precursors (oxidants*) plays a central role in outdoor environments but its importance in indoor air remains poorly understood. Ozone (O3) chemistry is important in some indoor environments and, until recently, ozone was thought to be the dominant oxidant indoors. There is now evidence that formation of the hydroxyl radical by photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) may be important indoors. In the past few years, high time-resolution measurements of oxidants* indoors have become more common and the importance of event-based release of oxidants* during activities such as cleaning has been proposed. Here we review the current understanding of oxidants* indoors, including drivers of the formation and loss of oxidants*, levels of oxidants* in indoor environments, and important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Canada.
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15
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Liu Y, Lu K, Li X, Dong H, Tan Z, Wang H, Zou Q, Wu Y, Zeng L, Hu M, Min KE, Kecorius S, Wiedensohler A, Zhang Y. A Comprehensive Model Test of the HONO Sources Constrained to Field Measurements at Rural North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3517-3525. [PMID: 30811937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis is an important source of hydroxyl radical (OH), apportionment of the ambient HONO sources is necessary to better understand atmospheric oxidation. Based on the data HONO-related species and various parameters measured during the one-month campaign at Wangdu (a rural site in North China plain) in summer 2014, a box model was adopted with input of current literature parametrizations for various HONO sources (nitrogen dioxide heterogeneous conversion, photoenhanced conversion, photolysis of adsorbed nitric acid and particulate nitrate, acid displacement, and soil emission) to reveal the relative importance of each source at the rural site. The simulation results reproduced the observed HONO production rates during noontime in general but with large uncertainty from both the production and destruction terms. NO2 photoenhanced conversion and photolysis of particulate nitrate were found to be the two major mechanisms with large potential of HONO formation but the associated uncertainty may reduce their importance to be nearly negligible. Soil nitrite was found to be an important HONO source during fertilization periods, accounted for (80 ± 6)% of simulation HONO during noontime. For some episodes of the biomass burning, only the NO2 heterogeneous conversion to HONO was promoted significantly. In summary, the study of the HONO budget is still far from closed, which would require a significant effort on both the accurate measurement of HONO and the determination of related kinetic parameters for its production pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Qi Zou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Simonas Kecorius
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | | | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
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16
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Xue C, Ye C, Ma Z, Liu P, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Tang K, Zhang W, Zhao X, Wang Y, Song M, Liu J, Duan J, Qin M, Tong S, Ge M, Mu Y. Development of stripping coil-ion chromatograph method and intercomparison with CEAS and LOPAP to measure atmospheric HONO. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:187-195. [PMID: 30053664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is the major precursor of OH radicals in polluted areas. Accurate measurement of HONO provides vital evidence for exploring the formation of secondary pollution. Stripping coil (SC) equipped with ion chromatograph (IC) or spectrograph as one of wet chemical methods has been already used to measure HONO. The reliability of the method mainly depends on the collection efficiency and the interference from other species. In this study, a SC-IC method was set up to measure HONO. The performance of the method was assessed in the chamber using two kinds of absorption solutions i.e. ultrapure water and 25 μM Na2CO3 solution under different concentrations of SO2. Results indicated that HONO concentrations absorbed by ultrapure water and Na2CO3 solution were almost identical in the absence of SO2 in the chamber and both the collection efficiencies were >99%. However, the collection efficiency of ultrapure water decreased with the increase of SO2, indicating that the presence of SO2 resulted in the penetration of HONO. The collection efficiency kept >90% when the concentration of SO2 was no >23 ppbv. Comparing with the situation without SO2, HONO performed a remarkable increase with the presence of SO2 when using Na2CO3 absorption solution, indicating that the extra generation of HONO from the reaction between SO2 and NO2 in alkaline solution. Consequently, ultrapure water as the absorption solution could provide a high collection efficiency and avoid the interferences from SO2 when the concentration of SO2 was below 23 ppbv. High correlations (slope = 0.94-1.06, r2 > 0.90) were found during the intercomparisons between SC-IC and other three techniques, suggesting the SC-IC method developed in this study was able to measure atmospheric HONO in the field campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuzheng Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Min Qin
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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17
