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Lotfy HR, Staš J, Roubík H. Renewable energy powered membrane desalination - review of recent development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46552-46568. [PMID: 35513620 PMCID: PMC9070973 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to current water stress, there is a problem with hygiene and sanitation in many parts of the world. According to predictions from the United Nations, more than 2.7 billion people will be challenged by water scarcity by the middle of the century. The water industry is increasingly interested in desalination of the sea, ocean, and brackish water. Desalination processes are widely classified as thermal or membrane technologies. In the Middle East, thermal desalination remains the primary technology of choice, but membrane processes, for example reverse osmosis (RO), have evolved rapidly and in many other parts of the world are currently even surpassing thermal processes. The purpose of this paper is to review the renewable energy source, the technology, desalination systems, and their possible integration with renewable energy resources and their cost. This article suggests that the most practical renewable desalination techniques to be used are the solar photovoltaic integrated RO desalination process, the hybrid solar photovoltaic-wind integrated RO desalination process, the hybrid solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) integrated RO desalination process, and the hybrid solar photovoltaic-thermal effect distillation (PVT-MED) desalination process. However, intensive research is still required to minimize the cost, reduce the heat loss, enhance the performance, and increase the productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham R. Lotfy
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Coastal High Way, Gamasa, Al-Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Jan Staš
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hynek Roubík
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czechia
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Du C, Zhao X, Du JR, Feng X, Yang H, Cheng F, Ali ME. A field study of desalination of high-salinity surface brackish water via an RO-NF hybrid system. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Li S, Milia M, Schäfer AI, Richards BS. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Energy consumption analysis of ultrafiltration backwash configurations. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Is Small Scale Desalination Coupled with Renewable Energy a Cost-Effective Solution? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water and energy are two of the most important inputs for a community to thrive. While water is dominant on earth, only 2.5% of the water is fresh water and over 98% of that water is either ground water or locked up in glaciers and ice caps. Therefore, only about 1.2% of all the freshwater is surface water which is able to meet human needs. About 2 billion people currently do not have sufficient access to fresh water. One of the solutions deployed in the last decades for island and coastal areas has been desalination. Desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater is commercially available and still a fast-advancing technology. The decreasing cost of renewable energy coupled with strategies based on renewables for powering populations without access to electricity and policies for complete decarbonization of the economy such as the European Green Deal make the combination of renewables and desalination a really interesting approach. This paper investigates combinations of small-scale RO desalination systems which are able to produce up to a few thousand m3 of desalinated water per day coupled with photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems, both in grid-connected, as well as in autonomous scenarios. The results show that RO desalination coupled with renewables can address cost-effectively the current issues in terms of water scarcity, while minimizing the environmental footprint of the process. In this paper, it has been showcased that desalination powered by renewables can be deployed in practically any location on earth having access to sea or a brackish water source. The results show that even for grid-connected systems it is more cost-effective and profitable to include a renewable energy system to power the plant, apart from the corresponding environmental benefits.
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Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Technology: Electrical Energy Storage Options for a Photovoltaic-Powered Brackish Water Desalination System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) to overcome long-term (one day) and short-term (a few minutes) solar irradiance fluctuations with high-temporal-resolution (one s) on a photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis membrane (PV-membrane) system was investigated. Experiments were conducted using synthetic brackish water (5-g/L sodium chloride) with varied battery capacities (100, 70, 50, 40, 30 and 20 Ah) to evaluate the effect of decreasing the energy storage capacities. A comparison was made between SCs and batteries to determine system performance on a “partly cloudyday”. With fully charged batteries, clean drinking water was produced at an average specific energy consumption (SEC) of 4 kWh/m3. The daily water production improved from 663 L to 767 L (16% increase) and average electrical conductivity decreased from 310 µS/cm to 274 μS/cm (12% improvement), compared to the battery-less system. Enhanced water production occurred when the initial battery capacity was >50 Ah. On a “sunny” and “very cloudy” day with fully charged batteries, water production increased by 15% and 80%, while water quality improved by 18% and 21%, respectively. The SCs enabled a 9% increase in water production and 13% improvement in the average SEC on the “partly cloudy day” when compared to the reference system performance (without SCs).