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Yun H, Wang T, Wang W, Tham YJ, Li Q, Wang Z, Poon SCN. Nighttime NO x loss and ClNO 2 formation in the residual layer of a polluted region: Insights from field measurements and an iterative box model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:727-734. [PMID: 29223899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosols is an important sink of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the polluted boundary layer, and the production of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) can have significant effects on the atmospheric oxidative capacity. However, the heterogeneous loss of N2O5 and the formation of ClNO2 are still not well quantified, especially in China. In a previous study, we measured ClNO2 and N2O5 concentrations in several air masses at a high-elevation site in Hong Kong, and found the highest levels ever reported at one night. The present study employed an iterative box model to investigate five N2O5/ClNO2-laden nights. We first estimated the N2O5 uptake coefficient and ClNO2 yield and then calculated the relative importance of N2O5 heterogeneous reactions to NOx loss and the accumulated ClNO2 production over the entire night. The average uptake coefficient was 0.004±0.003, and the average yield was 0.42±0.26. As the air masses aged, the accumulated ClNO2 reached up to 6.0ppbv, indicating significant production of ClNO2 in the polluted air from the Pearl River Delta. ClNO2 formation (N2O5+Cl-), N2O5 hydrolysis (N2O5+H2O), and NO3 reactions with volatile organic compounds (NO3+VOCs) consumed 23%, 27%, and 47% of the produced NO3, respectively, as the average for five nights. A significant portion of the NOx in the air masses (70%±10%) was removed during the night via NO3 reactions with VOCs (~40%) and N2O5 heterogeneous loss (~60%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven C N Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Ahern AT, Goldberger L, Jahl L, Thornton J, Sullivan RC. Production of N 2O 5 and ClNO 2 through Nocturnal Processing of Biomass-Burning Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:550-559. [PMID: 29191018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a source of both particulate chloride and nitrogen oxides, two important precursors for the formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), a source of atmospheric oxidants that is poorly prescribed in atmospheric models. We investigated the ability of biomass burning to produce N2O5(g) and ClNO2(g) through nocturnal chemistry using authentic biomass-burning emissions in a smog chamber. There was a positive relationship between the amount of ClNO2 formed and the total amount of particulate chloride emitted and with the chloride fraction of nonrefractory particle mass. In every fuel tested, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) formed quickly, following the addition of ozone to the smoke aerosol, and ClNO2(g) production promptly followed. At atmospherically relevant relative humidities, the particulate chloride in the biomass-burning aerosol was rapidly but incompletely displaced, likely by the nitric acid produced largely by the heterogeneous uptake of N2O5(g). Despite this chloride acid displacement, the biomass-burning aerosol still converted on the order of 10% of reacted N2O5(g) into ClNO2(g). These experiments directly confirm that biomass burning is a potentially significant source of atmospheric N2O5 and ClNO2 to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Ahern
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lexie Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lydia Jahl
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joel Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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19
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Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schroder JC, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, McDuffie EE, Fibiger DL, Veres PR, Brown SS, Campos TL, Weinheimer AJ, Flocke FF, Norris G, O'Mara K, Green JR, Fiddler MN, Bililign S, Shah V, Jaeglé L, Thornton JA. Airborne Observations of Reactive Inorganic Chlorine and Bromine Species in the Exhaust of Coal-Fired Power Plants. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:11225-11237. [PMID: 30997299 PMCID: PMC6463521 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present airborne observations of gaseous reactive halogen species (HCl, Cl2, ClNO2, Br2,BrNO2, and BrCl), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nonrefractory fine particulate chloride (pCl) and sulfate(pSO4) in power plant exhaust. Measurements were conducted during the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity campaign in February-March of 2015 aboard the NCAR-NSF C-130 aircraft. Fifty air mass encounters were identified in which SO2 levels were elevated ~5 ppb above ambient background levels and in proximity to operational power plants. Each encounter was attributed to one or more potential emission sources using a simple wind trajectory analysis. In case studies, we compare measured emission ratios to those reported in the 2011 National Emissions Inventory and present evidence of the conversion of HCl emitted from power plants to ClNO2. Taking into account possible chemical conversion downwind, there was general agreement between the observed and reported HCl: SO2 emission ratios. Reactive bromine species (Br2, BrNO2, and/or BrCl) were detected in the exhaust of some coal-fired power plants, likely related to the absence of wet flue gas desulfurization emission control technology. Levels of bromine species enhanced in some encounters exceeded those expected assuming all of the native bromide in coal was released to the atmosphere, though there was no reported use of bromide salts (as a way to reduce mercury emissions) during Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity observations. These measurements represent the first ever in-flight observations of reactive gaseous chlorine and bromine containing compounds present in coal-fired power plant exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felipe D Lopez-Hilfiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Now at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jason C Schroder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dorothy L Fibiger
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick R Veres
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Frank F Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gary Norris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Kate O'Mara
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Jaime R Green
- Department of Physics, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Marc N Fiddler
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Solomon Bililign
- Department of Physics, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Viral Shah
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Liu X, Qu H, Huey LG, Wang Y, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao M, Zhu T, Zhang Y. High Levels of Daytime Molecular Chlorine and Nitryl Chloride at a Rural Site on the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9588-9595. [PMID: 28806070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chlorine (Cl2) and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) concentrations were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry at a rural site over the North China Plain during June 2014. High levels of daytime Cl2 up to ∼450 pptv were observed. The average diurnal Cl2 mixing ratios showed a maximum around noon at ∼100 pptv. ClNO2 exhibited a strong diurnal variation with early morning maxima reaching ppbv levels and afternoon minima sustained above 60 pptv. A moderate correlation (R2 = 0.31) between Cl2 and sulfur dioxide was observed, perhaps indicating a role for power plant emissions in the generation of the observed chlorine. We also observed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) between daytime (10:00-20:00) Cl2 and ClNO2, which implies that both of them were formed from a similar mechanism. In addition, Cl2 production is likely associated with a photochemical mechanism as Cl2 concentrations varied with ozone (O3) levels. The impact of Cl2 and ClNO2 as Cl atom sources is investigated using a photochemical box model. We estimated that the produced Cl atoms oxidized slightly more alkanes than OH radicals and enhanced the daily concentrations of peroxy radicals by 15% and the O3 production rate by 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Baasandorj M, Hoch SW, Bares R, Lin JC, Brown SS, Millet DB, Martin R, Kelly K, Zarzana KJ, Whiteman CD, Dube WP, Tonnesen G, Jaramillo IC, Sohl J. Coupling between Chemical and Meteorological Processes under Persistent Cold-Air Pool Conditions: Evolution of Wintertime PM 2.5 Pollution Events and N 2O 5 Observations in Utah's Salt Lake Valley. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5941-5950. [PMID: 28468492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Salt Lake Valley experiences severe fine particulate matter pollution episodes in winter during persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs). We employ measurements throughout an entire winter from different elevations to examine the chemical and dynamical processes driving these episodes. Whereas primary pollutants such as NOx and CO were enhanced twofold during PCAPs, O3 concentrations were approximately threefold lower. Atmospheric composition varies strongly with altitude within a PCAP at night with lower NOx and higher oxidants (O3) and oxidized reactive nitrogen (N2O5) aloft. We present observations of N2O5 during PCAPs that provide evidence for its role in cold-pool nitrate formation. Our observations suggest that nighttime and early morning chemistry in the upper levels of a PCAP plays an important role in aerosol nitrate formation. Subsequent daytime mixing enhances surface PM2.5 by dispersing the aerosol throughout the PCAP. As pollutants accumulate and deplete oxidants, nitrate chemistry becomes less active during the later stages of the pollution episodes. This leads to distinct stages of PM2.5 pollution episodes, starting with a period of PM2.5 buildup and followed by a period with plateauing concentrations. We discuss the implications of these findings for mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhbayar Baasandorj
- Utah Department of Environmental Quality , Salt Lake City, Utah 84116, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | | | - Kyle J Zarzana
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | - William P Dube
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Gail Tonnesen
- Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII , Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | | | - John Sohl
- Department of Physics, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah 84408, United States
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22
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Zhao H, Du L. Atmospheric implication of the hydrogen bonding interaction in hydrated clusters of HONO and dimethylamine in the nighttime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:65-77. [PMID: 28004053 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00598e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stability of clusters formed by the trans- and cis-isomers of nitrous acid (HONO) with dimethylamine (DMA) and water has been characterized by density functional theory. The large red shifts of the OH-stretching transitions of both HONO isomers in the clusters indicate the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. At standard temperature and pressure, H2O (acceptor) binds to HONO (donor) with binding energies of -25.0 to -24.6 kJ mol-1, less stable than those of DMA (acceptor) with HONO (donor) (-50.5 to -45.3 kJ mol-1). Our findings indicate that hydration enhances proton transfer from HONO to DMA, and consequently increases the interaction strength (binding energies = -67.8 to -78.6 kJ mol-1). The topological and generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition confirms strong hydrogen bond interactions. The clustering of HONO with DMA in the atmosphere is negligible as compared to the important H2SO4-DMA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China.