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Renewable energy powered membrane technology: System resilience under solar irradiance fluctuations during the treatment of fluoride-rich natural waters by different nanofiltration/reverse osmosis membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Pan SY, Haddad AZ, Kumar A, Wang SW. Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116064. [PMID: 32745671 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Andrew Z Haddad
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arkadeep Kumar
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Wei Wang
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan, ROC
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On-Off Control Strategy in a BWRO System under Variable Power and Feedwater Concentration Conditions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although reverse osmosis (RO) is the technology of choice for solving water shortage problems, it is a process that consumes large amounts of energy. Brackish water (BW) desalination is more efficient than seawater desalination due to the lower salinity of the feedwater source. This makes coupling renewable energy sources with BWRO systems attractive. The operation of this type of systems is complex and requires the design of control strategies to obtain optimal operation. The novelty of this work was to propose a simple on-off control strategy for operating a BWRO system that can work with one and two stages and with different configurations considering six spiral wound membrane elements per pressure vessel (PV). The feedwater quality variations of a real groundwater well were used together with a computational tool to simulate the response of the different configurations with the purpose of selecting the most appropriate depending on the input power to the BWRO system. The most suitable configurations were found to be 1:0, 2:1 and 3:2 (PV first stage:PV second stage). It was additionally found that increased feedwater concentrations resulted in shorter operating ranges to maximize permeate water production for the 1:0 and 2:1 configurations, and that the 3:2 configuration was the most suitable for most of the operating range.
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Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Impact of solar irradiance fluctuation on direct osmotic backwash. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shen J, Jeihanipour A, Richards BS, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Experimental investigation of system performance with variable module size and fluctuating energy. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Onorato C, Gaedtke M, Kespe M, Nirschl H, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Computational fluid dynamics evaluation of system performance with variable module size and fluctuating energy. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shen J, Richards BS, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Case study of St. Dorcas borehole in Tanzania demonstrating fluoride removal via nanofiltration/reverse osmosis. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Richards BS, Capão DP, Früh WG, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Impact of solar irradiance fluctuations on performance of a brackish water reverse osmosis system. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shen J, Mkongo G, Abbt-Braun G, Ceppi SL, Richards BS, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Fluoride removal in a rural community in northern Tanzania. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shen J, Schäfer A. Removal of fluoride and uranium by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis: a review. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:679-691. [PMID: 25461935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic contamination in drinking water, especially fluoride and uranium, has been recognized as a worldwide problem imposing a serious threat to human health. Among several treatment technologies applied for fluoride and uranium removal, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) have been studied extensively and proven to offer satisfactory results with high selectivity. In this review, a comprehensive summary and critical analysis of previous NF and RO applications on fluoride and uranium removal is presented. Fluoride retention is generally governed by size exclusion and charge interaction, while uranium retention is strongly affected by the speciation of uranium and size exclusion usually plays a predominant role for all species. Adsorption on the membrane occurs as some uranium species interact with membrane functional groups. The influence of operating conditions (pressure, crossflow velocity), water quality (concentration, solution pH), solute–solute interactions, membrane characteristics and membrane fouling on fluoride and uranium retention is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shen
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Richards BS, Park GL, Pietzsch T, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Safe operating window of a brackish water desalination system. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Brackish water desalination system operated using real wind fluctuations and energy buffering. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garg MC, Joshi H. A Review on PV-RO Process: Solution to Drinking Water Scarcity due to High Salinity in Non-Electrified Rural Areas. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.951725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang Y, Pinoy L, Meesschaert B, Van der Bruggen B. A natural driven membrane process for brackish and wastewater treatment: photovoltaic powered ED and FO hybrid system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10548-10555. [PMID: 23957893 DOI: 10.1021/es402534m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In isolated locations, remote areas, or islands, potable water is precious because of the lack of drinking water treatment facilities and energy supply. Thus, a robust and reliable water treatment system based on natural energy is needed to reuse wastewater or to desalinate groundwater/seawater for provision of drinking water. In this work, a hybrid membrane system combining electrodialysis (ED) and forward osmosis (FO), driven by renewable energy (solar energy), denoted as EDFORD (ED-FO Renewable energy Desalination), is proposed to produce high-quality water (potable) from secondary wastewater effluent or brackish water. In this hybrid membrane system, feedwater (secondary wastewater effluent or synthetic brackish water) was drawn to the FO draw solution while the organic and inorganic substances (ions, compounds, colloids and particles) were rejected. The diluted draw solution was then pumped to the solar energy driven ED. In the ED unit, the diluted draw solution was desalted and high-quality water was produced; the concentrate was recycled to the FO unit and reused as the draw solution. Results show that the water produced from this system contains a low concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate, and cations derived from the feedwater; had a low conductivity; and meets potable water standards. The water production cost considering the investment for membranes and solar panel is 3.32 to 4.92 EUR m(-3) (for 300 days of production per year) for a small size potable water production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), KU Leuven , W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Choi J, Park CG, Yoon J. Application of an electrochemical chlorine-generation system combined with solar energy as appropriate technology for water disinfection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 107:124-8. [PMID: 23222945 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affordable water disinfection is key to reducing the waterborne disease experienced worldwide where resources are limited. A simple electrochemical system that can generate chlorine as a disinfectant from the electrolysis of sodium chloride is an appropriate technology to produce clean water, particularly if driven by solar energy. This study examined the affordability of an electrochemical chlorine generation system using solar energy and developed the necessary design information for its implementation. METHOD A two-electrode batch reactor, equipped with commercial IrO(2)-coated electrodes and a solar panel (approximate area 0.2 m(2)), was used to produce chlorine from a 35g/L solution of NaCl. RESULTS Within 1 h, sufficient chlorine (0.8 g) was generated to produce clean drinking water for about 80 people for 1 day (target microorganism: Escherichia coli; daily drinking water requirement: 2 L per person; chlorine demand: 4 mg/L; solar power: 650 W/m(2) in Seoul, Korea. Small household batteries were demonstrated to be a suitable alternative power source when there is insufficient solar irradiation. Using a 1 m(2) solar panel, the reactor would take only 15 min in Seoul, Korea, or 7 min in the tropics (solar power 1300 W/m(2)), to generate 1 g of chlorine. CONCLUSION The solar-powered electrochemical chlorine generation system for which design information is provided here is a simple and affordable way to produce chlorine with which to convert contaminated water into clean drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusol Choi
- World Class University program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kinsela AS, Jones AM, Collins RN, Waite TD. The impacts of low-cost treatment options upon scale formation potential in remote communities reliant on hard groundwaters. A case study: Northern Territory, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:22-31. [PMID: 22225826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of small, remote communities within the Northern Territory (NT) in Central Australia are reliant on groundwater as their primary supply of domestic, potable water. Saturation indices for a variety of relevant minerals were calculated using available thermodynamic speciation codes on collected groundwater data across the NT. These saturation indices were used to assess the theoretical formation of problematic mineral-scale, which manifests itself by forming stubborn coatings on domestic appliances and fixtures. The results of this research show that 63% of the measured sites within the NT have the potential to form calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) scale, increasing to 91% in arid, central regions. The data also suggests that all groundwaters are over-saturated with respect to amorphous calcium-bridged ferric-silica polymers, based on the crystalline mineral index (Ca(3)Fe(2)Si(3)O(12)), although the quantitative impact of this scale is limited by low iron concentrations. An assessment of possible low-cost/low-technology management options was made, including; lowering the temperature of hot-water systems, diluting groundwater with rainwater and modifying the pH of the source water. Source water pH modification (generally a reduction to pH 7.0) was shown to clearly alleviate potential carbonate-based scale formation, over and above the other two options, albeit at a greater technical and capital expense. Although low-cost/low-technology treatment options are unlikely to remove severe scale-related issues, their place in small, remote communities with minor scale problems should be investigated further, owing to the social, technical and capital barriers involved with installing advanced treatment plants (e.g. reverse osmosis) in such locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kinsela
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Park GL, Schäfer AI, Richards BS. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: The effect of wind speed fluctuations on the performance of a wind-powered membrane system for brackish water desalination. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Richards LA, Richards BS, Schäfer AI. Renewable energy powered membrane technology: Salt and inorganic contaminant removal by nanofiltration/reverse osmosis. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Valero D, Ortiz JM, Expósito E, Montiel V, Aldaz A. Electrochemical wastewater treatment directly powered by photovoltaic panels: electrooxidation of a dye-containing wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5182-5187. [PMID: 20540540 DOI: 10.1021/es100555z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical technologies have proved to be useful for the treatment of wastewater, but to enhance their green characteristics it seems interesting to use a green electric energy such as that provided by photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are actually under active research to decrease the economic cost of solar kW. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of using an electrooxidation system directly powered by a photovoltaic array for the treatment of a wastewater. The experimental system used was an industrial electrochemical filter press reactor and a 40-module PV array. The influence on the degradation of a dye-containing solution (Remazol RB 133) of different experimental parameters such as the PV array and electrochemical reactor configurations has been studied. It has been demonstrated that the electrical configuration of the PV array has a strong influence on the optimal use of the electric energy generated. The optimum PV array configuration changes with the intensity of the solar irradiation, the conductivity of the solution, and the concentration of pollutant in the wastewater. A useful and effective methodology to adjust the EO-PV system operation conditions to the wastewater treatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valero
- Grupo de Electroquimica Aplicada y Electrocatalisis, Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Instituto Universitario de Electroquimica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03080, Spain
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Rossiter HM, Graham MC, Schäfer AI. Impact of speciation on behaviour of uranium in a solar powered membrane system for treatment of brackish groundwater. Sep Purif Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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