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23
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Brown SS, An H, Lee M, Park JH, Lee SD, Fibiger DL, McDuffie EE, Dubé WP, Wagner NL, Min KE. Cavity enhanced spectroscopy for measurement of nitrogen oxides in the Anthropocene: results from the Seoul tower during MAPS 2015. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:529-557. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cavity enhanced spectroscopy, CES, is a high sensitivity direct absorption method that has seen increasing utility in the last decade, a period also marked by increasing requirements for understanding human impacts on atmospheric composition. This paper describes the current NOAA six channel cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS, the most common form of CES) for measurement of nitrogen oxides and O3. It further describes the results from measurements from a tower 300 m above the urban area of Seoul in late spring of 2015. The campaign demonstrates the performance of the CRDS instrument and provides new data on both photochemistry and nighttime chemistry in a major Asian megacity. The instrument provided accurate, high time resolution data for N2O5, NO, NO2, NOyand O3, but suffered from large wall loss in the sampling of NO3, illustrating the requirement for calibration of the NO3inlet transmission. Both the photochemistry and nighttime chemistry of nitrogen oxides and O3were rapid in this megacity. Sustained average rates of O3buildup of 10 ppbv h−1during recurring morning and early afternoon sea breezes led to a 50 ppbv average daily O3rise. Nitrate radical production rates,P(NO3), averaged 3–4 ppbv h−1in late afternoon and early evening, much greater than contemporary data from Los Angeles, a comparable U. S. megacity. TheseP(NO3) were much smaller than historical data from Los Angeles, however. Nighttime data at 300 m above ground showed considerable variability in high time resolution nitrogen oxide and O3, likely resulting from sampling within gradients in the nighttime boundary layer structure. Apparent nighttime biogenic VOC oxidation rates of several ppbv h−1were also likely influenced by vertical gradients. Finally, daytime N2O5mixing ratios of 3–35 pptv were associated with rapid daytimeP(NO3) and agreed well with a photochemical steady state calculation.
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24
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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25
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Barnes I, Wiesen P. Gas-phase kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the OH radical and Cl atom oxidation of tetraethoxysilane. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic and mechanistic study of the atmospherically relevant reactions of the OH-radical and Cl-atom with tetraethoxysilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barnes
- University of Wuppertal
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- University of Wuppertal
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
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26
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Blanco MB, Barnes I, Wiesen P, Teruel MA. Atmospheric sink of methyl chlorodifluoroacetate and ethyl chlorodifluoroacetate: temperature dependent rate coefficients, product distribution of their reactions with Cl atoms and CF2ClC(O)OH formation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rate coefficients as a function of temperature and product distribution studies have been performed for the first time for the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with methyl chlorodifluoracetate (k1) and ethyl chlorodifluoroacetate (k2) using the relative rate technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Blanco
- CONICET
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica
- I.N.F.I.Q.C
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
| | - Ian Barnes
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
- Physikalische & Theoretische Chemie
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
- Physikalische & Theoretische Chemie
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Mariano A. Teruel
- CONICET
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica
- I.N.F.I.Q.C
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
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27
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Crilley LR, Kramer L, Pope FD, Whalley LK, Cryer DR, Heard DE, Lee JD, Reed C, Bloss WJ. On the interpretation of in situ HONO observations via photochemical steady state. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:191-212. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of recent literature has shown that boundary layer HONO levels are higher than can be explained by simple, established gas-phase chemistry, to an extent that implies that additional HONO sources represent a major, or the dominant, precursor to OH radicals in such environments. This conclusion may be reached by analysis of point observations of (for example) OH, NO and HONO, alongside photochemical parameters; however both NO and HONO have non-negligible atmospheric lifetimes, so these approaches may be problematic if substantial spatial heterogeneity exists. We report a new dataset of HONO, NOx and HOx observations recorded at an urban background location, which support the existence of additional HONO sources as determined elsewhere. We qualitatively evaluate the possible impacts of local heterogeneity using a series of idealised numerical model simulations, building upon the work of Lee et al. (J. Geophys. Res., 2013, DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020341). The simulations illustrate the time required for photostationary state approaches to yield accurate results following substantial perturbations in the HOx/NOx/NOy chemistry, and the scope for bias to an inferred HONO source from NOx and VOC emissions in either a positive or negative sense, depending upon the air mass age following emission. To assess the extent to which these impacts may be present in actual measurements, we present exploratory spatially resolved measurements of HONO and NOx abundance obtained using a mobile instrumented laboratory. Measurements of the spatial variability of HONO in urban, suburban and rural environments show pronounced changes in abundance are found in proximity to major roads within urban areas, indicating that photo-stationary steady state (PSS) analyses in such areas are likely to be problematic. The measurements also show areas of very homogeneous HONO and NOx abundance in rural, and some suburban, regions, where the PSS approach is likely to be valid. Implications for future exploration of HONO production mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R. Crilley
- School of Geography
- Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- UK
| | - Louisa Kramer
- School of Geography
- Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- UK
| | - Francis D. Pope
- School of Geography
- Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- UK
| | - Lisa K. Whalley
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science
- UK
| | | | - Dwayne E. Heard
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science
- UK
| | - James D. Lee
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science
| | - Christopher Reed
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- UK
| | - William J. Bloss
- School of Geography
- Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- UK
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28
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Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:3063-3093. [PMID: 29619117 PMCID: PMC5880326 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3063-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
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Pusede SE, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG, Markovic MZ, Young CJ, Veres PR, Roberts JM, Washenfelder RA, Brown SS, Ren X, Tsai C, Stutz J, Brune WH, Browne EC, Wooldridge PJ, Graham AR, Weber R, Goldstein AH, Dusanter S, Griffith SM, Stevens PS, Lefer BL, Cohen RC. An Atmospheric Constraint on the NO2 Dependence of Daytime Near-Surface Nitrous Acid (HONO). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12774-12781. [PMID: 26436410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest a large and unknown daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) to the atmosphere. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed, many of which involve chemistry that reduces nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on some time scale. To examine the NO2 dependence of the daytime HONO source, we compare weekday and weekend measurements of NO2 and HONO in two U.S. cities. We find that daytime HONO does not increase proportionally to increases in same-day NO2, i.e., the local NO2 concentration at that time and several hours earlier. We discuss various published HONO formation pathways in the context of this constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Pusede
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Trevor C VandenBoer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Milos Z Markovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Cora J Young
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Rebecca A Washenfelder
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Catalina Tsai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashley R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robin Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Barry L Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94709, United States
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30
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Pusede SE, Steiner AL, Cohen RC. Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3898-918. [PMID: 25950502 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Steiner
- §Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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31
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Simpson WR, Brown SS, Saiz-Lopez A, Thornton JA, Glasow RV. Tropospheric halogen chemistry: sources, cycling, and impacts. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4035-62. [PMID: 25763598 PMCID: PMC4469175 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R Simpson
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- ‡NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- ¶Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel A Thornton
- §Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1640, United States
| | - Roland von Glasow
- ∥Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
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33
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Hammerich AD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Mechanism for formation of atmospheric Cl atom precursors in the reaction of dinitrogen oxides with HCl/Cl− on aqueous films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19360-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formation of atmospheric chlorine atom precursors ClNO2 and ClNO in the reaction of HCl with oxides of nitrogen on a water film: left – formation of N–Cl bond as N–O bond breaks; right – concurrent changes in Mulliken charges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
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34
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High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin. Nature 2014; 514:351-4. [PMID: 25274311 DOI: 10.1038/nature13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Tham YJ, Yan C, Xue L, Zha Q, Wang X, Wang T. Presence of high nitryl chloride in Asian coastal environment and its impact on atmospheric photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Talipov MR, Timerghazin QK, Safiullin RL, Khursan SL. No Longer a Complex, Not Yet a Molecule: A Challenging Case of Nitrosyl O-Hydroxide, HOON. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:679-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marat R. Talipov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa,
450054 Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Wehr Chemistry Building, Milwaukee, WI-53201-1881,
USA
| | - Qadir K. Timerghazin
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Wehr Chemistry Building, Milwaukee, WI-53201-1881,
USA
| | - Rustam L. Safiullin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa,
450054 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey L. Khursan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa,
450054 Russian Federation
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